Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Martin DC, Yankay JE, 2012. Refugees and Asylees: 2011. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
-
2.
CDC, 2009. Health Information for International Travel 2010. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services.
-
3.
Levy V, Yuan J, Ruiz J, Morrow S, Reardon J, Facer M, Molitor F, Allen B, Ajufo BG, Bell-Sanford G, McFarland W, Raymond HF, Kellogg T, Page K, 2010. Hepatitis B sero-prevalence and risk behaviors among immigrant men in a population-based household survey in low-income neighborhoods of northern California. J Immigr Minor Health 12: 828–833.
-
4.
Kowdley K, Wang C, Welch S, Roberts H, Brosgart C, 2012. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among foreign-born persons living in the United States by country of origin. Hepatology 56: 422–433.
-
5.
Rein D, Lesesne S, O'Fallon A, Weinbaum C, 2010. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among refugees entering the United States between 2006 and 2008. Hepatology 51: 431–434.
-
6.
Barnett ED, Weld LH, McCarthy AE, So H, Walker PF, Stauffer W, Cetron M, 2013. Spectrum of illness in international migrants seen at GeoSentinel clinics in 1997–2009, part 1: US-bound migrants evaluated by comprehensive protocol-based health assessment. Clin Infect Dis 56: 913–924.
-
7.
McCarthy AE, Weld LH, Barnett ED, So H, Coyle C, Greenaway C, Stauffer W, Leder K, Lopez-Velez R, Gautret P, Castelli F, Jenks N, Walker PF, Loutan L, Cetron M, 2013. Spectrum of illness in international migrants seen at GeoSentinel clinics in 1997–2009, part 2: migrants resettled internationally and evaluated for specific health concerns. Clin Infect Dis 56: 925–933.
-
8.
Mitchell T, Armstrong G, Hu D, Wasley A, Painter J, 2011. The increasing burden of imported chronic hepatitis B - United States, 1974–2008. PLoS One 6: e27717.
-
9.
Smith B, Morgan R, Beckett G, Falck-Ytter Y, Holtzman D, Ward J, 2012. Hepatitis C virus testing of persons born during 1945–1965: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med 157: 817–822.
-
10.
Smith B, Morgan R, Beckett G, Falck-Ytter Y, Holtzman D, Teo G, Jewett A, Baack B, Rein D, Patel N, Alter M, Yartel A, Ward J, 2012. Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945–1965. MMWR Recomm Rep 61: 1–32.
-
11.
Tafuri S, Prato R, Martinelli D, Melpignago L, De Palma M, Quarto M, Germinario C, 2010. Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, HIV and syphilis markers among refugees in Bari, Italy. BMC Infect Dis 10: 213.
-
12.
Quimet M, Munuz M, Narasiah L, Rambure V, Correa J, 2008. Current pathologies among asylum seekers in Montreal: prevalence and associated risk factors. Can J Public Health 99: 499–504.
-
13.
Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco P, Carrozzini F, Barbuti S, Quarto M, 2003. Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey. Infection 31: 70–74.
-
14.
WHO, 2012. Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: Framework for Global Action. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
15.
Han YF, Zhao J, Ma LY, Yin JH, Chang WJ, Zhang HW, Cao GW, 2011. Factors predicting occurrence and prognosis of hepatitis-B-virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 17: 4258–4270.
-
16.
El-Serag H, 2011. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 365: 1118–1127.
-
17.
Ly K, Xing J, Klevens M, Jiles R, Ward J, Holmberg S, 2012. The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Ann Intern Med 156: 271–278.
-
18.
Forbi J, Vaughan G, Purdy M, Campo D, Xia G, Ganova-Raeva L, Ramachandran S, Thai H, Khudyakov Y, 2010. Epidemic history and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis B virus infection in two remote communities in rural Nigeria. PLoS One 5: e1615.
-
19.
Engle R, Russell R, Purcell R, Buhk J, 2008. Development of a TaqMan assay for the six major genotypes of Hepatitis C virus: comparison with commercial assays. J Med Virol 80: 72–79.
-
20.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S, 2011. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
-
21.
MiniTab I, 2009. Minitab Statistical Software, Release 16 for Windows. State College, PA.
-
22.
WHO, 2008. WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2008–2001 Myanmar. India. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
23.
WHO, 2013. Children in Somalia to receive new vaccination against deadly diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24.
Rossi C, Shrier I, Marshall L, Cnossen S, Schwartzman K, Klein M, Schwarzer G, Greenaway C, 2012. Seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and prior immunity in immigrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 7: e44611.
-
25.
CDC, 2008. Hepatitis B FAQs for health professionals. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
26.
Shiraki K, 2000. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus and its prevention. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: E11–E15.
-
27.
Ackerman L, 1997. Health problems of refugees. J Am Board Fam Pract 10: 337–348.
-
28.
Walker P, Jaranson J, 1999. Refugee and immigrant health care. Med Clin North Am 83: 1103–1120.
-
29.
Polednak A, 1989. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Disease. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
-
30.
Sheikh M, Mouanoutoua M, Walvick M, Khang L, Singh J, Stoltz S, Mills P, 2011. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among immigrants in the San Joaquin Valley. J Community Health 36: 42–46.
-
31.
Mahtab M-A, Rahman S, Khan M, Karim F, 2008. Hepatitis B genotypes: an overview. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 7: 457–464.
-
32.
Huang Y, Lok AS, 2011. Viral factors and outcomes of chronic HBV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 106: 93–95.
-
33.
Araujo NM, Waizbort R, Kay A, 2011. Hepatitis B virus infection from an evolutionary point of view: how viral, host, and environmental factors shape genotypes and subgenotypes. Infect Genet Evol 11: 1199–1207.
-
34.
Chan HL, Hui AY, Wong ML, Tse AM, Hung LC, Wong VW, Sung JJ, 2004. Genotype C hepatitis B virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 53: 1494–1498.
-
35.
Chen CH, Eng HL, Lee CM, Kuo FY, Lu SN, Huang CM, Tung HD, Chen CL, Changchien CS, 2004. Correlations between hepatitis B virus genotype and cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic hepatoma. Hepatogastroenterology 51: 552–555.
-
36.
Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS, 2002. Genotypes and clinical phenotypes of hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 40: 1207–1209.
-
37.
Ni YH, Chang MH, Wang KJ, Hsu HY, Chen HL, Kao JH, Yeh SH, Jeng YM, Tsai KS, Chen DS, 2004. Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus genotype in children with chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127: 1733–1738.
-
38.
Louisirirotchanakul S, Olinger C, Arunkaewchaemsri P, Poovorawan Y, Kanoksinsombat C, Thongme C, Sa-nguanmoo P, Krasae S, Theamboonlert A, Oota S, Fongsatitkul L, Puapairoj C, Promwong C, Weber B, 2012. The distribution of hepatitis B genotypes in Thailand. J Med Virol 84: 1541–1547.
-
39.
Beyrer C, Celentano D, Suprasert S, Sittitrai W, Nelson K, Kongsub B, Go V, Phanupak P, 1997. Widely varying HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among the ethnic minority peoples of northern Thailand. AIDS Care 9: 427–439.
-
40.
Simmonds P, 2004. Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus - 15 years on. J Gen Virol 85: 3173–3188.
-
41.
Akkarathamrongsin S, Praianantathavorn K, Hacharoen N, Theamboonlers A, Tangkijvanich P, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Poovorawan Y, 2010. Geographic distribution of Hepatitis C virus genotype 6 subtypes in Thailand. J Med Virol 82: 257–262.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 57 | 57 | 16 |
| Full Text Views | 532 | 181 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 166 | 39 | 0 |
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infections in United States-Bound Refugees from Asia and Africa
Tonya Mixson-Hayden
Tonya Mixson-Hayden
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Minnesota, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Deborah Lee
Deborah Lee
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Minnesota, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Lilia Ganova-Raeva
Lilia Ganova-Raeva
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Minnesota, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Jan Drobeniuc
Jan Drobeniuc
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Minnesota, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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William M. Stauffer
William M. Stauffer
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Minnesota, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Eyasu Teshale
Eyasu Teshale
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Minnesota, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Saleem Kamili
Saleem Kamili
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Minnesota, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of active hepatitis B and C virus infections among refugees from various countries in Africa and Asia. Pre-admission serum samples collected during 2002–2007 from refugees originating from Bhutan (N = 755), Myanmar (N = 1076), Iraq (N = 1137), Laos (N = 593), Thailand (N = 622), and Somalia (N = 707) were tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA. The HBV DNA (genotypes A, B, C, and G) was detected in 12.1% of samples negative for anti-HBs. Highest HBV prevalence was found among Hmong; lowest among Bhutanese. The HCV RNA (genotypes 1a, 1b, 1c, 3b, 6n, and 6m) was detected in 1.3% of the samples. Highest HCV prevalence was found among Hmong from Thailand; lowest among Iraqis. Screening specific refugee groups at high risk for viral hepatitis infections will identify infected individuals who could benefit from referral to care and treatment and prevent further transmissions.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Tonya Mixson-Hayden, Deborah Less, Lilia Ganova-Raeva, Jan Drobeniuc, Eyasu Teshale, and Saleem Kamili, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: zdy0@cdc.gov, dpl2@cdc.gov, lkg7@cdc.gov, jqd6@cdc.gov, eht4@cdc.gov, and sek6@cdc.gov. William M. Stauffer, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, E-mail: stauf005@umn.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Martin DC, Yankay JE, 2012. Refugees and Asylees: 2011. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
-
2.
CDC, 2009. Health Information for International Travel 2010. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services.
-
3.
Levy V, Yuan J, Ruiz J, Morrow S, Reardon J, Facer M, Molitor F, Allen B, Ajufo BG, Bell-Sanford G, McFarland W, Raymond HF, Kellogg T, Page K, 2010. Hepatitis B sero-prevalence and risk behaviors among immigrant men in a population-based household survey in low-income neighborhoods of northern California. J Immigr Minor Health 12: 828–833.
-
4.
Kowdley K, Wang C, Welch S, Roberts H, Brosgart C, 2012. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among foreign-born persons living in the United States by country of origin. Hepatology 56: 422–433.
-
5.
Rein D, Lesesne S, O'Fallon A, Weinbaum C, 2010. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among refugees entering the United States between 2006 and 2008. Hepatology 51: 431–434.
-
6.
Barnett ED, Weld LH, McCarthy AE, So H, Walker PF, Stauffer W, Cetron M, 2013. Spectrum of illness in international migrants seen at GeoSentinel clinics in 1997–2009, part 1: US-bound migrants evaluated by comprehensive protocol-based health assessment. Clin Infect Dis 56: 913–924.
-
7.
McCarthy AE, Weld LH, Barnett ED, So H, Coyle C, Greenaway C, Stauffer W, Leder K, Lopez-Velez R, Gautret P, Castelli F, Jenks N, Walker PF, Loutan L, Cetron M, 2013. Spectrum of illness in international migrants seen at GeoSentinel clinics in 1997–2009, part 2: migrants resettled internationally and evaluated for specific health concerns. Clin Infect Dis 56: 925–933.
-
8.
Mitchell T, Armstrong G, Hu D, Wasley A, Painter J, 2011. The increasing burden of imported chronic hepatitis B - United States, 1974–2008. PLoS One 6: e27717.
-
9.
Smith B, Morgan R, Beckett G, Falck-Ytter Y, Holtzman D, Ward J, 2012. Hepatitis C virus testing of persons born during 1945–1965: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med 157: 817–822.
-
10.
Smith B, Morgan R, Beckett G, Falck-Ytter Y, Holtzman D, Teo G, Jewett A, Baack B, Rein D, Patel N, Alter M, Yartel A, Ward J, 2012. Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945–1965. MMWR Recomm Rep 61: 1–32.
-
11.
Tafuri S, Prato R, Martinelli D, Melpignago L, De Palma M, Quarto M, Germinario C, 2010. Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C, HIV and syphilis markers among refugees in Bari, Italy. BMC Infect Dis 10: 213.
-
12.
Quimet M, Munuz M, Narasiah L, Rambure V, Correa J, 2008. Current pathologies among asylum seekers in Montreal: prevalence and associated risk factors. Can J Public Health 99: 499–504.
-
13.
Chironna M, Germinario C, Lopalco P, Carrozzini F, Barbuti S, Quarto M, 2003. Prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in refugee Kurds from Iraq and Turkey. Infection 31: 70–74.
-
14.
WHO, 2012. Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: Framework for Global Action. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
15.
Han YF, Zhao J, Ma LY, Yin JH, Chang WJ, Zhang HW, Cao GW, 2011. Factors predicting occurrence and prognosis of hepatitis-B-virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 17: 4258–4270.
-
16.
El-Serag H, 2011. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 365: 1118–1127.
-
17.
Ly K, Xing J, Klevens M, Jiles R, Ward J, Holmberg S, 2012. The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Ann Intern Med 156: 271–278.
-
18.
Forbi J, Vaughan G, Purdy M, Campo D, Xia G, Ganova-Raeva L, Ramachandran S, Thai H, Khudyakov Y, 2010. Epidemic history and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis B virus infection in two remote communities in rural Nigeria. PLoS One 5: e1615.
-
19.
Engle R, Russell R, Purcell R, Buhk J, 2008. Development of a TaqMan assay for the six major genotypes of Hepatitis C virus: comparison with commercial assays. J Med Virol 80: 72–79.
-
20.
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S, 2011. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
-
21.
MiniTab I, 2009. Minitab Statistical Software, Release 16 for Windows. State College, PA.
-
22.
WHO, 2008. WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2008–2001 Myanmar. India. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
23.
WHO, 2013. Children in Somalia to receive new vaccination against deadly diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24.
Rossi C, Shrier I, Marshall L, Cnossen S, Schwartzman K, Klein M, Schwarzer G, Greenaway C, 2012. Seroprevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and prior immunity in immigrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 7: e44611.
-
25.
CDC, 2008. Hepatitis B FAQs for health professionals. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
26.
Shiraki K, 2000. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus and its prevention. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15: E11–E15.
-
27.
Ackerman L, 1997. Health problems of refugees. J Am Board Fam Pract 10: 337–348.
-
28.
Walker P, Jaranson J, 1999. Refugee and immigrant health care. Med Clin North Am 83: 1103–1120.
-
29.
Polednak A, 1989. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Disease. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
-
30.
Sheikh M, Mouanoutoua M, Walvick M, Khang L, Singh J, Stoltz S, Mills P, 2011. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among immigrants in the San Joaquin Valley. J Community Health 36: 42–46.
-
31.
Mahtab M-A, Rahman S, Khan M, Karim F, 2008. Hepatitis B genotypes: an overview. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 7: 457–464.
-
32.
Huang Y, Lok AS, 2011. Viral factors and outcomes of chronic HBV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 106: 93–95.
-
33.
Araujo NM, Waizbort R, Kay A, 2011. Hepatitis B virus infection from an evolutionary point of view: how viral, host, and environmental factors shape genotypes and subgenotypes. Infect Genet Evol 11: 1199–1207.
-
34.
Chan HL, Hui AY, Wong ML, Tse AM, Hung LC, Wong VW, Sung JJ, 2004. Genotype C hepatitis B virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 53: 1494–1498.
-
35.
Chen CH, Eng HL, Lee CM, Kuo FY, Lu SN, Huang CM, Tung HD, Chen CL, Changchien CS, 2004. Correlations between hepatitis B virus genotype and cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic hepatoma. Hepatogastroenterology 51: 552–555.
-
36.
Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS, 2002. Genotypes and clinical phenotypes of hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 40: 1207–1209.
-
37.
Ni YH, Chang MH, Wang KJ, Hsu HY, Chen HL, Kao JH, Yeh SH, Jeng YM, Tsai KS, Chen DS, 2004. Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus genotype in children with chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127: 1733–1738.
-
38.
Louisirirotchanakul S, Olinger C, Arunkaewchaemsri P, Poovorawan Y, Kanoksinsombat C, Thongme C, Sa-nguanmoo P, Krasae S, Theamboonlert A, Oota S, Fongsatitkul L, Puapairoj C, Promwong C, Weber B, 2012. The distribution of hepatitis B genotypes in Thailand. J Med Virol 84: 1541–1547.
-
39.
Beyrer C, Celentano D, Suprasert S, Sittitrai W, Nelson K, Kongsub B, Go V, Phanupak P, 1997. Widely varying HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among the ethnic minority peoples of northern Thailand. AIDS Care 9: 427–439.
-
40.
Simmonds P, 2004. Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus - 15 years on. J Gen Virol 85: 3173–3188.
-
41.
Akkarathamrongsin S, Praianantathavorn K, Hacharoen N, Theamboonlers A, Tangkijvanich P, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Poovorawan Y, 2010. Geographic distribution of Hepatitis C virus genotype 6 subtypes in Thailand. J Med Virol 82: 257–262.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 57 | 57 | 16 |
| Full Text Views | 532 | 181 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 166 | 39 | 0 |