Damon I, 2007. Poxviridae and their replication. In: Fields Virology. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fifth edition. New York: Raven Press, 2079–2081.
Kroon EG, Mota BE, Abrahão JS, da Fonseca FG, de Souza Trindade G, 2011. Zoonotic Brazilian Vaccinia virus: from field to therapy. Antiviral Res 92: 150–163.
Trindade GS, da Fonseca FG, Marques JT, Nogueira ML, Mendes LC, Borges AS, Peiró JR, Pituco EM, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2003. Araçatuba virus: a Vaccinia-like virus associated with infection in humans and cattle. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 155–160.
Damaso CR, Esposito JJ, Condit RC, Moussatche N, 2000. An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro State: Cantagalo virus may derive from Brazilian smallpox vaccine. Virology 277: 439–449.
Drumond BP, Leite JA, da Fonseca FG, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2008. Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains are genetically divergent and differ from the Lister vaccine strain. Microbes Infect 10: 185–197.
Silva-Fernandes AT, Travassos CE, Ferreira JM, Abrahao JS, Rocha ES, Ferreira FV, dos Santos JR, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2009. Natural human infections with Vaccinia virus during bovine vaccinia outbreaks. J Clin Virol 44: 308–313.
Trindade GS, Guedes MI, Drumond BP, Mota BE, Abrahão JS, Lobato ZI, Gomes JA, Oliveira RC, Nogueira ML, Kroon EG, Fonseca FG, 2009. Zoonotic Vaccinia virus: clinical and immunological characteristics in a naturally infected patient. Clin Infect Dis 48: 37–40.
Abrahão JS, Guedes MI, Trindade GS, Fonseca FG, Campos RK, Mota BE, Lobato ZI, Fernandes AT, Rodrigues GO, Lima LS, Ferreira PC, Bonjardim CA, Kroon EG, 2009. One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine Vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil? PLoS ONE 4: 1–7.
Overman JR, Tamm I, 1957. Multiplication of Vaccinia virus in the chorioallantoic membrane in vitro. Virology 3: 173–184.
Sambrook E, Fritsch F, Maniatis T, 1989. Molecular Cloning. Fifth edition. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
Ropp SL, Jin Q, Knight JC, Massung RF, Esposito JJ, 1995. PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of small pox and other orthopoxviruses. J Clin Microbiol 33: 2069–2076.
Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M, 1977. Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265: 687–695.
Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC, Damon IK, 2006. Clinical manifestations of human monkey pox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis 194: 773–780.
Schatzmayr HG, Lemos ER, Mazur C, Schubach A, Majerowicz S, Rozental T, Schubach TM, Bustamante MC, Barth OM, 2000. Detection of poxvirus in cattle associated with human cases in the State of Rio de Janeiro: preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 65: 625–627.
Lobato ZI, Trindade GS, Frois MC, Ribeiro EB, Dias GR, Teixeira BM, Lima FA, Almeida GM, Kroon EG, 2005. Surto de varíola bovina causada pelo vírus Vaccinia na região da Zona da mata mineira. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 57: 423–429.
Batista VH, Scremin J, Aguiar LM, Schatzmayr HG, 2009. Vulvar infection and possible human-to-human transmission of bovine poxvirus disease. Virus Rev Res 14: 1–10.
Vora S, Damon I, Fulginiti V, Weber SG, Kahana M, Stein SL, Gerber SI, Garcia-Houchins S, Lederman E, Hruby D, Collins L, Scott D, Thompson K, Barson JV, Regnery R, Hughes C, Daum RS, Li Y, Zhao H, Smith S, Braden Z, Karem K, Olson V, Davidson W, Trindade G, Bolken T, Jordan R, Tien D, Marcinak J, 2008. Severe eczema vaccinatum in a household contact of a smallpox vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 46: 1555–1561.
Wolff HL, Croon JJ, 1968. The survival of smallpox virus (variola minor) in natural circumstances. Bull World Health Organ 38: 492–493.
Essbauer S, Meyer H, Porsch-Ozcürümez M, Pfeffer M, 2007. Long-lasting stability of Vaccinia virus (orthopoxvirus) in food and environmental samples. Zoonoses Public Health 54: 118–124.
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Bovine vaccinia (BV) is an emerging zoonosis caused by the Vaccinia virus (VACV), genus Orthopoxvirus (OPV), Poxviridae family. In general, human cases are related to direct contact with sick cattle but there is a lack of information about human-to-human transmission of VACV during BV outbreaks. In this study, we epidemiologically and molecularly show a case of VACV transmission between humans in São Francisco de Itabapoana County, Rio de Janeiro state. Our group collected samples from the patients, a 49-year-old patient and his son. Our results showed that patients had developed anti-OPV IgG or IgM antibodies and presented neutralizing antibodies against OPV. The VACV isolates displayed high identity (99.9%) and were grouped in the same phylogenetic tree branch. Our data indicate that human-to-human VACV transmission occurred during a BV outbreak, raising new questions about the risk factors of the VACV transmission chain.
Financial support: Financial support was provided by CNPq, CAPES, FAPEMIG, and MAPA. GST and EGK received a fellowship from CNPq.
Authors' addresses: Graziele Pereira Oliveira, André Tavares Silva Fernandes, Felipe Lopes de Assis, Pedro Augusto Alves, Ana Paula Moreira Franco Luiz, Leandra Barcelos Figueiredo, Jônatas Santos Abrahão, Giliane de Souza Trindade, and Erna Geessien Kroon, Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil, E-mails: graziufmg@yahoo.com.br, fernandeserthal@gmail.com, felipelopesassis@gmail.com, pedroaugustoalves@yahoo.com.br, anapaulamluiz@gmail.com, leandrabio@yahoo.com.br, jonatas.abrahao@gmail.com, gitrindade@yahoo.com.br, and kroone@icb.ufmg.br. Cláudia Maria Costa de Almeida and Carlos Eurico Pires Ferreira Travassos, Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mails: calmeida@uenf.br and cakatrav@uenf.br.
Damon I, 2007. Poxviridae and their replication. In: Fields Virology. Knipe DM, Howley PM, eds. Fifth edition. New York: Raven Press, 2079–2081.
Kroon EG, Mota BE, Abrahão JS, da Fonseca FG, de Souza Trindade G, 2011. Zoonotic Brazilian Vaccinia virus: from field to therapy. Antiviral Res 92: 150–163.
Trindade GS, da Fonseca FG, Marques JT, Nogueira ML, Mendes LC, Borges AS, Peiró JR, Pituco EM, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2003. Araçatuba virus: a Vaccinia-like virus associated with infection in humans and cattle. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 155–160.
Damaso CR, Esposito JJ, Condit RC, Moussatche N, 2000. An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro State: Cantagalo virus may derive from Brazilian smallpox vaccine. Virology 277: 439–449.
Drumond BP, Leite JA, da Fonseca FG, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2008. Brazilian Vaccinia virus strains are genetically divergent and differ from the Lister vaccine strain. Microbes Infect 10: 185–197.
Silva-Fernandes AT, Travassos CE, Ferreira JM, Abrahao JS, Rocha ES, Ferreira FV, dos Santos JR, Bonjardim CA, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, 2009. Natural human infections with Vaccinia virus during bovine vaccinia outbreaks. J Clin Virol 44: 308–313.
Trindade GS, Guedes MI, Drumond BP, Mota BE, Abrahão JS, Lobato ZI, Gomes JA, Oliveira RC, Nogueira ML, Kroon EG, Fonseca FG, 2009. Zoonotic Vaccinia virus: clinical and immunological characteristics in a naturally infected patient. Clin Infect Dis 48: 37–40.
Abrahão JS, Guedes MI, Trindade GS, Fonseca FG, Campos RK, Mota BE, Lobato ZI, Fernandes AT, Rodrigues GO, Lima LS, Ferreira PC, Bonjardim CA, Kroon EG, 2009. One more piece in the VACV ecological puzzle: could peridomestic rodents be the link between wildlife and bovine Vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil? PLoS ONE 4: 1–7.
Overman JR, Tamm I, 1957. Multiplication of Vaccinia virus in the chorioallantoic membrane in vitro. Virology 3: 173–184.
Sambrook E, Fritsch F, Maniatis T, 1989. Molecular Cloning. Fifth edition. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
Ropp SL, Jin Q, Knight JC, Massung RF, Esposito JJ, 1995. PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of small pox and other orthopoxviruses. J Clin Microbiol 33: 2069–2076.
Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, Hutchison CA, Slocombe PM, Smith M, 1977. Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 265: 687–695.
Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC, Damon IK, 2006. Clinical manifestations of human monkey pox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis 194: 773–780.
Schatzmayr HG, Lemos ER, Mazur C, Schubach A, Majerowicz S, Rozental T, Schubach TM, Bustamante MC, Barth OM, 2000. Detection of poxvirus in cattle associated with human cases in the State of Rio de Janeiro: preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 65: 625–627.
Lobato ZI, Trindade GS, Frois MC, Ribeiro EB, Dias GR, Teixeira BM, Lima FA, Almeida GM, Kroon EG, 2005. Surto de varíola bovina causada pelo vírus Vaccinia na região da Zona da mata mineira. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 57: 423–429.
Batista VH, Scremin J, Aguiar LM, Schatzmayr HG, 2009. Vulvar infection and possible human-to-human transmission of bovine poxvirus disease. Virus Rev Res 14: 1–10.
Vora S, Damon I, Fulginiti V, Weber SG, Kahana M, Stein SL, Gerber SI, Garcia-Houchins S, Lederman E, Hruby D, Collins L, Scott D, Thompson K, Barson JV, Regnery R, Hughes C, Daum RS, Li Y, Zhao H, Smith S, Braden Z, Karem K, Olson V, Davidson W, Trindade G, Bolken T, Jordan R, Tien D, Marcinak J, 2008. Severe eczema vaccinatum in a household contact of a smallpox vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 46: 1555–1561.
Wolff HL, Croon JJ, 1968. The survival of smallpox virus (variola minor) in natural circumstances. Bull World Health Organ 38: 492–493.
Essbauer S, Meyer H, Porsch-Ozcürümez M, Pfeffer M, 2007. Long-lasting stability of Vaccinia virus (orthopoxvirus) in food and environmental samples. Zoonoses Public Health 54: 118–124.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 218 | 176 | 9 |
Full Text Views | 294 | 15 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 96 | 8 | 1 |