Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1.
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Estrada-Franco JG, Bhatia V, Diaz-Albiter H, Ochoa-Garcia L, Barbabosa A, Vazquez-Chagoyan JC, Martinez-Perez MA, Guzman-Bracho C, Garg N, 2006. Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection and seropositivity in dogs, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 624–630.
-
5.
Jiménez-Coello M, Ortega-Pacheco A, Guzmán-Marin E, Guiris-Andrade DM, Martínez-Figueroa L, Acosta-Viana KY, 2010. Stray dogs as reservoirs of the zoonotic agents Leptospira interrogans, Trypanosoma cruzi and Aspergillus spp. in an urban area of Chiapas in southern México. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 135–141.
-
6.
Balán LU, Yerbes IM, Piña MA, Balmes J, Pascual A, Hernández O, López R, Monteón V, 2011. Higher seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs than in humans in an urban area of Campeche, México. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 483–484.
-
7.
Ikede BO, 1979. Genital lesions in experimental chronic Trypanosoma brucei infection in rams. Res Vet Sci 26: 145–151.
-
8.
Anosa VO, Isoun TT, 1980. Further observations on the testicular pathology in Trypanosoma vivax infection of sheep and goats. Res Vet Sci 28: 151–160.
-
9.
Ikede BO, Akpavie SO, 1982. Delay in resolution of trypanosome-induced genital lesions in male rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucei and treated with diminazene aceturate. Res Vet Sci 32: 374–376.
-
10.
Anosa VO, Kaneko JJ, 1984. Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Light and electron microscopic study of testicular lesions. Rev Vet Pathol 21: 238–246.
-
11.
Lamano-Carvalho TL, Ribeiro RD, Lopes RA, 1991. The male reproductive organs in experimental Chagas' disease. I. Morphometric study of the vas deferens in the acute phase of the disease. Exp Pathol 41: 203–214.
-
12.
Boly H, Humblot P, Tillet Y, Thibier M, 1994. Effects of Trypanosoma congolense infection on the pituitary gland of Baoulé bulls: immunohistochemistry of LH- and FSH-secreting cells and response of plasma LH and testosterone to combined dexamethasone and GnRH treatment. J Reprod Fertil 100: 157–162.
-
13.
Lenzi HL, Castelo-Branco MT, Pelajo-Machado M, Oliveira DN, Gattass CR, 1998. Trypanosoma cruzi: compromise of reproductive system in acute murine infection. Acta Trop 71: 117–129.
-
14.
Herrera L, Urdaneta-Morales S, 2001. Experimental transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi through the genitalia of albino mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96: 713–717.
-
15.
Diniz SA, Melo MS, Borges AM, Bueno R, Reis BP, Tafuri WL, Nascimento EF, Santos RL, 2005. Genital lesions associated with visceral leishmaniasis and shedding of Leishmania sp. in the semen of naturally infected dogs. Vet Pathol 42: 650–658.
-
16.
Adamu S, Fatihu MY, Useh NM, Mamman M, Sekoni VO, Esievo KA, 2007. Sequential testicular and epididymal damage in Zebu bulls experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Vet Parasitol 143: 29–34.
-
17.
Carvalho LO, Abreu-Silva AL, Hardoim D de J, Tedesco RC, Mendes VG, da Costa SC, Calabrese KS, 2009. Trypanosoma cruzi and myoid cells from seminiferous tubules: interaction and relation with fibrous components of extracellular matrix in experimental Chagas' disease. Int J Exp Pathol 90: 52–57.
-
18.
Raheem AK, Fayemi EO, Leigh OO, Ameen SA, 2009. Selected fertility parameters of West African dwarf bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Folia Vet 53: 68–71.
-
19.
Silva FL, Oliveira RG, Silva TM, Xavier MN, Nascimento EF, Santos RL, 2009. Venereal transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 160: 55–59.
-
20.
Assis VP, Ribeiro VM, Rachid MA, Castro AC, Valle GR, 2010. Dogs with Leishmania chagasi infection have semen abnormalities that partially revert during 150 days of Allopurinol and Amphotericin B therapy. Anim Reprod Sci 117: 183–186.
-
21.
Leigh OO, Fayemi OE, 2010. Ejaculate characteristics of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma congolense and changes caused offer treatment with Diminazene aceturate (Diminaveto). Rev Int J Morphol 28: 471–475.
-
22.
Mbaya AW, Nwosu CO, Kumshe HA, 2011. Genital lesions in male red fronted gazelles (Gazella rufifrons) experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei and effect of melarsamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan) and diminazene aceturate (Berenil) in its treatment. Theriogenology 76: 721–728.
-
23.
Manna L, Paciello O, Morte RD, Gravino AE, 2012. Detection of Leishmania parasites in the testis of a dog affected by orchitis: case report. Parasites & Vectors 5: 216.
-
24.
Kegler K, Habierski A, Hahn K, Amarilla SP, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner, 2013. Vaginal canine transmissible venereal tumor associated with intra-tumoral Leishmania spp. amastigotes in an asymptomatic female dog. J Comp Path 149: 156–161.
-
25.
Monteón VM, Furuzawa-Caballeda J, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Aranda-Fraustro A, Rosales Encina JL, Reyes PA, 1996. American trypanosomosis: in situ and generalized features of parasitism and inflammation kinetics in a murine model. Exp Parasitol 83: 267–274.
-
26.
Espinoza B, Solorzano-Domínguez N, Vizcaino-Castillo A, Martínez I, Elias-López AL, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, 2011. Gastrointestinal infection with Mexican TcI Trypanosoma cruzi strains: different degrees of colonization and diverse immune responses. Int J Biol Sci 7: 1357–1370.
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Rodríguez-Morales O, Ballinas-Verdugo MA, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Reyes-López PA, Arce-Fonseca M, 2011. Trypanosoma cruzi connatal transmission in dogs with Chagas disease. Experimental case report. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 1365–1370.
-
29.
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31.
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32.
Gutiérrez Y, Hernández J, Fernández F, Cruz H, 2004. Congelación de espermatozoides obtenidos de colas de epidídimos de bovinos. Rev Salud Anim 26: 192–196.
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33.
Rodríguez-Morales O, Pérez-Leyva MM, Ballinas-Verdugo MA, Carrillo-Sánchez SC, Rosales-Encina JL, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Reyes PA, Arce-Fonseca M, 2012. Plasmid DNA immunization with Trypanosoma cruzi genes induces cardiac and clinical protection against Chagas disease in the canine model. Vet Res 43: 79.
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34.
Rodríguez-Morales O, Carrillo-Sánchez SC, García-Mendoza H, Aranda-Fraustro A, Ballinas-Verdugo MA, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Rosales-Encina JL, Vallejo M, Arce-Fonseca M, 2013. Effect of the plasmid-DNA vaccination on macroscopic and microscopic damage caused by the experimental chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the canine model. Biomed Res Int 2013: 826570.
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35.
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-
36.
Souza FF, Leme DP, Uechi E, Trinca LA, Lopes MD, 2004. Evaluation testicular fine needle aspiration cytology and serum testosterone levels in dogs. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 41: 98–105.
-
37.
Reyes LA, Segovia FJ, Cerpa RE, 2011. Volumen testicular: el tamaño sí importa. (Testicular volumen: size does matter). Rev Colomb Radiol 22: 3348–3351.
-
38.
England GC, 1991. Relationship between ultrasonographic appearance, testicular size, spermatozoal output and testicular lesions in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 32: 306–311.
-
39.
Cortez AA, Aquino-Cortez A, Silva AR, Cardoso Rc S, Silva LD, 2002. Relação entre perímetro escrotal e concentração espermática emcães, clinicamentenormais, da raça Pastor Alemão. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 54: 549–550.
-
40.
Corti L, 2003. Evaluación de la capacidad fecundante del semen congelado del perro (Canis familiaris), en ova recuperadas de perras de celo inducido. Bachelor Thesis for Doctor in Veterinary Medicine. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de Chile, 1–71.
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Sperm Morphological Features Associated with Chronic Chagas Disease in the Semen of Experimentally Infected Dogs
Olivia Rodríguez-Morales
Olivia Rodríguez-Morales
Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico
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Elvia Pedro-Martínez
Elvia Pedro-Martínez
Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico
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José Ernesto Hernández-Pichardo
José Ernesto Hernández-Pichardo
Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico
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Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar
Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar
Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico
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Alberto Aranda-Fraustro
Alberto Aranda-Fraustro
Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico
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Verónica Graullera-Rivera
Verónica Graullera-Rivera
Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico
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Minerva Arce-Fonseca
Minerva Arce-Fonseca
Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico
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The presence of trypanosomatids in the reproductive systems of different mammals (causing genital lesions in the acute stage of the disease) may predispose the animals to low semen quality. However, there are no studies examining the alterations in the sperm morphological features in the chronic stage of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Knowledge of these aspects is important to understand the other ways of transmission of the Chagas disease. Progressive motility, mass motility, concentration, and sperm morphology of 84 ejaculates of dogs that were chronically infected with T. cruzi were evaluated. Most of the findings were consistent with the reference values and with those obtained from healthy control dogs. The scrotal circumference was not correlated with spermatozoa concentration in the infected animals. In conclusion, the T. cruzi Ninoa (MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa) strain does not cause significant alterations in the semen quality of dogs experiencing chronic Chagas disease (at concentrations of 5 × 104 to 1 × 106 parasites per animal).
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by a grant from the Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Distrito Federal (ICyTDF), Mexico (Grant 236/2010).
Authors' addresses: Olivia Rodríguez-Morales, Elvia Pedro-Martínez, and Minerva Arce-Fonseca, Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico, E-mails: rm.olivia@gmail.com, mvz.elvia@hotmail.com, and mini_arce@yahoo.com.mx. José Ernesto Hernández-Pichardo, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico, E-mail: ehernan@correo.xoc.uam.mx. Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar, Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico, E-mail: rialejandre@yahoo.com.mx. Alberto Aranda-Fraustro and Verónica Graullera-Rivera, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico, E-mails: arandafraustro@yahoo.com.mx and grauvero@yahoo.com.mx.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
OPS/OMS, 2005. Plan Estratégico Nacional de Chagas 2003–2007. Honduras: Enfermedad de Chagas: Modelo de la Armonización de la Cooperación Interagencial, 5–35.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2012. Global polio eradication initiative: 7th meeting of the Independent Monitoring Board. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 87: 509–526.
-
3.
Sosa-Jurado F, Zumaquero-Rios JL, Reyes PA, Cruz-Garcia A, Guzman-Bracho C, Monteón VM, 2004. Factores bióticos y abióticos que determinan la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra Trypanosom acruzi en el municipio de Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. Salud Publica Mex 46: 39–48.
-
4.
Estrada-Franco JG, Bhatia V, Diaz-Albiter H, Ochoa-Garcia L, Barbabosa A, Vazquez-Chagoyan JC, Martinez-Perez MA, Guzman-Bracho C, Garg N, 2006. Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection and seropositivity in dogs, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 624–630.
-
5.
Jiménez-Coello M, Ortega-Pacheco A, Guzmán-Marin E, Guiris-Andrade DM, Martínez-Figueroa L, Acosta-Viana KY, 2010. Stray dogs as reservoirs of the zoonotic agents Leptospira interrogans, Trypanosoma cruzi and Aspergillus spp. in an urban area of Chiapas in southern México. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 135–141.
-
6.
Balán LU, Yerbes IM, Piña MA, Balmes J, Pascual A, Hernández O, López R, Monteón V, 2011. Higher seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs than in humans in an urban area of Campeche, México. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 483–484.
-
7.
Ikede BO, 1979. Genital lesions in experimental chronic Trypanosoma brucei infection in rams. Res Vet Sci 26: 145–151.
-
8.
Anosa VO, Isoun TT, 1980. Further observations on the testicular pathology in Trypanosoma vivax infection of sheep and goats. Res Vet Sci 28: 151–160.
-
9.
Ikede BO, Akpavie SO, 1982. Delay in resolution of trypanosome-induced genital lesions in male rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucei and treated with diminazene aceturate. Res Vet Sci 32: 374–376.
-
10.
Anosa VO, Kaneko JJ, 1984. Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Light and electron microscopic study of testicular lesions. Rev Vet Pathol 21: 238–246.
-
11.
Lamano-Carvalho TL, Ribeiro RD, Lopes RA, 1991. The male reproductive organs in experimental Chagas' disease. I. Morphometric study of the vas deferens in the acute phase of the disease. Exp Pathol 41: 203–214.
-
12.
Boly H, Humblot P, Tillet Y, Thibier M, 1994. Effects of Trypanosoma congolense infection on the pituitary gland of Baoulé bulls: immunohistochemistry of LH- and FSH-secreting cells and response of plasma LH and testosterone to combined dexamethasone and GnRH treatment. J Reprod Fertil 100: 157–162.
-
13.
Lenzi HL, Castelo-Branco MT, Pelajo-Machado M, Oliveira DN, Gattass CR, 1998. Trypanosoma cruzi: compromise of reproductive system in acute murine infection. Acta Trop 71: 117–129.
-
14.
Herrera L, Urdaneta-Morales S, 2001. Experimental transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi through the genitalia of albino mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96: 713–717.
-
15.
Diniz SA, Melo MS, Borges AM, Bueno R, Reis BP, Tafuri WL, Nascimento EF, Santos RL, 2005. Genital lesions associated with visceral leishmaniasis and shedding of Leishmania sp. in the semen of naturally infected dogs. Vet Pathol 42: 650–658.
-
16.
Adamu S, Fatihu MY, Useh NM, Mamman M, Sekoni VO, Esievo KA, 2007. Sequential testicular and epididymal damage in Zebu bulls experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Vet Parasitol 143: 29–34.
-
17.
Carvalho LO, Abreu-Silva AL, Hardoim D de J, Tedesco RC, Mendes VG, da Costa SC, Calabrese KS, 2009. Trypanosoma cruzi and myoid cells from seminiferous tubules: interaction and relation with fibrous components of extracellular matrix in experimental Chagas' disease. Int J Exp Pathol 90: 52–57.
-
18.
Raheem AK, Fayemi EO, Leigh OO, Ameen SA, 2009. Selected fertility parameters of West African dwarf bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Folia Vet 53: 68–71.
-
19.
Silva FL, Oliveira RG, Silva TM, Xavier MN, Nascimento EF, Santos RL, 2009. Venereal transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 160: 55–59.
-
20.
Assis VP, Ribeiro VM, Rachid MA, Castro AC, Valle GR, 2010. Dogs with Leishmania chagasi infection have semen abnormalities that partially revert during 150 days of Allopurinol and Amphotericin B therapy. Anim Reprod Sci 117: 183–186.
-
21.
Leigh OO, Fayemi OE, 2010. Ejaculate characteristics of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma congolense and changes caused offer treatment with Diminazene aceturate (Diminaveto). Rev Int J Morphol 28: 471–475.
-
22.
Mbaya AW, Nwosu CO, Kumshe HA, 2011. Genital lesions in male red fronted gazelles (Gazella rufifrons) experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei and effect of melarsamine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan) and diminazene aceturate (Berenil) in its treatment. Theriogenology 76: 721–728.
-
23.
Manna L, Paciello O, Morte RD, Gravino AE, 2012. Detection of Leishmania parasites in the testis of a dog affected by orchitis: case report. Parasites & Vectors 5: 216.
-
24.
Kegler K, Habierski A, Hahn K, Amarilla SP, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner, 2013. Vaginal canine transmissible venereal tumor associated with intra-tumoral Leishmania spp. amastigotes in an asymptomatic female dog. J Comp Path 149: 156–161.
-
25.
Monteón VM, Furuzawa-Caballeda J, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Aranda-Fraustro A, Rosales Encina JL, Reyes PA, 1996. American trypanosomosis: in situ and generalized features of parasitism and inflammation kinetics in a murine model. Exp Parasitol 83: 267–274.
-
26.
Espinoza B, Solorzano-Domínguez N, Vizcaino-Castillo A, Martínez I, Elias-López AL, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, 2011. Gastrointestinal infection with Mexican TcI Trypanosoma cruzi strains: different degrees of colonization and diverse immune responses. Int J Biol Sci 7: 1357–1370.
-
27.
WHO Technical Report Series, 2002. Control of Chagas Disease. Second report of the WHO expert committee. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–109.
-
28.
Rodríguez-Morales O, Ballinas-Verdugo MA, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Reyes-López PA, Arce-Fonseca M, 2011. Trypanosoma cruzi connatal transmission in dogs with Chagas disease. Experimental case report. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 1365–1370.
-
29.
Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-0062-ZOO-1999, 1999. Especificaciones Técnicas para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio. Mexico: Diario Oficial de la Federación, 1–58.
-
30.
Linde-Forsberg C, 1991. Achieving canine pregnancy using frozen or chilled extended semen. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21: 467–485.
-
31.
Dostal LA, Juneau P, Rothwell CE, 2001. Repeated analysis of semen parameters in Beagle dogs during a 2-year study with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin. Toxicol Sci 61: 128–134.
-
32.
Gutiérrez Y, Hernández J, Fernández F, Cruz H, 2004. Congelación de espermatozoides obtenidos de colas de epidídimos de bovinos. Rev Salud Anim 26: 192–196.
-
33.
Rodríguez-Morales O, Pérez-Leyva MM, Ballinas-Verdugo MA, Carrillo-Sánchez SC, Rosales-Encina JL, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Reyes PA, Arce-Fonseca M, 2012. Plasmid DNA immunization with Trypanosoma cruzi genes induces cardiac and clinical protection against Chagas disease in the canine model. Vet Res 43: 79.
-
34.
Rodríguez-Morales O, Carrillo-Sánchez SC, García-Mendoza H, Aranda-Fraustro A, Ballinas-Verdugo MA, Alejandre-Aguilar R, Rosales-Encina JL, Vallejo M, Arce-Fonseca M, 2013. Effect of the plasmid-DNA vaccination on macroscopic and microscopic damage caused by the experimental chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the canine model. Biomed Res Int 2013: 826570.
-
35.
Olar TT, Amann RP, Pickett BW, 1983. Relationships among testicular size, daily production and output of spermatozoa, and extragonadal spermatozoa reserves of the dog. Biol Reprod 29: 1114–1120.
-
36.
Souza FF, Leme DP, Uechi E, Trinca LA, Lopes MD, 2004. Evaluation testicular fine needle aspiration cytology and serum testosterone levels in dogs. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 41: 98–105.
-
37.
Reyes LA, Segovia FJ, Cerpa RE, 2011. Volumen testicular: el tamaño sí importa. (Testicular volumen: size does matter). Rev Colomb Radiol 22: 3348–3351.
-
38.
England GC, 1991. Relationship between ultrasonographic appearance, testicular size, spermatozoal output and testicular lesions in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 32: 306–311.
-
39.
Cortez AA, Aquino-Cortez A, Silva AR, Cardoso Rc S, Silva LD, 2002. Relação entre perímetro escrotal e concentração espermática emcães, clinicamentenormais, da raça Pastor Alemão. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 54: 549–550.
-
40.
Corti L, 2003. Evaluación de la capacidad fecundante del semen congelado del perro (Canis familiaris), en ova recuperadas de perras de celo inducido. Bachelor Thesis for Doctor in Veterinary Medicine. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de Chile, 1–71.
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