Author:
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
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Maxey EE, 1899. Some observations on the so-called spotted fever of Idaho. Med Sentinel 7: 432–438.
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Spencer WO, 1907. Mountain or spotted fever, as seen in Idaho and eastern Oregon. Med Sentinel 15: 532–537.
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Ricketts HT, 1909. Some aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever as shown by recent investigations. Med Record 76: 843–855.
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Parker RR, Spencer RR, 1930. Results of four years' human vaccination. U.S. Publ Hlth Serv Hyg Lab Bull 154: 72–103.
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Topping NH, Dyer RE, 1940. A highly virulent strain of Rocky Mountain fever virus isolated in the eastern United States. Pub Hlth Rep 55: 728–731.
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Brigham GD, Watt J, 1940. Highly virulent strains of Rocky Mountain spotted fever virus isolated from ticks (D. variabilis) in Georgia. Pub Hlth Rep 55: 2125–2126.
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Topping NH, 1941. A strain of Rocky Mountain spotted fever virus of low virulence isolated in the western United States. Pub Hlth Rep 56: 2041–2043.
-
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Parker RR, Pickens EG, Lackman DB, Bell EJ, Thrailkill FB, 1951. Isolation and characterization of Rocky Mountain spotted fever rickettsiae from the rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris Packard. Pub Hlth Rep 66: 455–463.
-
11.
Parker RR, Bell JF, Chalgren WS, Thrailkill FB, McKee MT, 1952. The recovery and isolation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia from ticks in the eastern United States. J Infect Dis 91: 231–237.
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Price WH, 1953. The epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. I. The characterization of strain virulence of Rickettsia rickettsii. Am J Hyg 1953: 248–268.
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13.
Price WH, 1954. Variations in virulence of Rickettsia rickettsii under natural and experimental conditions. Hartman FW, Horsfall FL Jr, Kidd JG, eds. Dynamics of Virus and Rickettsial Infections. New York, NY: Blakiston Co., Inc., 164–183.
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Eremeeva ME, Bosserman E, Zambrano M, Demma L, Dasch GA, 2006. Molecular typing of novel Rickettsia rickettsii isolates from Arizona. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 573–577.
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Karpathy SE, Dasch GA, Eremeeva ME, 2007. Molecular typing of isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii by use of DNA sequencing of variable intergenic regions. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2545–2553.
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Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA, 2009. Closing the gap between genotype and phenotype in Rickettsia rickettsii. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1166: 12–26.
-
21.
Eremeeva ME, Zambano ML, Anaya L, Beati L, Karpathy SE, Santos-Silva MM, Salceda B, MacBeth D, Olguin H, Dasch GA, Aranda CA, 2011. Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus ticks, Mexicali, Mexico. J Med Entomol 48: 418–421.
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Paddock CD, Greer PW, Ferebee TL, Singleton J Jr, McKechnie DB, Treadwell TA, Krebs JW, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, Olson JG, Childs JE, Zaki SR, 1999. Hidden mortality attributable to Rocky Mountain spotted fever: immunohistochemical detection of fatal, serologically unconfirmed disease. J Infect Dis 179: 1469–1476.
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Paddock CD, Holman RC, Krebs JW, Childs JE, 2002. Assessing the magnitude of fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States: comparison of two national data sources. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 349–354.
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Dahlgren FS, Holman RC, Paddock CD, Callinan LS, McQuiston JH, 2012. Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 713–719.
-
25.
van Beers EH, Joose SA, Ligtenberg MJ, Fles R, Hogervost FB, Verhoef S, Nederlof PM, 2006. A multiplex PCR predictor for aCGH success of FFPE samples. Br J Cancer 94: 333–337.
-
26.
Murdoch DR, Anderson TP, Beynon KA, Chua A, Fleming AM, Laing RT, Town GI, Mills GD, Chambers ST, Jennings LC, 2003. Evaluation of a PCR assay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in respiratory and nonrespiratory samples from adults with community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 41: 63–66.
-
27.
Stenos J, Graves SR, Unsworth NB, 2005. A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1083–1085.
-
28.
Kato CY, Chung IH, Robinson LK, Austin AL, Dasch GA, Massung RF, 2013. Assessment of real-time PCR assay for detection of Rickettsia spp. and Rickettsia rickettsii in banked clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 51: 314–317.
-
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Fournier PE, Zhu Y, Ogata H, Raoult D, 2004. Use of highly variable intergenic spacer sequences for multispacer typing of Rickettsia conorii strains. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5757–5766.
-
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Tamura K, Peterson D, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S, 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
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Paddock CD, 2006. Rickettsia parkeri as a paradigm for multiple causes of tick-borne rickettsioses in the Western Hemisphere. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1063: 315–326.
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-
37.
Hun L, Cortés X, Taylor L, 2008. Molecular characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii isolated from human clinical samples and from the rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporispalustris collected at different geographic zones in Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 899–902.
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Phylogeography of Rickettsia rickettsii Genotypes Associated with Fatal Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Christopher D. Paddock
Christopher D. Paddock
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Amy M. Denison
Amy M. Denison
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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R. Ryan Lash
R. Ryan Lash
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lindy Liu
Lindy Liu
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Brigid C. Bollweg
Brigid C. Bollweg
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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F. Scott Dahlgren
F. Scott Dahlgren
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cristina T. Kanamura
Cristina T. Kanamura
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rodrigo N. Angerami
Rodrigo N. Angerami
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fabiana C. Pereira dos Santos
Fabiana C. Pereira dos Santos
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Roosecelis Brasil Martines
Roosecelis Brasil Martines
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sandor E. Karpathy
Sandor E. Karpathy
Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Núcleo de Anatomica Patológia, Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a tick-borne zoonosis caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, is among the deadliest of all infectious diseases. To identify the distribution of various genotypes of R. rickettsii associated with fatal RMSF, we applied molecular typing methods to samples of DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens obtained at autopsy from 103 case-patients from seven countries who died of RMSF. Complete sequences of one or more intergenic regions were amplified from tissues of 30 (29%) case-patients and revealed a distribution of genotypes consisting of four distinct clades, including the Hlp clade, regarded previously as a non-pathogenic strain of R. rickettsii. Distinct phylogeographic patterns were identified when composite case-patient and reference strain data were mapped to the state and country of origin. The phylogeography of R. rickettsii is likely determined by ecological and environmental factors that exist independently of the distribution of a particular tick vector.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Christopher D. Paddock, F. Scott Dahlgren, and Sandor E. Karpathy, Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: cdp9@cdc.gov, iot0@cdc.gov, and evu2@cdc.gov. Amy M. Denison, Lindy Liu, and Brigid C. Bollweg, Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: crk6@cdc.gov, fuz3@cdc.gov, and fvt6@cdc.gov. R. Ryan Lash, Traveler's Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: gnk6@cdc.gov. Cristina T. Kanamura, Fabiana C. Pereira dos Santos, and Roosecelis Brasil Martines, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Núcelo de Anatomia Patológica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mails: criskanamura@yahoo.com.br, fabianacp@yahoo.com, and roosebrasil@hotmail.com. Rodrigo N. Angerami, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas, Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: rodrigo.angerami@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Wilson LB, Chowning WM, 1904. Studies in Piroplasma hominis. (Spotted fever or “tick fever” of the Rocky Mountains). J Infect Dis 1: 31–57.
-
2.
Philip RN, 2000. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Western Montana: Anatomy of a Pestilence. Hamilton, MT: Bitter Root Valley Historical Society, 55–69.
-
3.
Maxey EE, 1899. Some observations on the so-called spotted fever of Idaho. Med Sentinel 7: 432–438.
-
4.
Spencer WO, 1907. Mountain or spotted fever, as seen in Idaho and eastern Oregon. Med Sentinel 15: 532–537.
-
5.
Ricketts HT, 1909. Some aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever as shown by recent investigations. Med Record 76: 843–855.
-
6.
Parker RR, Spencer RR, 1930. Results of four years' human vaccination. U.S. Publ Hlth Serv Hyg Lab Bull 154: 72–103.
-
7.
Topping NH, Dyer RE, 1940. A highly virulent strain of Rocky Mountain fever virus isolated in the eastern United States. Pub Hlth Rep 55: 728–731.
-
8.
Brigham GD, Watt J, 1940. Highly virulent strains of Rocky Mountain spotted fever virus isolated from ticks (D. variabilis) in Georgia. Pub Hlth Rep 55: 2125–2126.
-
9.
Topping NH, 1941. A strain of Rocky Mountain spotted fever virus of low virulence isolated in the western United States. Pub Hlth Rep 56: 2041–2043.
-
10.
Parker RR, Pickens EG, Lackman DB, Bell EJ, Thrailkill FB, 1951. Isolation and characterization of Rocky Mountain spotted fever rickettsiae from the rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris Packard. Pub Hlth Rep 66: 455–463.
-
11.
Parker RR, Bell JF, Chalgren WS, Thrailkill FB, McKee MT, 1952. The recovery and isolation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia from ticks in the eastern United States. J Infect Dis 91: 231–237.
-
12.
Price WH, 1953. The epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. I. The characterization of strain virulence of Rickettsia rickettsii. Am J Hyg 1953: 248–268.
-
13.
Price WH, 1954. Variations in virulence of Rickettsia rickettsii under natural and experimental conditions. Hartman FW, Horsfall FL Jr, Kidd JG, eds. Dynamics of Virus and Rickettsial Infections. New York, NY: Blakiston Co., Inc., 164–183.
-
14.
Philip RN, Casper EA, Burgdorfer W, Gerloff RK, Hughes LE, Bell EJ, 1978. Serologic typing of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group by microimmunofluorescence. J Immunol 121: 1961–1968.
-
15.
Anacker RL, Philip RN, Williams JC, List RH, Mann RE, 1984. Biochemical and immunochemical analysis of Rickettsia rickettsii strains of various degrees of virulence. Infect Immun 44: 559–564.
-
16.
Anacker RL, List RH, Mann RE, Wiedbrauk DL, 1986. Antigenic heterogeneity in high- and low-virulence strains of Rickettsia rickettsii revealed by monoclonal antibodies. Infect Immun 51: 653–660.
-
17.
Eremeeva ME, Klemt RM, Santucci-Domotor LA, Silverman DJ, Dasch GA, 2003. Genetic analysis of isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii that differ in virulence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990: 717–722.
-
18.
Eremeeva ME, Bosserman E, Zambrano M, Demma L, Dasch GA, 2006. Molecular typing of novel Rickettsia rickettsii isolates from Arizona. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 573–577.
-
19.
Karpathy SE, Dasch GA, Eremeeva ME, 2007. Molecular typing of isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii by use of DNA sequencing of variable intergenic regions. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2545–2553.
-
20.
Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA, 2009. Closing the gap between genotype and phenotype in Rickettsia rickettsii. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1166: 12–26.
-
21.
Eremeeva ME, Zambano ML, Anaya L, Beati L, Karpathy SE, Santos-Silva MM, Salceda B, MacBeth D, Olguin H, Dasch GA, Aranda CA, 2011. Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus ticks, Mexicali, Mexico. J Med Entomol 48: 418–421.
-
22.
Paddock CD, Greer PW, Ferebee TL, Singleton J Jr, McKechnie DB, Treadwell TA, Krebs JW, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, Olson JG, Childs JE, Zaki SR, 1999. Hidden mortality attributable to Rocky Mountain spotted fever: immunohistochemical detection of fatal, serologically unconfirmed disease. J Infect Dis 179: 1469–1476.
-
23.
Paddock CD, Holman RC, Krebs JW, Childs JE, 2002. Assessing the magnitude of fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States: comparison of two national data sources. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 349–354.
-
24.
Dahlgren FS, Holman RC, Paddock CD, Callinan LS, McQuiston JH, 2012. Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 713–719.
-
25.
van Beers EH, Joose SA, Ligtenberg MJ, Fles R, Hogervost FB, Verhoef S, Nederlof PM, 2006. A multiplex PCR predictor for aCGH success of FFPE samples. Br J Cancer 94: 333–337.
-
26.
Murdoch DR, Anderson TP, Beynon KA, Chua A, Fleming AM, Laing RT, Town GI, Mills GD, Chambers ST, Jennings LC, 2003. Evaluation of a PCR assay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in respiratory and nonrespiratory samples from adults with community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 41: 63–66.
-
27.
Stenos J, Graves SR, Unsworth NB, 2005. A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group rickettsiae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1083–1085.
-
28.
Kato CY, Chung IH, Robinson LK, Austin AL, Dasch GA, Massung RF, 2013. Assessment of real-time PCR assay for detection of Rickettsia spp. and Rickettsia rickettsii in banked clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 51: 314–317.
-
29.
Fournier PE, Zhu Y, Ogata H, Raoult D, 2004. Use of highly variable intergenic spacer sequences for multispacer typing of Rickettsia conorii strains. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5757–5766.
-
30.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S, 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
-
31.
Tamura K, Nei M, 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 10: 512–526.
-
32.
Cox HR, 1941. Cultivation of rickettsiae of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus and Q fever groups in the embryonic tissues of developing chicks. Science 94: 399–403.
-
33.
Paddock CD, 2006. Rickettsia parkeri as a paradigm for multiple causes of tick-borne rickettsioses in the Western Hemisphere. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1063: 315–326.
-
34.
Walker DH, 1990. The role of host factors in the severity of spotted fever and typhus rickettsioses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 590: 10–19.
-
35.
Price WH, 1954. The epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. II. Studies on the biological survival mechanism of Rickettsia rickettsii. Am J Hyg 60: 292–319.
-
36.
Fuentes L, Calderón A, Hun L, 1985. Isolation and identification of Rickettsia rickettsii from the rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 564–567.
-
37.
Hun L, Cortés X, Taylor L, 2008. Molecular characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii isolated from human clinical samples and from the rabbit tick Haemaphysalis leporispalustris collected at different geographic zones in Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 899–902.
-
38.
Reimann HA, Ulrich HL, Fisher L, 1932. Differential diagnosis between typhus and spotted fever. Report of a case and the isolation of a new mild type of spotted fever virus. J Am Med Assoc 98: 1875–1879.
-
39.
Furman DP, Loomis EC, 1984. The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodidae). Bull Calif Insect Survey 25: 1–239.
-
40.
Ogrzewalska M, Santos F, Souza E, Nascimento E, Angerami R, Labruna M, 2011. Molecular characterization of rickettsial isolates from spotted fever fatal cases in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Biomedica 31 (Suppl): 98–99.
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