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Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Pre-School-Aged and School-Aged Children in an Urban Slum: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence, Distribution, and Associated Exposures
Stephanie M. Davis
Stephanie M. Davis
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Caitlin M. Worrell
Caitlin M. Worrell
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ryan E. Wiegand
Ryan E. Wiegand
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kennedy O. Odero
Kennedy O. Odero
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Parminder S. Suchdev
Parminder S. Suchdev
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Laird J. Ruth
Laird J. Ruth
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Gerard Lopez
Gerard Lopez
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Leonard Cosmas
Leonard Cosmas
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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John Neatherlin
John Neatherlin
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Sammy M. Njenga
Sammy M. Njenga
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Joel M. Montgomery
Joel M. Montgomery
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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LeAnne M. Fox
LeAnne M. Fox
Parasitic Diseases Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; International Emerging Infections Platform, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are controlled by regular mass drug administration. Current practice targets school-age children (SAC) preferentially over pre-school age children (PSAC) and treats large areas as having uniform prevalence. We assessed infection prevalence in SAC and PSAC and spatial infection heterogeneity, using a cross-sectional study in two slum villages in Kibera, Nairobi. Nairobi has low reported STH prevalence. The SAC and PSAC were randomly selected from the International Emerging Infections Program's surveillance platform. Data included residence location and three stools tested by Kato-Katz for STHs. Prevalences among 692 analyzable children were any STH: PSAC 40.5%, SAC 40.7%; Ascaris: PSAC 24.1%, SAC 22.7%; Trichuris: PSAC 24.0%, SAC 28.8%; hookworm < 0.1%. The STH infection prevalence ranged from 22% to 71% between sub-village sectors. The PSAC have similar STH prevalences to SAC and should receive deworming. Small areas can contain heterogeneous prevalences; determinants of STH infection should be characterized and slums should be assessed separately in STH mapping.
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for this study was obtained from USAID (No. OG11-12021) through an inter-agency agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and through the Nutrition Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Disclosure: This paper is published with the permission of the Director of the Kenya Medical Research Institute.
Authors' addresses: Stephanie M. Davis, Caitlin M. Worrell, and LeAnne M. Fox, Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: vic6@cdc.gov, cworrell@cdc.gov, and lff4@cdc.gov. Ryan E. Wiegand and Gerard Lopez, Data Management Activity, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: fwk2@cdc.gov and gerardlopex2001@gmail.com. Kennedy O. Odero, Leonard Cosmas, John Neatherlin, and Joel M. Montgomery, Global Disease Detection and Emergency Response, CDC, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: koderos80@gmail.com, lcosmas@ke.cdc.gov, jneatherlin@ke.cdc.gov, and JMontgomery@ke.cdc.gov. Sammy M. Njenga, Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: SNjenga@kemri.org. Parminder Suchdev and Ruth Laird, Nutrition Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: dvo8@cdc.gov and cqe3@cdc.gov.
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Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
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Awasthi S, Peto R, Pande VK, Fletcher RH, Read S, Bundy DA, 2008. Effects of deworming on malnourished preschool children in India: an open-labeled, cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e223.
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