ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA 3rd, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA, 2012. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380: 2095–2128.
-
2.
Curtis V, Cairncross S, 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 275–281.
-
3.
Ejemot RI, Ehiri JE, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA, 2008. Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD004265.
-
4.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Huda T, Unicomb L, Johnston RB, 2011. The effect of handwashing at recommended times with water alone and with soap on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: an observational study. PLoS Med 8: e1001052.
-
5.
Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston R, Luby SP, 2010. Observed hand cleanliness and other measures of handwashing behavior in rural Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 10: 545.
-
6.
Luby SP, Kadir MA, Yushuf Sharker MA, Yeasmin F, Unicomb L, Sirajul Islam M, 2010. A community-randomised controlled trial promoting waterless hand sanitizer and handwashing with soap, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 15: 1508–1516.
-
7.
Hoque BA, Briend A, 1991. A comparison of local handwashing agents in Bangladesh. J Trop Med Hyg 94: 61–64.
-
8.
Hoque BA, Mahalanabis D, Pelto B, Alam MJ, 1995. Research methodology for developing efficient handwashing options: an example from Bangladesh. J Trop Med Hyg 98: 469–475.
-
9.
Scott B, Curtis V, Rabie T, Garbrah-Aidoo N, 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22: 225–233.
-
10.
Stanton BF, Clemens JD, 1987. An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. II. A randomized trial to assess the impact of the intervention on hygienic behaviors and rates of diarrhea. Am J Epidemiol 125: 292–301.
-
11.
Zeitlyn S, Islam F, 1991. The use of soap and water in two Bangladeshi communities: implications for the transmission of diarrhea. Rev Infect Dis 13 (Suppl 4): S259–S264.
-
12.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston RB, 2009. Household characteristics associated with handwashing with soap in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 882–887.
-
13.
Gadgil M, Sharker MAY, Unicomb L, Luby SP, Ram P, 2011. Abstract title: Consistent soap availability correlates with use of inexpensive soap products and improved handwashing behavior in low-income households in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85 (Suppl 6): 381. Abstract no. 1267.
-
14.
Saboori S, Mwaki A, Rheingans, Richard D, 2010. Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools? Waterlines 29: 329–336.
-
15.
Sebastian G, Gertler P, Orsola-Vidal A, 2012. Promoting Handwashing Behavior in Peru: The Effect of Large-Scale Mass-Media and Community Level Interventions. Policy Research Working Paper 6257. Available at: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-6257. Accessed August 14, 2013.
-
16.
Ashraf S, Islam M, Alam M, Das BK, Afroz A, Nizame FA, Ram P, Unicomb L, Luby SP, 2012. Abstract title: Soapy water: a low cost solution for hand washing promotion. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87 (Suppl 5): 429. Abstract No. 1417.
-
17.
icddr,b, 2012. Uptake of hand washing with soap or soapy water from a large-scale cluster randomized community trial in urban Bangladesh. Health Sci Bull 10: 9–15. Available at: http://www.icddrb.org/what-we-do/publications/cat_view/52-publications/10042-icddrb-periodicals/10048-health-and-science-bulletin-bangla-and-english/14178-vol-10-no-4-english-2012/14181-uptake-of-hand-washing-with-soap-or-soapy-water-from-a-large-scale-cluster-randomized-community-trial-in-urban-bangladesh.
-
18.
Hulland KR, Leontsini E, Dreibelbis R, Unicomb L, Afroz A, Dutta NC, Nizame FA, Luby SP, Ram PK, Winch PJ, 2013. Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in Bangladesh using the integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (IBM WASH). BMC Public Health 13: 877.
-
19.
Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Pocock SJ, Evans SJ, Altman DG, Group C, 2012. Reporting of noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials: extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement. JAMA 308: 2594–2604.
-
20.
Homaira N, Luby SP, Petri WA, Vainionpaa R, Rahman M, Hossain K, Snider CB, Rahman M, Alamgir AS, Zesmin F, Alam M, Gurley ES, Zaman RU, Azim T, Erdman DD, Fry AM, Bresee J, Widdowson MA, Haque R, Azziz-Baumgartner E, 2012. Incidence of respiratory virus-associated pneumonia in urban poor young children of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009–2011. PLoS ONE 7: e32056.
-
21.
Pickering AJ, Boehm AB, Mwanjali M, Davis J, 2010. Efficacy of waterless hand hygiene compared with handwashing with soap: a field study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 270–278.
-
22.
Fuls JL, Rodgers ND, Fischler GE, Howard JM, Patel M, Weidner PL, Duran MH, 2008. Alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. Am Soc Microbiol 74: 3739–3744.
-
23.
Burtom M, Cobb E, Donachie P, Judah G, Curtis V, Schmidt W, 2011. The effect of handwashing with water or soap on bacterial contamination of hands. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7: 97–104.
-
24.
Ram PK, Jahid I, Halder AK, Nygren B, Islam MS, Granger SP, Molyneaux JW, Luby SP, 2011. Variability in hand contamination based on serial measurements: implications for assessment of hand-cleansing behavior and disease risk. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 510–516.
-
25.
Hoque BA, Mahalanabis D, Alam MJ, Islam MS, 1995. Post-defecation handwashing in Bangladesh: practice and efficiency perspectives. Public Health 109: 15–24.
-
26.
Kaltenthaler EC, Pinfold JV, 1995. Microbiological methods for assessing handwashing practice in hygiene behaviour studies. J Trop Med Hyg 98: 101–106.
-
27.
Lowbury EJL, Lilly HA, Bull JP, 1964. Disinfection of hands: removal of transient organisms. BMJ 2: 230–233.
-
28.
Cabelli VJ, 1977. Clostridium perfringens as a water quality indicator. Hoadley AW, Dutka BJ, eds. Bacterial Indicators/Health Hazards Associated with Water. Tallahassee, FL: American Society for Testing and Materials, 65–79.
-
29.
Herigstad B, Hamilton M, Heersink J, 2001. How to optimize the drop plate method for enumerating bacteria. J Microbiol Methods 44: 121–129.
-
30.
Hoben HJ, Somasegaran P, 1982. Comparison of the pour, spread, and drop plate methods for enumeration of Rhizobium spp. in inoculants made from presterilized peat. Appl Environ Microbiol 44: 1246–1247.
-
31.
Islam MS, Kabir MS, Khan SI, Ekramullah M, Nair GB, Sack RB, Sack DA, 2004. Wastewater-grown duckweed may be safely used as fish feed. Can J Microbiol 50: 51–56.
-
32.
Chow SC, Shao J, Wang H, 2003. Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 10–52.
-
33.
Gadgil M, Sharker MAY, Ram PK, Unicomb L, Luby SP, 2010. Abstract title: Pilot study of serial soap weights as a new method of measuring handwashing; Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 5): 105–105. Abstract No. 351.
-
34.
Hoque BA, 2003. Handwashing practices and challenges in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Health Res 13 (Suppl 1): S81–S87.
-
35.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Raza A, Sobel J, Mint ED, Baier K, Hoekstra RM, Rahbar MH, Hassan R, Qureshi SM, Gangarosa EJ, 2001. Microbiologic effectiveness of hand washing with soap in an urban squatter settlement, Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 127: 237–244.
-
36.
Sprunt K, Redman W, Leidy G, 1973. Antibacterial effectiveness of routine hand washing. Pediatrics 52: 264–271.
-
37.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer WL, Hoekstra RM, 2004. Effect of intensive handwashing promotion on childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan. JAMA 291: 2547–2554.
-
38.
Rotter M, 1999. Hand washing and hand disinfection. Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
-
39.
Kac G, Podglajen I, Gueneret M, Vaupre S, Bissery A, Meyer G, 2005. Microbiological evaluation of two hand hygiene procedures achieved by healthcare workers during routine patient care: a randomized study. J Hosp Infect 60: 32–39.
-
40.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Bowen A, Kenah E, Sharker Y, Hoekstra RM, 2009. Difficulties in maintaining improved handwashing behavior, Karachi, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 140–145.
-
41.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, Hoekstra RM, 2005. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366: 225–233.
-
42.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. CDC Revised Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Healthcare settings. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5116.pdf. Accessed August 14, 2013.
-
43.
Larson EL, 1995. APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. Am J Infect Control 23: 251–269.
-
44.
Meengs MR, Giles BK, Chisholm CD, Cordell WH, Nelson DR, 1994. Hand washing frequency in an emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 20: 183–188.
-
45.
Quraishi ZA, McGuckin M, Blais FX, 1984. Duration of handwashing in intensive care units: a descriptive study. Am J Infect Control 12: 83–87.
-
46.
Sickbert-Bennett EE, Weber DJ, Gergen-Teague MF, Rutala WA, 2004. The effects of test variables on the efficacy of hand hygiene agents. Am J Infect Control 32: 69–83.
-
47.
UNICEF, 2008. UNICEF Global Handwashing Day Planner's Guide: 18. Available at: http://www.who.int/gpsc/events/2008/Global_Handwashing_Day_Planners_Guide.pdf. Accessed August 14, 2013.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 714 | 518 | 66 |
| Full Text Views | 773 | 26 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 384 | 24 | 2 |
Microbiological Evaluation of the Efficacy of Soapy Water to Clean Hands: A Randomized, Non-Inferiority Field Trial
Nuhu Amin
Nuhu Amin
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Nuhu Amin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nuhu Amin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Amy J. Pickering
Amy J. Pickering
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Amy J. Pickering in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Amy J. Pickering in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Pavani K. Ram
Pavani K. Ram
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Pavani K. Ram in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pavani K. Ram in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Leanne Unicomb
Leanne Unicomb
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Leanne Unicomb in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Leanne Unicomb in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nusrat Najnin
Nusrat Najnin
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Nusrat Najnin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nusrat Najnin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nusrat Homaira
Nusrat Homaira
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Nusrat Homaira in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nusrat Homaira in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sania Ashraf
Sania Ashraf
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Sania Ashraf in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sania Ashraf in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jaynal Abedin
Jaynal Abedin
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Jaynal Abedin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jaynal Abedin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
M. Sirajul Islam
M. Sirajul Islam
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by M. Sirajul Islam in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Sirajul Islam in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Stephen P. Luby
Stephen P. Luby
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Stanford University, Stanford, California; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Stephen P. Luby in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stephen P. Luby in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
We conducted a randomized, non-inferiority field trial in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh among mothers to compare microbial efficacy of soapy water (30 g powdered detergent in 1.5 L water) with bar soap and water alone. Fieldworkers collected hand rinse samples before and after the following washing regimens: scrubbing with soapy water for 15 and 30 seconds; scrubbing with bar soap for 15 and 30 seconds; and scrubbing with water alone for 15 seconds. Soapy water and bar soap removed thermotolerant coliforms similarly after washing for 15 seconds (mean log10 reduction = 0.7 colony-forming units [CFU], P < 0.001 for soapy water; mean log10 reduction = 0.6 CFU, P = 0.001 for bar soap). Increasing scrubbing time to 30 seconds did not improve removal (P > 0.05). Scrubbing hands with water alone also reduced thermotolerant coliforms (mean log10 reduction = 0.3 CFU, P = 0.046) but was less efficacious than scrubbing hands with soapy water. Soapy water is an inexpensive and microbiologically effective cleansing agent to improve handwashing among households with vulnerable children.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research protocol was funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID).
Authors' addresses: Nuhu Amin, Leanne Unicomb, Nusrat Najnin, Nusrat Homaira, Sania Ashraf, Jaynal Abedin, and M. Sirajul Islam, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: nuhu.amin@icddrb.org, leanne@icddrb.org, nnajnin@icddrb.org, nhomaira@icddrb.org, asaniaashraf@gmail.com, jaynal@icddrb.org, and sislam@icddrb.org. Amy J. Pickering and Stephen P. Luby, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, E-mails: amyjanel@stanford.edu and sluby@stanford.edu. Pavani K. Ram, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, E-mail: pkram@buffalo.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA 3rd, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA, 2012. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380: 2095–2128.
-
2.
Curtis V, Cairncross S, 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 275–281.
-
3.
Ejemot RI, Ehiri JE, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA, 2008. Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD004265.
-
4.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Huda T, Unicomb L, Johnston RB, 2011. The effect of handwashing at recommended times with water alone and with soap on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: an observational study. PLoS Med 8: e1001052.
-
5.
Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston R, Luby SP, 2010. Observed hand cleanliness and other measures of handwashing behavior in rural Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 10: 545.
-
6.
Luby SP, Kadir MA, Yushuf Sharker MA, Yeasmin F, Unicomb L, Sirajul Islam M, 2010. A community-randomised controlled trial promoting waterless hand sanitizer and handwashing with soap, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 15: 1508–1516.
-
7.
Hoque BA, Briend A, 1991. A comparison of local handwashing agents in Bangladesh. J Trop Med Hyg 94: 61–64.
-
8.
Hoque BA, Mahalanabis D, Pelto B, Alam MJ, 1995. Research methodology for developing efficient handwashing options: an example from Bangladesh. J Trop Med Hyg 98: 469–475.
-
9.
Scott B, Curtis V, Rabie T, Garbrah-Aidoo N, 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22: 225–233.
-
10.
Stanton BF, Clemens JD, 1987. An educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. II. A randomized trial to assess the impact of the intervention on hygienic behaviors and rates of diarrhea. Am J Epidemiol 125: 292–301.
-
11.
Zeitlyn S, Islam F, 1991. The use of soap and water in two Bangladeshi communities: implications for the transmission of diarrhea. Rev Infect Dis 13 (Suppl 4): S259–S264.
-
12.
Luby SP, Halder AK, Tronchet C, Akhter S, Bhuiya A, Johnston RB, 2009. Household characteristics associated with handwashing with soap in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 882–887.
-
13.
Gadgil M, Sharker MAY, Unicomb L, Luby SP, Ram P, 2011. Abstract title: Consistent soap availability correlates with use of inexpensive soap products and improved handwashing behavior in low-income households in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85 (Suppl 6): 381. Abstract no. 1267.
-
14.
Saboori S, Mwaki A, Rheingans, Richard D, 2010. Is soapy water a viable solution for handwashing in schools? Waterlines 29: 329–336.
-
15.
Sebastian G, Gertler P, Orsola-Vidal A, 2012. Promoting Handwashing Behavior in Peru: The Effect of Large-Scale Mass-Media and Community Level Interventions. Policy Research Working Paper 6257. Available at: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-6257. Accessed August 14, 2013.
-
16.
Ashraf S, Islam M, Alam M, Das BK, Afroz A, Nizame FA, Ram P, Unicomb L, Luby SP, 2012. Abstract title: Soapy water: a low cost solution for hand washing promotion. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87 (Suppl 5): 429. Abstract No. 1417.
-
17.
icddr,b, 2012. Uptake of hand washing with soap or soapy water from a large-scale cluster randomized community trial in urban Bangladesh. Health Sci Bull 10: 9–15. Available at: http://www.icddrb.org/what-we-do/publications/cat_view/52-publications/10042-icddrb-periodicals/10048-health-and-science-bulletin-bangla-and-english/14178-vol-10-no-4-english-2012/14181-uptake-of-hand-washing-with-soap-or-soapy-water-from-a-large-scale-cluster-randomized-community-trial-in-urban-bangladesh.
-
18.
Hulland KR, Leontsini E, Dreibelbis R, Unicomb L, Afroz A, Dutta NC, Nizame FA, Luby SP, Ram PK, Winch PJ, 2013. Designing a handwashing station for infrastructure-restricted communities in Bangladesh using the integrated behavioural model for water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (IBM WASH). BMC Public Health 13: 877.
-
19.
Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Pocock SJ, Evans SJ, Altman DG, Group C, 2012. Reporting of noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials: extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement. JAMA 308: 2594–2604.
-
20.
Homaira N, Luby SP, Petri WA, Vainionpaa R, Rahman M, Hossain K, Snider CB, Rahman M, Alamgir AS, Zesmin F, Alam M, Gurley ES, Zaman RU, Azim T, Erdman DD, Fry AM, Bresee J, Widdowson MA, Haque R, Azziz-Baumgartner E, 2012. Incidence of respiratory virus-associated pneumonia in urban poor young children of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009–2011. PLoS ONE 7: e32056.
-
21.
Pickering AJ, Boehm AB, Mwanjali M, Davis J, 2010. Efficacy of waterless hand hygiene compared with handwashing with soap: a field study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 270–278.
-
22.
Fuls JL, Rodgers ND, Fischler GE, Howard JM, Patel M, Weidner PL, Duran MH, 2008. Alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions. Am Soc Microbiol 74: 3739–3744.
-
23.
Burtom M, Cobb E, Donachie P, Judah G, Curtis V, Schmidt W, 2011. The effect of handwashing with water or soap on bacterial contamination of hands. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7: 97–104.
-
24.
Ram PK, Jahid I, Halder AK, Nygren B, Islam MS, Granger SP, Molyneaux JW, Luby SP, 2011. Variability in hand contamination based on serial measurements: implications for assessment of hand-cleansing behavior and disease risk. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 510–516.
-
25.
Hoque BA, Mahalanabis D, Alam MJ, Islam MS, 1995. Post-defecation handwashing in Bangladesh: practice and efficiency perspectives. Public Health 109: 15–24.
-
26.
Kaltenthaler EC, Pinfold JV, 1995. Microbiological methods for assessing handwashing practice in hygiene behaviour studies. J Trop Med Hyg 98: 101–106.
-
27.
Lowbury EJL, Lilly HA, Bull JP, 1964. Disinfection of hands: removal of transient organisms. BMJ 2: 230–233.
-
28.
Cabelli VJ, 1977. Clostridium perfringens as a water quality indicator. Hoadley AW, Dutka BJ, eds. Bacterial Indicators/Health Hazards Associated with Water. Tallahassee, FL: American Society for Testing and Materials, 65–79.
-
29.
Herigstad B, Hamilton M, Heersink J, 2001. How to optimize the drop plate method for enumerating bacteria. J Microbiol Methods 44: 121–129.
-
30.
Hoben HJ, Somasegaran P, 1982. Comparison of the pour, spread, and drop plate methods for enumeration of Rhizobium spp. in inoculants made from presterilized peat. Appl Environ Microbiol 44: 1246–1247.
-
31.
Islam MS, Kabir MS, Khan SI, Ekramullah M, Nair GB, Sack RB, Sack DA, 2004. Wastewater-grown duckweed may be safely used as fish feed. Can J Microbiol 50: 51–56.
-
32.
Chow SC, Shao J, Wang H, 2003. Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 10–52.
-
33.
Gadgil M, Sharker MAY, Ram PK, Unicomb L, Luby SP, 2010. Abstract title: Pilot study of serial soap weights as a new method of measuring handwashing; Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83 (Suppl 5): 105–105. Abstract No. 351.
-
34.
Hoque BA, 2003. Handwashing practices and challenges in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Health Res 13 (Suppl 1): S81–S87.
-
35.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Raza A, Sobel J, Mint ED, Baier K, Hoekstra RM, Rahbar MH, Hassan R, Qureshi SM, Gangarosa EJ, 2001. Microbiologic effectiveness of hand washing with soap in an urban squatter settlement, Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 127: 237–244.
-
36.
Sprunt K, Redman W, Leidy G, 1973. Antibacterial effectiveness of routine hand washing. Pediatrics 52: 264–271.
-
37.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer WL, Hoekstra RM, 2004. Effect of intensive handwashing promotion on childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan. JAMA 291: 2547–2554.
-
38.
Rotter M, 1999. Hand washing and hand disinfection. Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
-
39.
Kac G, Podglajen I, Gueneret M, Vaupre S, Bissery A, Meyer G, 2005. Microbiological evaluation of two hand hygiene procedures achieved by healthcare workers during routine patient care: a randomized study. J Hosp Infect 60: 32–39.
-
40.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Bowen A, Kenah E, Sharker Y, Hoekstra RM, 2009. Difficulties in maintaining improved handwashing behavior, Karachi, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 140–145.
-
41.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, Hoekstra RM, 2005. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366: 225–233.
-
42.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. CDC Revised Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Healthcare settings. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5116.pdf. Accessed August 14, 2013.
-
43.
Larson EL, 1995. APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. Am J Infect Control 23: 251–269.
-
44.
Meengs MR, Giles BK, Chisholm CD, Cordell WH, Nelson DR, 1994. Hand washing frequency in an emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 20: 183–188.
-
45.
Quraishi ZA, McGuckin M, Blais FX, 1984. Duration of handwashing in intensive care units: a descriptive study. Am J Infect Control 12: 83–87.
-
46.
Sickbert-Bennett EE, Weber DJ, Gergen-Teague MF, Rutala WA, 2004. The effects of test variables on the efficacy of hand hygiene agents. Am J Infect Control 32: 69–83.
-
47.
UNICEF, 2008. UNICEF Global Handwashing Day Planner's Guide: 18. Available at: http://www.who.int/gpsc/events/2008/Global_Handwashing_Day_Planners_Guide.pdf. Accessed August 14, 2013.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 714 | 518 | 66 |
| Full Text Views | 773 | 26 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 384 | 24 | 2 |