Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Million M, Lepidi H, Raoult D, 2009. Q fever: current diagnosis and treatment options [in French]. Med Mal Infect 39: 82–94.
-
2.
Angelakis E, Raoult D, 2010. 2009. Q fever. Vet Microbiol 140: 297–309.
-
3.
Derrick EH, 1983. Q fever, a new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation. Rev Infect Dis 5: 790–800.
-
4.
Roest HI, Tilburg JJ, van der Hoek W, Vellema P, van Zijderveld FG, Klaassen CH, Raoult D, 2011. The Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection. Epidemiol Infect 139: 1–12.
-
5.
Epelboin L, Chesnais C, Boullé C, Drogoul A-S, Raoult D, Djossou F, Mahamat A, 2012. Q fever pneumonia in French Guiana: prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic score. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 55: 67–74.
-
6.
Ribeiro-Netto A, Nikitin T, Ribeiro IF, 1964. Q fever study in Sao Paulo. 3. Prevalence among milkers and dairy farm workers [in Portuguese]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 6: 255–257.
-
7.
Riemann HP, Brant PC, Franti CE, Reis R, Buchanan AM, Stormont C, Behymer DE, 1974. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burnetii among students and other personnel in veterinary colleges in California and Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 100: 197–208.
-
8.
Riemann HP, Brant PC, Behymer DE, Franti CE, 1975. Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burnetii antibodies among Brazilian slaughterhouse employees. Am J Epidemiol 102: 386–393.
-
9.
Da Costa PS, Brigatte ME, Greco DB, 2005. Antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia typhi, Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis among healthy population in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100: 853–859.
-
10.
da Costa PS, Brigatte ME, Greco DB, 2006. Questing one Brazilian query: reporting 16 cases of Q fever from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 48: 5–9.
-
11.
Lemos ER, Rozental T, Mares-Guia MA, Almeida DN, Moreira N, Silva RG, Barreira JD, Lamas CC, Favacho AR, Damasco PV, 2011. Q fever as a cause of fever of unknown origin and thrombocytosis: first molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii in Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 85–87.
-
12.
Rozental T, Mascarenhas LF, Rozenbaum R, Gomes R, Mattos GS, Magno CC, Almeida DN, Rossi MI, Favacho AR, de Lemos ER, 2012. Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever in Brazil: its hidden role in seronegative arthritis and the importance of molecular diagnosis based on the repetitive element IS1111 associated with the transposase gene. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107: 695–697.
-
13.
Lamas C da C, Ramos RG, Lopes GQ, Santos MS, Golebiovski WF, Weksler C, Ferraiuoli GI, Fournier P-E, Lepidi H, Raoult D, 2013. Bartonella and Coxiella infective endocarditis in Brazil: molecular evidence from excised valves from a cardiac surgery referral center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1998 to 2009. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis 17: e65–e66.
-
14.
Siciliano RF, Ribeiro HB, Furtado RH de M, Castelli JB, Sampaio RO, dos Santos FCP, Colombo S, Grinberg M, Strabelli TM, 2008. Endocarditis due to Coxiella burnetii (Q fever): a rare or underdiagnosed disease? Case report [in Portuguese]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 41: 409–412.
-
15.
Siciliano RF, Strabelli TM, Zeigler R, Rodrigues C, Castelli JB, Grinberg M, Colombo S, da Silva LJ, Mendes do Nascimento EM, Pereira dos Santos FC, Uip DE, 2006. Infective endocarditis due to Bartonella spp. and Coxiella burnetii: experience at a cardiology hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 215–222.
-
16.
Lamas CC, Rozental T, Bóia MN, Favacho AR, Kirsten AH, da Silva AP, de Lemos ER, 2009. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 15 (Suppl 2): 140–141.
-
17.
Blair PJ, Schoeler GB, Moron C, Anaya E, Caceda R, Cespedes M, Cruz C, Felices V, Guevara C, Huaman A, Luckett R, Mendoza L, Richards AL, Rios Z, Sumner JW, Villaseca P, Olson JG, 2004. Evidence of rickettsial and Leptospira infections in Andean northern Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 357–363.
-
18.
Manock SR, Jacobsen KH, de Bravo NB, Russell KL, Negrete M, Olson JG, Sanchez JL, Blair PJ, Smalligan RD, Quist BK, Espín JF, Espinoza WR, MacCormick F, Fleming LC, Kochel T, 2009. Etiology of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 146–151.
-
19.
Romana C, Roldan L, Torrico R, Mayer H, 1959. First acute case of Q fever diagnosed in Argentina (preliminary note) [in Spanish]. Sem Med 115: 506–507.
-
20.
Luna CM, Famiglietti A, Absi R, Videla AJ, Nogueira FJ, Fuenzalida AD, Gené RJ, 2000. Community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology, and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina. Chest 118: 1344–1354.
-
21.
Somma-Moreira RE, Caffarena RM, Somma S, Pérez G, Monteiro M, 1987. Analysis of Q fever in Uruguay. Rev Infect Dis 9: 386–387.
-
22.
de Ruiz HL de, 1977. Q fever in Colombia, S.A. A serological survey of human and bovine populations. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 24: 287–292.
-
23.
Araujo-Meléndez J, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Bobadilla-Del-valle JM, Aguilar-Cruz A, Torres-Angeles O, Ramírez-González JL, Ponce-de-León A, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Guerrero-Almeida ML, 2012. What do we know about Q fever in Mexico? Rev Investig Clínica Organo Hosp Enfermedades Nutr 64: 541–545.
-
24.
Sahagún Sánchez G, Cotter Lemus L, Zamora González C, Reyes PA, Ramírez S, Buendía A, 1998. Coxiella burnetii endocarditis. A report of the first case diagnosed in Mexico [in Spanish]. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 68: 322–327.
-
25.
Aguilar-Olivos N, del Carmen Manzano-Robleda M, Gutiérrez-Grobe Y, Chablé-Montero F, Albores-Saavedra J, López-Méndez E, 2013. Granulomatous hepatitis caused by Q fever: a differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. Ann Hepatol 12: 138–141.
-
26.
Kourany M, Johnson KM, 1980. A survey of Q fever antibodies in a high risk population in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 1007–1011.
-
27.
Cheney G, Geib WA, 1946. The identification of Q fever in Panama. Am J Hyg 44: 158–172.
-
28.
De Rodaniche EC, Rodaniche A, 1949. Studies on Q fever in Panama. Am J Hyg 49: 67–75.
-
29.
Adesiyun A, Dookeran S, Stewart-Johnson A, Rahaman S, Bissessar S, 2011. Frequency of seropositivity for Coxiella burnetii immunoglobulins in livestock and abattoir workers in Trinidad. New Microbiol 34: 219–224.
-
30.
Grant LS, 1961. A serological survey for Q. fever antibodies in man and animals in Jamaica, West Indies. West Indian Med J 10: 234–239.
-
31.
Drexhage VR, Dumas AM, Sukhai RN, Witsenburg M, 1989. Q-fever as a cause of myocarditis in childhood [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 133: 2517–2519.
-
32.
Floch H, 1957. Q fever in French Guiana [in French]. Publ Cayenne Fr Guiana Inst Pasteur Guyane Fr Inini 18: 1–5.
-
33.
Pfaff F, François A, Hommel D, Jeanne I, Margery J, Guillot G, Couratte-Arnaude Y, Hulin A, Talarmin A, 1998. Q fever in French Guiana: new trends. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 131–132.
-
34.
Gardon J, Héraud JM, Laventure S, Ladam A, Capot P, Fouquet E, Favre J, Weber S, Hommel D, Hulin A, Couratte Y, Talarmin A, 2001. Suburban transmission of Q fever in French Guiana: evidence of a wild reservoir. J Infect Dis 184: 278–284.
-
35.
Grangier C, Debin M, Ardillon V, Mahamat A, Fournier P, Simmonnet C, 2009. Epidemiology of Q fever in in Guyana, 1990–2006. Bull Veille Sanit.
-
36.
Tran A, Gardon J, Weber S, Polidori L, 2002. Mapping disease incidence in suburban areas using remotely sensed data. Am J Epidemiol 156: 662–668.
-
37.
Leone M, Honstettre A, Lepidi H, Capo C, Bayard F, Raoult D, Mege J-L, 2004. Effect of sex on Coxiella burnetii infection: protective role of 17β-estradiol. J Infect Dis 189: 339–345.
-
38.
Edouard S, Mahamat A, Demar M, Abboud P, Djossou F, Raoult D, 2014. Comparison between emerging Q fever in French Guiana and endemic Q fever in Marseille, France. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 915–919.
-
39.
Fournier PE, Marrie TJ, Raoult D, 1998. Diagnosis of Q fever. J Clin Microbiol 36: 1823–1834.
-
40.
Dupont HT, Thirion X, Raoult D, 1994. Q fever serology: cutoff determination for microimmunofluorescence. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1: 189–196.
-
41.
Frankel D, Richet H, Renvoisé A, Raoult D, 2011. Q fever in France, 1985–2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 350–356.
-
42.
Glazunova O, Roux V, Freylikman O, Sekeyova Z, Fournous G, Tyczka J, Tokarevich N, Kovacava E, Marrie TJ, Raoult D, 2005. Coxiella burnetii genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1211–1217.
-
43.
Stein A, Louveau C, Lepidi H, Ricci F, Baylac P, Davoust B, Raoult D, 2005. Q fever pneumonia: virulence of Coxiella burnetii pathovars in a murine model of aerosol infection. Infect Immun 73: 2469–2477.
-
44.
Russell-Lodrigue KE, Andoh M, Poels MW, Shive HR, Weeks BR, Zhang GQ, Tersteeg C, Masegi T, Hotta A, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H, Hirai K, McMurray DN, Samuel JE, 2009. Coxiella burnetii isolates cause genogroup-specific virulence in mouse and guinea pig models of acute Q fever. Infect Immun 77: 5640–5650.
-
45.
Mahamat A, Edouard S, Demar M, Abboud P, Patrice J-Y, La Scola B, Okandze A, Djossou F, Raoult D, 2013. Unique clone of Coxiella burnetii causing severe Q fever, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1102–1104.
-
46.
Boni M, Davoust B, Tissot-Dupont H, Raoult D, 1998. Survey of seroprevalence of Q fever in dogs in the southeast of France, French Guyana, Martinique, Senegal and the Ivory Coast. Vet Microbiol 64: 1–5.
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Q Fever in French Guiana
Carole Eldin
Carole Eldin
Unité de Recherche sur Les Maladies Infectieuses et Ttropicales Émergentes, Unités Mxtes de Rcherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Aba Mahamat
Aba Mahamat
Unité de Recherche sur Les Maladies Infectieuses et Ttropicales Émergentes, Unités Mxtes de Rcherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Magalie Demar
Magalie Demar
Unité de Recherche sur Les Maladies Infectieuses et Ttropicales Émergentes, Unités Mxtes de Rcherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Philippe Abboud
Philippe Abboud
Unité de Recherche sur Les Maladies Infectieuses et Ttropicales Émergentes, Unités Mxtes de Rcherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Félix Djossou
Félix Djossou
Unité de Recherche sur Les Maladies Infectieuses et Ttropicales Émergentes, Unités Mxtes de Rcherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Didier Raoult
Didier Raoult
Unité de Recherche sur Les Maladies Infectieuses et Ttropicales Émergentes, Unités Mxtes de Rcherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is present worldwide. Recent studies have shown that this bacterium is an emerging pathogen in French Guiana and has a high prevalence (24% of community-acquired pneumonia). In this review, we focus on the peculiar epidemiology of Q fever in French Guiana. We place it in the context of the epidemiology of the disease in the surrounding countries of South America. We also review the clinical features of Q fever in this region, which has severe initial presentation but low mortality rates. These characteristics seem to be linked to a unique genotype (genotype 17). Finally, we discuss the issue of the animal reservoir of C. burnetii in French Guiana, which is still unknown. Further studies are necessary to identify this reservoir. Identification of this reservoir will improve the understanding of the Q fever epidemic in French Guiana and will provide new tools to control this public health problem.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Carole Eldin and Didier Raoult, Unité de Recherche sur Les Maladies Infectieuses et Ttropicales Émergentes, Unités Mxtes de Rcherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 198, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unite 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Aix Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France, E-mails: carole.eldin@gmail.com and didier.raoult@gmail.com. Aba Mahamat, Magalie Demar, Philippe Abboud, and Félix Djossou, Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, E-mails: mahamataba@gmail.com, mdemar@yahoo.com, philippe.abboud@gmail.com, and felix.djossou@ch-cayenne.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Million M, Lepidi H, Raoult D, 2009. Q fever: current diagnosis and treatment options [in French]. Med Mal Infect 39: 82–94.
-
2.
Angelakis E, Raoult D, 2010. 2009. Q fever. Vet Microbiol 140: 297–309.
-
3.
Derrick EH, 1983. Q fever, a new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation. Rev Infect Dis 5: 790–800.
-
4.
Roest HI, Tilburg JJ, van der Hoek W, Vellema P, van Zijderveld FG, Klaassen CH, Raoult D, 2011. The Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection. Epidemiol Infect 139: 1–12.
-
5.
Epelboin L, Chesnais C, Boullé C, Drogoul A-S, Raoult D, Djossou F, Mahamat A, 2012. Q fever pneumonia in French Guiana: prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic score. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 55: 67–74.
-
6.
Ribeiro-Netto A, Nikitin T, Ribeiro IF, 1964. Q fever study in Sao Paulo. 3. Prevalence among milkers and dairy farm workers [in Portuguese]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 6: 255–257.
-
7.
Riemann HP, Brant PC, Franti CE, Reis R, Buchanan AM, Stormont C, Behymer DE, 1974. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burnetii among students and other personnel in veterinary colleges in California and Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 100: 197–208.
-
8.
Riemann HP, Brant PC, Behymer DE, Franti CE, 1975. Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burnetii antibodies among Brazilian slaughterhouse employees. Am J Epidemiol 102: 386–393.
-
9.
Da Costa PS, Brigatte ME, Greco DB, 2005. Antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia typhi, Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis among healthy population in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100: 853–859.
-
10.
da Costa PS, Brigatte ME, Greco DB, 2006. Questing one Brazilian query: reporting 16 cases of Q fever from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 48: 5–9.
-
11.
Lemos ER, Rozental T, Mares-Guia MA, Almeida DN, Moreira N, Silva RG, Barreira JD, Lamas CC, Favacho AR, Damasco PV, 2011. Q fever as a cause of fever of unknown origin and thrombocytosis: first molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii in Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 85–87.
-
12.
Rozental T, Mascarenhas LF, Rozenbaum R, Gomes R, Mattos GS, Magno CC, Almeida DN, Rossi MI, Favacho AR, de Lemos ER, 2012. Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever in Brazil: its hidden role in seronegative arthritis and the importance of molecular diagnosis based on the repetitive element IS1111 associated with the transposase gene. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107: 695–697.
-
13.
Lamas C da C, Ramos RG, Lopes GQ, Santos MS, Golebiovski WF, Weksler C, Ferraiuoli GI, Fournier P-E, Lepidi H, Raoult D, 2013. Bartonella and Coxiella infective endocarditis in Brazil: molecular evidence from excised valves from a cardiac surgery referral center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1998 to 2009. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis 17: e65–e66.
-
14.
Siciliano RF, Ribeiro HB, Furtado RH de M, Castelli JB, Sampaio RO, dos Santos FCP, Colombo S, Grinberg M, Strabelli TM, 2008. Endocarditis due to Coxiella burnetii (Q fever): a rare or underdiagnosed disease? Case report [in Portuguese]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 41: 409–412.
-
15.
Siciliano RF, Strabelli TM, Zeigler R, Rodrigues C, Castelli JB, Grinberg M, Colombo S, da Silva LJ, Mendes do Nascimento EM, Pereira dos Santos FC, Uip DE, 2006. Infective endocarditis due to Bartonella spp. and Coxiella burnetii: experience at a cardiology hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 215–222.
-
16.
Lamas CC, Rozental T, Bóia MN, Favacho AR, Kirsten AH, da Silva AP, de Lemos ER, 2009. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 15 (Suppl 2): 140–141.
-
17.
Blair PJ, Schoeler GB, Moron C, Anaya E, Caceda R, Cespedes M, Cruz C, Felices V, Guevara C, Huaman A, Luckett R, Mendoza L, Richards AL, Rios Z, Sumner JW, Villaseca P, Olson JG, 2004. Evidence of rickettsial and Leptospira infections in Andean northern Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 357–363.
-
18.
Manock SR, Jacobsen KH, de Bravo NB, Russell KL, Negrete M, Olson JG, Sanchez JL, Blair PJ, Smalligan RD, Quist BK, Espín JF, Espinoza WR, MacCormick F, Fleming LC, Kochel T, 2009. Etiology of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 146–151.
-
19.
Romana C, Roldan L, Torrico R, Mayer H, 1959. First acute case of Q fever diagnosed in Argentina (preliminary note) [in Spanish]. Sem Med 115: 506–507.
-
20.
Luna CM, Famiglietti A, Absi R, Videla AJ, Nogueira FJ, Fuenzalida AD, Gené RJ, 2000. Community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, epidemiology, and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina. Chest 118: 1344–1354.
-
21.
Somma-Moreira RE, Caffarena RM, Somma S, Pérez G, Monteiro M, 1987. Analysis of Q fever in Uruguay. Rev Infect Dis 9: 386–387.
-
22.
de Ruiz HL de, 1977. Q fever in Colombia, S.A. A serological survey of human and bovine populations. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 24: 287–292.
-
23.
Araujo-Meléndez J, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Bobadilla-Del-valle JM, Aguilar-Cruz A, Torres-Angeles O, Ramírez-González JL, Ponce-de-León A, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Guerrero-Almeida ML, 2012. What do we know about Q fever in Mexico? Rev Investig Clínica Organo Hosp Enfermedades Nutr 64: 541–545.
-
24.
Sahagún Sánchez G, Cotter Lemus L, Zamora González C, Reyes PA, Ramírez S, Buendía A, 1998. Coxiella burnetii endocarditis. A report of the first case diagnosed in Mexico [in Spanish]. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 68: 322–327.
-
25.
Aguilar-Olivos N, del Carmen Manzano-Robleda M, Gutiérrez-Grobe Y, Chablé-Montero F, Albores-Saavedra J, López-Méndez E, 2013. Granulomatous hepatitis caused by Q fever: a differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. Ann Hepatol 12: 138–141.
-
26.
Kourany M, Johnson KM, 1980. A survey of Q fever antibodies in a high risk population in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 1007–1011.
-
27.
Cheney G, Geib WA, 1946. The identification of Q fever in Panama. Am J Hyg 44: 158–172.
-
28.
De Rodaniche EC, Rodaniche A, 1949. Studies on Q fever in Panama. Am J Hyg 49: 67–75.
-
29.
Adesiyun A, Dookeran S, Stewart-Johnson A, Rahaman S, Bissessar S, 2011. Frequency of seropositivity for Coxiella burnetii immunoglobulins in livestock and abattoir workers in Trinidad. New Microbiol 34: 219–224.
-
30.
Grant LS, 1961. A serological survey for Q. fever antibodies in man and animals in Jamaica, West Indies. West Indian Med J 10: 234–239.
-
31.
Drexhage VR, Dumas AM, Sukhai RN, Witsenburg M, 1989. Q-fever as a cause of myocarditis in childhood [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 133: 2517–2519.
-
32.
Floch H, 1957. Q fever in French Guiana [in French]. Publ Cayenne Fr Guiana Inst Pasteur Guyane Fr Inini 18: 1–5.
-
33.
Pfaff F, François A, Hommel D, Jeanne I, Margery J, Guillot G, Couratte-Arnaude Y, Hulin A, Talarmin A, 1998. Q fever in French Guiana: new trends. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 131–132.
-
34.
Gardon J, Héraud JM, Laventure S, Ladam A, Capot P, Fouquet E, Favre J, Weber S, Hommel D, Hulin A, Couratte Y, Talarmin A, 2001. Suburban transmission of Q fever in French Guiana: evidence of a wild reservoir. J Infect Dis 184: 278–284.
-
35.
Grangier C, Debin M, Ardillon V, Mahamat A, Fournier P, Simmonnet C, 2009. Epidemiology of Q fever in in Guyana, 1990–2006. Bull Veille Sanit.
-
36.
Tran A, Gardon J, Weber S, Polidori L, 2002. Mapping disease incidence in suburban areas using remotely sensed data. Am J Epidemiol 156: 662–668.
-
37.
Leone M, Honstettre A, Lepidi H, Capo C, Bayard F, Raoult D, Mege J-L, 2004. Effect of sex on Coxiella burnetii infection: protective role of 17β-estradiol. J Infect Dis 189: 339–345.
-
38.
Edouard S, Mahamat A, Demar M, Abboud P, Djossou F, Raoult D, 2014. Comparison between emerging Q fever in French Guiana and endemic Q fever in Marseille, France. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90: 915–919.
-
39.
Fournier PE, Marrie TJ, Raoult D, 1998. Diagnosis of Q fever. J Clin Microbiol 36: 1823–1834.
-
40.
Dupont HT, Thirion X, Raoult D, 1994. Q fever serology: cutoff determination for microimmunofluorescence. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1: 189–196.
-
41.
Frankel D, Richet H, Renvoisé A, Raoult D, 2011. Q fever in France, 1985–2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 350–356.
-
42.
Glazunova O, Roux V, Freylikman O, Sekeyova Z, Fournous G, Tyczka J, Tokarevich N, Kovacava E, Marrie TJ, Raoult D, 2005. Coxiella burnetii genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1211–1217.
-
43.
Stein A, Louveau C, Lepidi H, Ricci F, Baylac P, Davoust B, Raoult D, 2005. Q fever pneumonia: virulence of Coxiella burnetii pathovars in a murine model of aerosol infection. Infect Immun 73: 2469–2477.
-
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