Authors:
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1.
WHO, 2012. Countdown to 2015. Building a Future for Women and Children: the Countdown 2012 Report. Geneva: World Health Organization and UNICEF. Available at: http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/reports-andarticles/2012-report. Accessed April 27, 2013.
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2.
Bhutta ZA, Chopra M, Axelson H, Berman P, Boerma T, Bryce J, Bustreo F, Cavagnero E, Cometto G, Daelmans B, de Francisco A, Fogstad H, Gupta N, Laski L, Lawn J, Maligi B, Mason E, Pitt C, Requejo J, Starrs A, Victora CG, Wardlaw T, 2010. Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000–10): taking stock of maternal, newborn, and child survival. Lancet 375: 2032–2044.
-
3.
Thaddeus S, Maine D, 1994. Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context. Soc Sci Med 38: 1091–1110.
-
4.
Carroli G, Mignini L, 2009. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 45: e1–e9.
-
5.
Dannecker C, Hillemanns P, Strauss A, Hasbargen U, Hepp H, Anthuber C, 2004. Episiotomy and perineal tears presumed to be imminent: randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83: 364–368.
-
6.
Ola ER, Bello O, Abudu OO, Anorlu RI, 2002. Episiotomies in Nigeria–should their use be restricted? Niger Postgrad Med J 9: 13–16.
-
7.
Frankman EA, Wang L, Bunker CH, Lowder JL, 2009. Episiotomy in the United States: has anything changed? Am J Obstet Gynecol 200: 573.
-
8.
Röckner G, Fianu-Jonasson A, 1999. Changed pattern in the use of episiotomy in Sweden. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106: 95–101.
-
9.
American College of Obstetricians-Gynecologists, 2006. Episiotomy. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 107: 957–962.
-
10.
Howden NL, Weber AM, Meyn LA, 2004. Episiotomy use among residents and faculty compared with private practitioners. Obstet Gynecol 103: 114–118.
-
11.
Lumezi Mission Hospital, 2011. Annual Report Lumezi Mission Hospital. Available at: http://www.lumezihospital.com. Accessed June 6, 2013.
-
12.
Morris MB, Chapula BT, Chi BH, Mwango A, Chi HF, Mwanza J, Manda H, Bolton C, Pankratz DS, Stringer JS, Reid SE, 2009. Use of task-shifting to rapidly scale-up HIV treatment services: experiences from Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Health Serv Res 9: 5.
-
13.
Samb B, Celletti F, Holloway J, Damme W, De Cock KM, Dybul M, 2007. Rapid expansion of the health workforce in response to the HIV epidemic. N Engl J Med 357: 2510–2514.
-
14.
O'Grady JP, Pope CS, Patel SS, 2000. Vacuum extraction in modern obstetric practice a review and critique. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 12: 475–480.
-
15.
Bweupe M, Chitembo L, Maswenyeho S, Murless E, Mwale J, Tambatamba B, Vwalika C, Mbewe R, 2010. National Protocol Guidelines PMTCT, Ministry of Health Zambia. Available at: http://www.nac.org.zm/index.php/publications/guidelines. Accessed June 6, 2013.
-
16.
Read JS, Newell ML, 2005. Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD005479.
-
17.
WHO, 2012. Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV Infection in Infants: Programmatic Update. Available at: www.who.int. Accessed June 6, 2013.
-
18.
Volmink J, Siegfried N, van der Merwe L & Brocklehurst P 2007. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD003510.
-
19.
Thorne C, Patel D, Fiore S, Peckham C, Newell ML, 2005. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 40: 458–465.
-
20.
Gaillard P, Verhofstede C, Mwanyumba F, Claeys P, Chohan V, Mandaliya K, Bwayo J, Plum J, Temmerman M, 2000. Exposure to HIV-1 during delivery and mother-to-child transmission. AIDS 14: 2341–2348.
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Attitude of Maternity Staff Regarding Episiotomies in an African Rural Hospital with High HIV Prevalence: A Descriptive Qualitative Study
Laura M. Héman
Laura M. Héman
Lumezi Mission Hospital, Lundazi District, Zambia; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, The Netherlands
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Paul J. Q. van der Linden
Paul J. Q. van der Linden
Lumezi Mission Hospital, Lundazi District, Zambia; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, The Netherlands
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Rob H. Stigter
Rob H. Stigter
Lumezi Mission Hospital, Lundazi District, Zambia; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, The Netherlands
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In a typical sub-Saharan African rural hospital, maternity staff seems to avoid episiotomies. The aim of this research is to develop a deeper understanding in the attitude of maternity staff regarding episiotomies. We used a descriptive qualitative approach: interviews, written questionnaires, and a group discussion. All methods showed strong reservations toward episiotomies among staff members. Most staff members have been trained to be very restrictive concerning episiotomies to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a result of training and hence changing attitudes, the use of episiotomies is limited in all patients; even when strong indications are present and sometimes regardless of HIV status. This might increase the number of neonatal deaths.
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Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Laura M. Héman, Lumezi Mission Hospital, Lundazi District, Zambia, E-mail: lauraheman@gmail.com. Paul J. Q. van der Linden and Rob H. Stigter, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, The Netherlands, E-mails: p.j.q.vanderlinden@dz.nl and r.h.stigter@dz.nl.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO, 2012. Countdown to 2015. Building a Future for Women and Children: the Countdown 2012 Report. Geneva: World Health Organization and UNICEF. Available at: http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/reports-andarticles/2012-report. Accessed April 27, 2013.
-
2.
Bhutta ZA, Chopra M, Axelson H, Berman P, Boerma T, Bryce J, Bustreo F, Cavagnero E, Cometto G, Daelmans B, de Francisco A, Fogstad H, Gupta N, Laski L, Lawn J, Maligi B, Mason E, Pitt C, Requejo J, Starrs A, Victora CG, Wardlaw T, 2010. Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000–10): taking stock of maternal, newborn, and child survival. Lancet 375: 2032–2044.
-
3.
Thaddeus S, Maine D, 1994. Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context. Soc Sci Med 38: 1091–1110.
-
4.
Carroli G, Mignini L, 2009. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 45: e1–e9.
-
5.
Dannecker C, Hillemanns P, Strauss A, Hasbargen U, Hepp H, Anthuber C, 2004. Episiotomy and perineal tears presumed to be imminent: randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83: 364–368.
-
6.
Ola ER, Bello O, Abudu OO, Anorlu RI, 2002. Episiotomies in Nigeria–should their use be restricted? Niger Postgrad Med J 9: 13–16.
-
7.
Frankman EA, Wang L, Bunker CH, Lowder JL, 2009. Episiotomy in the United States: has anything changed? Am J Obstet Gynecol 200: 573.
-
8.
Röckner G, Fianu-Jonasson A, 1999. Changed pattern in the use of episiotomy in Sweden. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106: 95–101.
-
9.
American College of Obstetricians-Gynecologists, 2006. Episiotomy. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 107: 957–962.
-
10.
Howden NL, Weber AM, Meyn LA, 2004. Episiotomy use among residents and faculty compared with private practitioners. Obstet Gynecol 103: 114–118.
-
11.
Lumezi Mission Hospital, 2011. Annual Report Lumezi Mission Hospital. Available at: http://www.lumezihospital.com. Accessed June 6, 2013.
-
12.
Morris MB, Chapula BT, Chi BH, Mwango A, Chi HF, Mwanza J, Manda H, Bolton C, Pankratz DS, Stringer JS, Reid SE, 2009. Use of task-shifting to rapidly scale-up HIV treatment services: experiences from Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Health Serv Res 9: 5.
-
13.
Samb B, Celletti F, Holloway J, Damme W, De Cock KM, Dybul M, 2007. Rapid expansion of the health workforce in response to the HIV epidemic. N Engl J Med 357: 2510–2514.
-
14.
O'Grady JP, Pope CS, Patel SS, 2000. Vacuum extraction in modern obstetric practice a review and critique. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 12: 475–480.
-
15.
Bweupe M, Chitembo L, Maswenyeho S, Murless E, Mwale J, Tambatamba B, Vwalika C, Mbewe R, 2010. National Protocol Guidelines PMTCT, Ministry of Health Zambia. Available at: http://www.nac.org.zm/index.php/publications/guidelines. Accessed June 6, 2013.
-
16.
Read JS, Newell ML, 2005. Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD005479.
-
17.
WHO, 2012. Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV Infection in Infants: Programmatic Update. Available at: www.who.int. Accessed June 6, 2013.
-
18.
Volmink J, Siegfried N, van der Merwe L & Brocklehurst P 2007. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1: CD003510.
-
19.
Thorne C, Patel D, Fiore S, Peckham C, Newell ML, 2005. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 40: 458–465.
-
20.
Gaillard P, Verhofstede C, Mwanyumba F, Claeys P, Chohan V, Mandaliya K, Bwayo J, Plum J, Temmerman M, 2000. Exposure to HIV-1 during delivery and mother-to-child transmission. AIDS 14: 2341–2348.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 264 | 160 | 34 |
| Full Text Views | 262 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 102 | 11 | 2 |