Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Schistosomiasis Japonica in Lake and Marshland Areas in China: The Effect of Snail Habitats

Yi Hu Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Jie Gao Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Meina Chi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Can Luo Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Henry Lynn Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Liqian Sun Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Bo Tao Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Decheng Wang Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Zhijie Zhang Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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Qingwu Jiang Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China; Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China; Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China; Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China

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The progress of the integrated control policy for schistosomiasis implemented since 2005 in China, which is aiming at reducing the roles of bovines and humans as infection sources, may be challenged by persistent presence of infected snails in lake and marshland areas. Based on annual parasitologic data for schistosomiasis during 2004–2011 in Xingzi County, a spatio-temporal kriging model was used to investigate the spatio-temporal pattern of schistosomiasis risk. Results showed that environmental factors related to snail habitats can explain the spatio-temporal variation of schistosomiasis. Predictive maps of schistosomiasis risk illustrated that clusters of the disease fluctuated during 2004–2008; there was an extensive outbreak in 2008 and attenuated disease occurrences afterwards. An area with an annually constant cluster of schistosomiasis was identified. Our study suggests that targeting snail habitats located within high-risk areas for schistosomiasis would be an economic and sustainable way of schistosomiasis control in the future.

Author Notes

* Address correspondence to Zhijie Zhang, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. E-mail: epistat@gmail.com
† These authors contributed equally to this article.

Financial support: This study was supported by grants 81102167, 81172609, and J1210041 from National Natural Science Foundation of China to Zhijie Zhang and Qingwu Jiang; the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (grant 20110071120040); a Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of the People's Republic of China (201186); the National S&T Major Program (2012ZX10004220 and 2008ZX10004-011); the Ecological Environment and Humanities/Social Sciences Interdisciplinary Research Project of Tyndall Center of Fudan University (FTC98503A09); the Talent Programs for Fostering Outstanding Youth of Shanghai (XYQ2013071); and the Independent Research Project of Fudan University (20520133105).

Authors' addresses: Yi Hu, Liqian Sun, and Qingwu Jiang, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, E-mails: huy@lreis.ac.cn, 13211020063@fudan.edu.cn, and jiangqw@fudan.edu.cn. Jie Gao, Shandong Institute of Prevention and Control for Endemic Disease, Jinan, China, E-mail: agao1224@163.com. Meina Chi, Shanghai Institute of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China, E-mail: 1039021808@qq.com. Can Luo, Department of Environmental Art and Architecture, Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational Technical College, Changsha, China, E-mail: cherry12204@163.com. Henry Lynn, Biomedical Statistical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, E-mail: hslynn@shmu.edu.cn. Bo Tao, Xingzi Station for Schitosomiasis Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province, China, E-mail: xzxuefangzhan@163.com. Decheng Wang, Medical Science College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China, E-mail: 13580573@qq.com. Zhijie Zhang, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China, E-mail: epistat@gmail.com.

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