Author:
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
Dadzie Y, Neira M, Hopkins D, 2003. Final report of the Conference on the eradicability of Onchocerciasis. Filaria J 2: 2.
-
2.
Noma M, Nwoke BE, Nutall I, Tambala PA, Enyong P, Namsenmo A, Remme J, Amazigo UV, Kale OO, Sékétéli A, 2002. Rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis (REMO): its application by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 1): S29–S39.
-
3.
Hopkins DR, Richards FO, Katabarwa M, 2005. Whither onchocerciasis control in Africa? Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 1–2.
-
4.
Ndyomugyenyi R, Lakwo T, Habomugisha P, Male B, 2007. Progress towards the elimination of onchocerciasis as a public-health problem in Uganda: opportunities, challenges and the way forward. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 323–333.
-
5.
Garms R, Lakwo TL, Ndyomugyenyi R, Kipp W, Rubaale T, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, Post RJ, Amazigo UV, 2009. The elimination of the vector Simulium neavei from the Itwara onchocerciasis focus in Uganda by ground larviciding. Acta Trop 111: 203–210.
-
6.
McCrae AWR, 1978. Intermittent eradication of Simulium damnosum Theo. on the Nile from Jinja, Uganda: 1951–1977. Medical entomology centenary Symposium Proceedings 23–25 November 1977: 133–134 London UK.
-
7.
Cupp EW, Cupp MS, 2005. Short report: impact of ivermectin community-level treatments on elimination of adult Onchocerca volvulus when individuals receive multiple treatments per year. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1159–1161.
-
8.
Winnen M, Plaisier AP, Alley ES, Nagelkerke NJ, van Oortmarssen G, Boatin BA, Habbema JD, 2002. Can ivermectin mass treatments eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa? Bull World Health Organ 80: 384–391.
-
9.
Williams TR, 1991. Freshwater crabs and Simulium neavei in east Africa. III. Morphological variation in Potamonautes loveni (Decapoda: Potamidae). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85: 181–188.
-
10.
Mpagi J, Katamanywa J, Garms R, 2000. Dispersal range of Simulium neavei in an onchocerciasis focus of western Uganda. Med Vet Entomol 14: 95–99.
-
11.
McMahon JP, Highton RB, Goiny H, 1958. The Eradication of Simulium neavei from Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 19: 75–107.
-
12.
Davies JB, 1994. Sixty years of onchocerciasis vector control: a chronological summary with comments on eradication, reinvasion, and insecticide resistance. Annu Rev Entomol 39: 23–45.
-
13.
Raybould JN, White GB, 1979. The distribution, bionomics and control of onchocerciasis vectors (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Eastern Africa and Yemen. Tropenmed Parasitol 30: 505–547.
-
14.
Roberts JM, Neumann E, Göckel CW, Highton RB, 1967. Onchocerciasis in Kenya 9, 11 and 18 years after elimination of the vector. Bull World Health Organ 37: 195–212.
-
15.
Colbourne MJ, Crosskey RW, 1965. Onchocerciasis and Its Control in Uganda. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
16.
Prentice MA, 1974. Simulium control program in Uganda. Research and Control of Onchocerciasis in the Western Hemisphere. PAHO Scientific Publications. Washington, DC: Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, pp. 87–95.
-
17.
Katabarwa M, Onapa AW, Nakileza B, 1999. Rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis in areas of Uganda where Simulium neavei sl is the vector. East Afr Med J 76: 440–446.
-
18.
World Health Organization, 1991. Strategies for Ivermectin Distribution Through Primary Health Care System. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19.
Katabarwa MN, Habomugisha P, Agunyo S, McKelvey AC, Ogweng N, Kwebiiha S, Byenume F, Male B, McFarland D, 2010. Traditional kinship system enhanced classic community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) for onchocerciasis control in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 265–272.
-
20.
Richards FO Jr, Miri ES, Katabarwa M, Eyamba A, Sauerbrey M, Zea-Flores G, Korve K, Mathai W, Homeida MA, Mueller I, Hilyer E, Hopkins DR, 2001. The Carter Center's assistance to river blindness control programs: establishing treatment objectives and goals for monitoring ivermectin delivery systems on two continents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 108–114.
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21.
Katabarwa MN, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Lakwo TL, Agunyo S, Oguttu DW, Unnasch TR, Unoba D, Byamukama E, Tukesiga E, Ndyomugyenyi R, Richards FO, 2012. Transmission of onchocerciasis in Wadelai focus of northwestern Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. Parasitol Res 748540. doi:10.1155/2012/748540.
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22.
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25.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
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Transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium neavei in Mount Elgon Focus of Eastern Uganda Has Been Interrupted
Moses Katabarwa
Moses Katabarwa
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Tom Lakwo
Tom Lakwo
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Peace Habomugisha
Peace Habomugisha
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Stella Agunyo
Stella Agunyo
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Edson Byamukama
Edson Byamukama
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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David Oguttu
David Oguttu
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Richard Ndyomugyenyi
Richard Ndyomugyenyi
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Ephraim Tukesiga
Ephraim Tukesiga
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Galex Orukan Ochieng
Galex Orukan Ochieng
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Francis Abwaimo
Francis Abwaimo
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Ambrose Onapa
Ambrose Onapa
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Dennis W. K. Lwamafa
Dennis W. K. Lwamafa
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Frank Walsh
Frank Walsh
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Frank O. Richards
Frank O. Richards
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Ministry of Health, Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda; The Carter Center Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kabarole District Health Services, Kabarole, Uganda; Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda; Strengthening Decentralization Systems (SDS), Mbale, Uganda; ENVISION/Research Triangle International, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Lytham St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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The study determined that Simulium neavei-transmitted onchocerciasis in Mount Elgon onchocerciasis focus had been interrupted. Annual mass treatment with ivermectin changed to two times per year along with vector elimination in 2007. Then, baseline microfilaria (mf) prevalence data of 1994 in five sentinel communities were compared with follow-up data in 2005 and 2011. Blood spots from 3,051 children obtained in 2009 were analyzed for Onchocerca volvulus immunoglobulin G4 antibodies. Fresh water crab host captures and blackflies collected indicated their infestation with larval stages of S. neavei and presence or absence of the vector, respectively. Mf rates dropped from 62.2% to 0.5%, and 1 (0.03%) of 3,051 children was positive for O. volvulus antibodies. Crab infestation dropped from 41.9% in 2007 to 0%, and S. neavei biting reduced to zero. Both remained zero for the next 3 years, confirming interruption of onchocerciasis transmission, and interventions were halted.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Moses Katabarwa, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: mkataba@emory.edu. Tom Lakwo and David Oguttu, Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, E-mails: tlakwo@gmail.com and dguttu@gmail.com. Peace Habomugisha, Stella Agunyo, and Edson Byamukama, Health Programs, The Carter Center, Kampala, Uganda, E-mails: provia5@hotmail.com, agunyoegunyu@gmail.com, and edson.navs@gmail.com. Richard Ndyomugyenyi, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: richardndyomugyenyi@gmail.com. Ephraim Tukesiga, Kabarole District Health Services, Fort Portal, Uganda, E-mail: ephraim.tukesiga@gmail.com. Galex Orukan Ochieng, Mbale District Health Services, Mbale, Uganda, E-mail: ochienggalex@yahoo.com. Francis Abwaimo, Health Services, Strengthening Decentralization Systems, Mbale, Uganda, E-mail: fabwaimo@gmail.com. Ambrose Onapa, RTI International, ENVISION, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: kwibale1@yahoo.co.uk. Dennis W. K. Lwamafa, National Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: lwamafa@yahoo.co.uk. Frank Walsh, Entomology, Lythan St. Anne's, Lancashire, United Kingdom, E-mail: frank@walsh.me.uk. Thomas R. Unnasch, Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, E-mail: tunnasch@health.usf.edu. Frank O. Richards, Health Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: frich01@emory.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Dadzie Y, Neira M, Hopkins D, 2003. Final report of the Conference on the eradicability of Onchocerciasis. Filaria J 2: 2.
-
2.
Noma M, Nwoke BE, Nutall I, Tambala PA, Enyong P, Namsenmo A, Remme J, Amazigo UV, Kale OO, Sékétéli A, 2002. Rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis (REMO): its application by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 (Suppl 1): S29–S39.
-
3.
Hopkins DR, Richards FO, Katabarwa M, 2005. Whither onchocerciasis control in Africa? Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 1–2.
-
4.
Ndyomugyenyi R, Lakwo T, Habomugisha P, Male B, 2007. Progress towards the elimination of onchocerciasis as a public-health problem in Uganda: opportunities, challenges and the way forward. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 323–333.
-
5.
Garms R, Lakwo TL, Ndyomugyenyi R, Kipp W, Rubaale T, Tukesiga E, Katamanywa J, Post RJ, Amazigo UV, 2009. The elimination of the vector Simulium neavei from the Itwara onchocerciasis focus in Uganda by ground larviciding. Acta Trop 111: 203–210.
-
6.
McCrae AWR, 1978. Intermittent eradication of Simulium damnosum Theo. on the Nile from Jinja, Uganda: 1951–1977. Medical entomology centenary Symposium Proceedings 23–25 November 1977: 133–134 London UK.
-
7.
Cupp EW, Cupp MS, 2005. Short report: impact of ivermectin community-level treatments on elimination of adult Onchocerca volvulus when individuals receive multiple treatments per year. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1159–1161.
-
8.
Winnen M, Plaisier AP, Alley ES, Nagelkerke NJ, van Oortmarssen G, Boatin BA, Habbema JD, 2002. Can ivermectin mass treatments eliminate onchocerciasis in Africa? Bull World Health Organ 80: 384–391.
-
9.
Williams TR, 1991. Freshwater crabs and Simulium neavei in east Africa. III. Morphological variation in Potamonautes loveni (Decapoda: Potamidae). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85: 181–188.
-
10.
Mpagi J, Katamanywa J, Garms R, 2000. Dispersal range of Simulium neavei in an onchocerciasis focus of western Uganda. Med Vet Entomol 14: 95–99.
-
11.
McMahon JP, Highton RB, Goiny H, 1958. The Eradication of Simulium neavei from Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 19: 75–107.
-
12.
Davies JB, 1994. Sixty years of onchocerciasis vector control: a chronological summary with comments on eradication, reinvasion, and insecticide resistance. Annu Rev Entomol 39: 23–45.
-
13.
Raybould JN, White GB, 1979. The distribution, bionomics and control of onchocerciasis vectors (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Eastern Africa and Yemen. Tropenmed Parasitol 30: 505–547.
-
14.
Roberts JM, Neumann E, Göckel CW, Highton RB, 1967. Onchocerciasis in Kenya 9, 11 and 18 years after elimination of the vector. Bull World Health Organ 37: 195–212.
-
15.
Colbourne MJ, Crosskey RW, 1965. Onchocerciasis and Its Control in Uganda. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
16.
Prentice MA, 1974. Simulium control program in Uganda. Research and Control of Onchocerciasis in the Western Hemisphere. PAHO Scientific Publications. Washington, DC: Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, pp. 87–95.
-
17.
Katabarwa M, Onapa AW, Nakileza B, 1999. Rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis in areas of Uganda where Simulium neavei sl is the vector. East Afr Med J 76: 440–446.
-
18.
World Health Organization, 1991. Strategies for Ivermectin Distribution Through Primary Health Care System. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19.
Katabarwa MN, Habomugisha P, Agunyo S, McKelvey AC, Ogweng N, Kwebiiha S, Byenume F, Male B, McFarland D, 2010. Traditional kinship system enhanced classic community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) for onchocerciasis control in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 265–272.
-
20.
Richards FO Jr, Miri ES, Katabarwa M, Eyamba A, Sauerbrey M, Zea-Flores G, Korve K, Mathai W, Homeida MA, Mueller I, Hilyer E, Hopkins DR, 2001. The Carter Center's assistance to river blindness control programs: establishing treatment objectives and goals for monitoring ivermectin delivery systems on two continents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 108–114.
-
21.
Katabarwa MN, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Lakwo TL, Agunyo S, Oguttu DW, Unnasch TR, Unoba D, Byamukama E, Tukesiga E, Ndyomugyenyi R, Richards FO, 2012. Transmission of onchocerciasis in Wadelai focus of northwestern Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. Parasitol Res 748540. doi:10.1155/2012/748540.
-
22.
Uganda Report, 2011. Guidelines for Certification of Onchocerciasis Elimination in Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: Uganda Government, Ministry of Health.
-
23.
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Following a WHO Meeting on “Criteria for Certification of interruption of transmission/elimination of human onchocerciasis.” Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24.
Diawara L, Traoré MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toé L, Tourée S, Remme JH, 2009. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e497.
-
25.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
26.
Lobos E, Weiss N, Karam M, Taylor HR, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251: 1603–1605.
-
27.
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