World Health Organization, 2013. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 2008. Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Emergency Update 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Friedland G, 2007. Tuberculosis, drug resistance, and HIV/AIDS: a triple threat. Curr Infect Dis Rep 9: 252–261.
Wells CD, Cegielski JP, Nelson LJ, Laserson KF, Holtz TH, Finlay A, Castro KG, Weyer K, 2007. HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: the perfect storm. J Infect Dis 196 (Suppl): S86–S107.
World Health Organization, 2013. Tuberculosis Country Profiles. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/index.html. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Ocheretina O, Morose W, Gauthier M, Joseph P, D'Meza R, Escuyer VE, Rastogi N, Vernet G, Pape JW, Fitzgerald DW, 2012. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Rev Panam Salud Publica 31: 221–224.
Joseph P, Severe P, Ferdinand S, Goh KS, Sola C, Haas DW, Johnson WD, Rastogi N, Pape JW, Fitzgerald DW, 2006. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis at an HIV testing center in Haiti. AIDS 20: 415–418.
Pape JW, Johnson WD, Fitzgerald DW, 2010. The earthquake in Haiti–dispatch from Port-au-Prince. N Engl J Med 362: 575–577.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Health Organization Policy Guidance on Drug-Susceptibility Testing (DST) of Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2008/whohtmtb_2008_392/en/. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Falzon D, Jaramillo E, Schünemann HJ, Arentz M, Bauer M, Bayona J, Blanc L, Caminero JA, Daley CL, Duncombe C, Fitzpatrick C, Gebhard A, Getahun H, Henkens M, Holtz TH, Keravec J, Keshavjee S, Khan AJ, Kulier R, Leimane V, Lienhardt C, Lu C, Mariandyshev A, Migliori GB, Mirzayev F, Mitnick CD, Nunn P, Nwagboniwe G, Oxlade O, Palmero D, Pavlinac P, Quelapio MI, Raviglione MC, Rich ML, Royce S, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Salakaia A, Sarin R, Sculier D, Varaine F, Vitoria M, Walson JL, Wares F, Weyer K, White RA, Zignol M, 2011. WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis: 2011 update. Eur Respir J 38: 516–528.
Katiyar SK, Bihari S, Prakash S, Mamtani M, Kulkarni H, 2008. A randomised controlled trial of high-dose isoniazid adjuvant therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12: 139–145.
Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Padayatchi N, Baxter C, Gray A, Gengiah T, Nair G, Bamber S, Singh A, Khan M, Pienaar J, El-Sadr W, Friedland G, Abdool Karim Q, 2010. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med 362: 697–706.
Laserson KF, Thorpe LE, Leimane V, Weyer K, Mitnick CD, Riekstina V, Zarovska E, Rich ML, Fraser HSF, Alarcón E, Cegielski JP, Grzemska M, Gupta R, Espinal M, 2005. Speaking the same language: treatment outcome definitions for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9: 640–645.
Caminero JA, Sotgiu G, Zumla A, Migliori GB, 2010. Best drug treatment for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 621–629.
Mitnick CD, Franke MF, Rich ML, Alcantara Viru FA, Appleton SC, Atwood SS, Bayona JN, Bonilla CA, Chalco K, Fraser HSF, Furin JJ, Guerra D, Hurtado RM, Joseph K, Llaro K, Mestanza L, Mukherjee JS, Muñoz M, Palacios E, Sanchez E, Seung KJ, Shin SS, Sloutsky A, Tolman AW, Becerra MC, 2013. Aggressive regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis decrease all-cause mortality. PLoS ONE 8: e58664.
Farley JE, Ram M, Pan W, Waldman S, Cassell GH, Chaisson RE, Weyer K, Lancaster J, Van der Walt M, 2011. Outcomes of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among a cohort of South African patients with high HIV prevalence. PLoS ONE 6: e20436.
Isaakidis P, Varghese B, Mansoor H, Cox HS, Ladomirska J, Saranchuk P, Da Silva E, Khan S, Paryani R, Udwadia Z, Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Reid T, 2012. Adverse events among HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients receiving antiretroviral and second line anti-TB treatment in Mumbai, India. PLoS ONE 7: e40781.
Palacios E, Franke M, Munoz M, Hurtado R, Dallman R, Chalco K, Guerra D, Mestanza L, Llaro K, Bonilla C, Sebastian J, Bayona J, Lygizos M, Anger H, Shin S, 2012. HIV-positive patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: clinical outcomes in the HAART era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16: 348–354.
Bassili A, Fitzpatrick C, Qadeer E, Fatima R, Floyd K, Jaramillo E, 2013. A systematic review of the effectiveness of hospital- and ambulatory-based management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 271–280.
Espinal M, Kim S, Suarez P, Kam K, Khomenko A, Migliori G, Baéz J, Kochi A, Dye C, Raviglione M, 2000. Standard short-course chemotherapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis: treatment outcomes in 6 countries. JAMA 283: 2537–2545.
Johnston JC, Shahidi NC, Sadatsafavi M, Fitzgerald JM, 2009. Treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 4: e6914.
Ahuja SD, Ashkin D, Avendano M, Banerjee R, Bauer M, Bayona JN, Becerra MC, Benedetti A, Burgos M, Centis R, Chan ED, Chiang C-Y, Cox H, D'Ambrosio L, DeRiemer K, Dung NH, Enarson D, Falzon D, Flanagan K, Flood J, Garcia-Garcia ML, Gandhi N, Granich RM, Hollm-Delgado MG, Holtz TH, Iseman MD, Jarlsberg LG, Keshavjee S, Kim H-R, Koh W-J, Lancaster J, Lange C, de Lange WCM, Leimane V, Leung CC, Li J, Menzies D, Migliori GB, Mishustin SP, Mitnick CD, Narita M, O'Riordan P, Pai M, Palmero D, S-k Park, Pasvol G, Peña J, Pérez-Guzmán C, Quelapio MID, Ponce-de-Leon A, Riekstina V, Robert J, Royce S, Schaaf HS, Seung KJ, Shah L, Shim TS, Shin SS, Shiraishi Y, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Sotgiu G, Strand MJ, Tabarsi P, Tupasi TE, van Altena R, Van der Walt M, Van der Werf TS, Vargas MH, Viiklepp P, Westenhouse J, Yew WW, Yim J-J, 2012. Multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an individual patient data meta-analysis of 9,153 patients. PLoS Med 9: e1001300.
Bhargava A, Chatterjee M, Jain Y, Chatterjee B, Kataria A, Bhargava M, Kataria R, D'Souza R, Jain R, Benedetti A, Pai M, Menzies D, 2013. Nutritional status of adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in rural central India and its association with mortality. PLoS ONE 8: e77979.
Cegielski JP, McMurray DN, 2004. The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8: 286–298.
International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013. Global Hunger Index—Country Case Study: Haiti. Available at: http://www.ifpri.org/publication/2013-global-hunger-index-country-case-study-haiti. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Furin JJ, Mitnick CD, Shin SS, Bayona J, Becerra MC, Singler JM, Alcantara F, Castañieda C, Sanchez E, Acha J, Farmer PE, Kim JY, 2001. Occurrence of serious adverse effects in patients receiving community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5: 648–655.
Shin SS, Pasechnikov AD, Gelmanova IY, Peremitin GG, Strelis AK, Mishustin S, Barnashov A, Karpeichik Y, Andreev YG, Golubchikova VT, Tonkel TP, Yanova GV, Yedilbayev A, Rich ML, Mukherjee JS, Furin JJ, Atwood S, Farmer PE, Keshavjee S, 2007. Adverse reactions among patients being treated for MDR-TB in Tomsk, Russia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11: 1314–1320.
Vega P, Sweetland A, Acha J, Castillo H, Guerra D, Smith Fawzi M, Shin S, 2004. Psychiatric issues in the management of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8: 749–759.
Gler MT, Guilatco R, Caoili JC, Ershova J, Cegielski P, Johnson JL, 2013. Weight gain and response to treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 943–949.
Heller T, Lessells RJ, Wallrauch CG, Bärnighausen T, Cooke GS, Mhlongo L, Master I, Newell ML, 2010. Community-based treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14: 420–426.
Holtz TH, Sternberg M, Kammerer S, Laserson KF, Riekstina V, Zarovska E, Skripconoka V, Wells CD, Leimane V, 2006. Time to sputum culture conversion in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: predictors and relationship to treatment outcome. Ann Intern Med 144: 650–659.
Kwak N, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee C-H, Lee S-M, Yoo C-G, Kim YW, Han SK, Yim J-J, 2013. Diagnostic accuracy and turnaround time of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in routine clinical practice. PLoS ONE 8: e77456.
O'Riordan P, Schwab U, Logan S, Cooke G, Wilkinson RJ, Davidson RN, Bassett P, Wall R, Pasvol G, Flanagan KL, 2008. Rapid molecular detection of rifampicin resistance facilitates early diagnosis and treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis: case control study. PLoS ONE 3: e3173.
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We report outcomes and 12-month survival for the first cohort of patients to undergo multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment after the earthquake in Haiti. From March 3, 2010 to March 28, 2013, 110 patients initiated treatment of laboratory-confirmed MDR-TB at the Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO) Center in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Twenty-seven patients (25%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. As of October 31, 2013, 95 (86%) patients were either cured or alive on treatment, 4 (4%) patients defaulted, and 11 (10%) patients died. Culture conversion occurred by 30 days in 14 (13%) patients, 60 days in 49 (45%) patients, and 90 days in 81 (74%) patients. The probabilities of survival to 12 months were 96% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 89–99) and 85% (95% CI = 64–94) for HIV-negative and -positive patients, respectively. Despite adverse conditions, outcomes for patients with MDR-TB are highly encouraging. Major efforts are underway to scale up community directly observed therapy and expand care to other regions of Haiti.
Financial support: Support for the Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO) Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Program was obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the US President's Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief, and the Fogarty International Center. M.C. received support from the Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23 AI073190) and from the Robert Wood Johnson's Amos Medical Faculty Development Award (63526). S.P.K. received support from Research Project Grant R01AI104344. O.O. received support from the International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH) Grant Number HA000047.
Authors' addresses: Macarthur Charles, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: makchuk@gmail.com. Stalz Charles Vilbrun, Lauren M. Hashiguchi, Marie Marcelle Mabou, and Jean W. Pape, Les Centres Groupe Haïtien d'Etude du Sarcome de Kaposi et des Infections Opportunistes (GHESKIO), Port-au-Prince, Haiti, E-mails: stalzsog@yahoo.com, mmabou@gheskio.org, lhashiguchi@gmail.com, and jwpape@gheskio.org. Serena P. Koenig, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, E-mail: skoenig@partners.org. Oksana Ocheretina, Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, E-mail: ocheretina@yahoo.com.
World Health Organization, 2013. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization, 2008. Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Emergency Update 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Friedland G, 2007. Tuberculosis, drug resistance, and HIV/AIDS: a triple threat. Curr Infect Dis Rep 9: 252–261.
Wells CD, Cegielski JP, Nelson LJ, Laserson KF, Holtz TH, Finlay A, Castro KG, Weyer K, 2007. HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: the perfect storm. J Infect Dis 196 (Suppl): S86–S107.
World Health Organization, 2013. Tuberculosis Country Profiles. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/index.html. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Ocheretina O, Morose W, Gauthier M, Joseph P, D'Meza R, Escuyer VE, Rastogi N, Vernet G, Pape JW, Fitzgerald DW, 2012. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Rev Panam Salud Publica 31: 221–224.
Joseph P, Severe P, Ferdinand S, Goh KS, Sola C, Haas DW, Johnson WD, Rastogi N, Pape JW, Fitzgerald DW, 2006. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis at an HIV testing center in Haiti. AIDS 20: 415–418.
Pape JW, Johnson WD, Fitzgerald DW, 2010. The earthquake in Haiti–dispatch from Port-au-Prince. N Engl J Med 362: 575–577.
World Health Organization, 2008. World Health Organization Policy Guidance on Drug-Susceptibility Testing (DST) of Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2008/whohtmtb_2008_392/en/. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Falzon D, Jaramillo E, Schünemann HJ, Arentz M, Bauer M, Bayona J, Blanc L, Caminero JA, Daley CL, Duncombe C, Fitzpatrick C, Gebhard A, Getahun H, Henkens M, Holtz TH, Keravec J, Keshavjee S, Khan AJ, Kulier R, Leimane V, Lienhardt C, Lu C, Mariandyshev A, Migliori GB, Mirzayev F, Mitnick CD, Nunn P, Nwagboniwe G, Oxlade O, Palmero D, Pavlinac P, Quelapio MI, Raviglione MC, Rich ML, Royce S, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Salakaia A, Sarin R, Sculier D, Varaine F, Vitoria M, Walson JL, Wares F, Weyer K, White RA, Zignol M, 2011. WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis: 2011 update. Eur Respir J 38: 516–528.
Katiyar SK, Bihari S, Prakash S, Mamtani M, Kulkarni H, 2008. A randomised controlled trial of high-dose isoniazid adjuvant therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12: 139–145.
Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, Padayatchi N, Baxter C, Gray A, Gengiah T, Nair G, Bamber S, Singh A, Khan M, Pienaar J, El-Sadr W, Friedland G, Abdool Karim Q, 2010. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med 362: 697–706.
Laserson KF, Thorpe LE, Leimane V, Weyer K, Mitnick CD, Riekstina V, Zarovska E, Rich ML, Fraser HSF, Alarcón E, Cegielski JP, Grzemska M, Gupta R, Espinal M, 2005. Speaking the same language: treatment outcome definitions for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9: 640–645.
Caminero JA, Sotgiu G, Zumla A, Migliori GB, 2010. Best drug treatment for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 621–629.
Mitnick CD, Franke MF, Rich ML, Alcantara Viru FA, Appleton SC, Atwood SS, Bayona JN, Bonilla CA, Chalco K, Fraser HSF, Furin JJ, Guerra D, Hurtado RM, Joseph K, Llaro K, Mestanza L, Mukherjee JS, Muñoz M, Palacios E, Sanchez E, Seung KJ, Shin SS, Sloutsky A, Tolman AW, Becerra MC, 2013. Aggressive regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis decrease all-cause mortality. PLoS ONE 8: e58664.
Farley JE, Ram M, Pan W, Waldman S, Cassell GH, Chaisson RE, Weyer K, Lancaster J, Van der Walt M, 2011. Outcomes of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among a cohort of South African patients with high HIV prevalence. PLoS ONE 6: e20436.
Isaakidis P, Varghese B, Mansoor H, Cox HS, Ladomirska J, Saranchuk P, Da Silva E, Khan S, Paryani R, Udwadia Z, Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Reid T, 2012. Adverse events among HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients receiving antiretroviral and second line anti-TB treatment in Mumbai, India. PLoS ONE 7: e40781.
Palacios E, Franke M, Munoz M, Hurtado R, Dallman R, Chalco K, Guerra D, Mestanza L, Llaro K, Bonilla C, Sebastian J, Bayona J, Lygizos M, Anger H, Shin S, 2012. HIV-positive patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: clinical outcomes in the HAART era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16: 348–354.
Bassili A, Fitzpatrick C, Qadeer E, Fatima R, Floyd K, Jaramillo E, 2013. A systematic review of the effectiveness of hospital- and ambulatory-based management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 271–280.
Espinal M, Kim S, Suarez P, Kam K, Khomenko A, Migliori G, Baéz J, Kochi A, Dye C, Raviglione M, 2000. Standard short-course chemotherapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis: treatment outcomes in 6 countries. JAMA 283: 2537–2545.
Johnston JC, Shahidi NC, Sadatsafavi M, Fitzgerald JM, 2009. Treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 4: e6914.
Ahuja SD, Ashkin D, Avendano M, Banerjee R, Bauer M, Bayona JN, Becerra MC, Benedetti A, Burgos M, Centis R, Chan ED, Chiang C-Y, Cox H, D'Ambrosio L, DeRiemer K, Dung NH, Enarson D, Falzon D, Flanagan K, Flood J, Garcia-Garcia ML, Gandhi N, Granich RM, Hollm-Delgado MG, Holtz TH, Iseman MD, Jarlsberg LG, Keshavjee S, Kim H-R, Koh W-J, Lancaster J, Lange C, de Lange WCM, Leimane V, Leung CC, Li J, Menzies D, Migliori GB, Mishustin SP, Mitnick CD, Narita M, O'Riordan P, Pai M, Palmero D, S-k Park, Pasvol G, Peña J, Pérez-Guzmán C, Quelapio MID, Ponce-de-Leon A, Riekstina V, Robert J, Royce S, Schaaf HS, Seung KJ, Shah L, Shim TS, Shin SS, Shiraishi Y, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Sotgiu G, Strand MJ, Tabarsi P, Tupasi TE, van Altena R, Van der Walt M, Van der Werf TS, Vargas MH, Viiklepp P, Westenhouse J, Yew WW, Yim J-J, 2012. Multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an individual patient data meta-analysis of 9,153 patients. PLoS Med 9: e1001300.
Bhargava A, Chatterjee M, Jain Y, Chatterjee B, Kataria A, Bhargava M, Kataria R, D'Souza R, Jain R, Benedetti A, Pai M, Menzies D, 2013. Nutritional status of adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in rural central India and its association with mortality. PLoS ONE 8: e77979.
Cegielski JP, McMurray DN, 2004. The relationship between malnutrition and tuberculosis: evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8: 286–298.
International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013. Global Hunger Index—Country Case Study: Haiti. Available at: http://www.ifpri.org/publication/2013-global-hunger-index-country-case-study-haiti. Accessed January 12, 2014.
Furin JJ, Mitnick CD, Shin SS, Bayona J, Becerra MC, Singler JM, Alcantara F, Castañieda C, Sanchez E, Acha J, Farmer PE, Kim JY, 2001. Occurrence of serious adverse effects in patients receiving community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5: 648–655.
Shin SS, Pasechnikov AD, Gelmanova IY, Peremitin GG, Strelis AK, Mishustin S, Barnashov A, Karpeichik Y, Andreev YG, Golubchikova VT, Tonkel TP, Yanova GV, Yedilbayev A, Rich ML, Mukherjee JS, Furin JJ, Atwood S, Farmer PE, Keshavjee S, 2007. Adverse reactions among patients being treated for MDR-TB in Tomsk, Russia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11: 1314–1320.
Vega P, Sweetland A, Acha J, Castillo H, Guerra D, Smith Fawzi M, Shin S, 2004. Psychiatric issues in the management of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8: 749–759.
Gler MT, Guilatco R, Caoili JC, Ershova J, Cegielski P, Johnson JL, 2013. Weight gain and response to treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 943–949.
Heller T, Lessells RJ, Wallrauch CG, Bärnighausen T, Cooke GS, Mhlongo L, Master I, Newell ML, 2010. Community-based treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14: 420–426.
Holtz TH, Sternberg M, Kammerer S, Laserson KF, Riekstina V, Zarovska E, Skripconoka V, Wells CD, Leimane V, 2006. Time to sputum culture conversion in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: predictors and relationship to treatment outcome. Ann Intern Med 144: 650–659.
Kwak N, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee C-H, Lee S-M, Yoo C-G, Kim YW, Han SK, Yim J-J, 2013. Diagnostic accuracy and turnaround time of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in routine clinical practice. PLoS ONE 8: e77456.
O'Riordan P, Schwab U, Logan S, Cooke G, Wilkinson RJ, Davidson RN, Bassett P, Wall R, Pasvol G, Flanagan KL, 2008. Rapid molecular detection of rifampicin resistance facilitates early diagnosis and treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis: case control study. PLoS ONE 3: e3173.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 410 | 143 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 119 | 30 | 0 |