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-
1.
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371: 243–260.
-
2.
Stoltzfus RJ, Mullany L, Black RE; GWH Organization, 2005. Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/cra/en/. Accessed May 2, 2013.
-
3.
Htay TT, 2007. Making pregnancy safer in Myanmar: introducing misoprostol to prevent post-partum haemorrhage as part of active management of the third stage of labour. Reprod Health Matters 15: 214–215.
-
4.
Mullany LC, Lee CI, Yone L, Paw P, Oo EK, Maung C, Lee TJ, Beyrer C, 2008. Access to essential maternal health interventions and human rights violations among vulnerable communities in eastern Burma. PLoS Med 5: 1689–1698.
-
5.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yang T, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang P, 2012. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among children 6–36 months old in Burma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 306–311.
-
6.
Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch SJ, Geisler KL, Cheney C, Shell-Duncan BK, Drewnowski A, 2003. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr 133: 4143–4149.
-
7.
WHOA Prevention, 2005. Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: Report of a Joint World 2: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/9789241596107/en/. Accessed May 5, 2013.
-
8.
Choi JW, Kim SK, 2005. Relationships of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium levels versus hematopoiesis and iron parameters in healthy adolescents. Ann Clin Lab Sci 35: 428–434.
-
9.
Food And Nutrition Board IOM, 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 37–63.
-
10.
Bodnar LM, Scanlon KS, Freedman DS, Siega-Riz AM, Cogswell ME, 2001. High prevalence of postpartum anemia among low-income women in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 438–443.
-
11.
Pehrsson PR, Moser-Veillon PB, Sims LS, Suitor CW, Russek-Cohen E, 2001. Postpartum iron status in nonlactating participants and nonparticipants in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. Am J Clin Nutr 73: 86–92.
-
12.
Bodnar LM, Cogswell ME, Scanlon KS, 2002. Low income postpartum women are at risk of iron deficiency. J Nutr 132: 2298–2302.
-
13.
Myint K, Health MF, 2010. Myanmar Health Statistic 2010. Available at: http://www.moh.gov.mm/file/Myanmar%20Health%20Statistics%202010.pdf. Accessed May 5, 2013.
-
14.
UNCS Fund, 1998. Preventing Iron Deficiency in Women and Children: Background and Consensus on Key Technical Issues and Resources for Advocacy, Planning and Implementing National Programmes. New York: UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI Technical Workshop. International Nutrition Foundation (INF), Micronutrient Initiative (MI). UNICEF. Available at: http://www.inffoundation.org/pdf/prevent_iron_def.pdf. Accessed May 5, 2013.
-
15.
Bodnar LM, Cogswell ME, McDonald T, 2005. Have we forgotten the significance of postpartum iron deficiency? Am J Obstet Gynecol 193: 36–44.
-
16.
Beard JL, Hendricks MK, Perez EM, Murray-Kolb LE, Berg A, Vernon-Feagans L, Irlam J, Isaacs W, Sive A, Tomlinson M, 2005. Maternal iron deficiency anemia affects postpartum emotions and cognition. J Nutr 135: 267–272.
-
17.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yang T, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang P, 2012. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among children 6–36 months old in Burma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 306–311.
-
18.
West KP Jr, Darnton-Hill I, 2008. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries—Nutrition and Health Series. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 377–433.
-
19.
Roodenburg AJ, West CE, Hovenier R, Beynen AC, 1996. Supplemental vitamin A enhances the recovery from iron deficiency in rats with chronic vitamin A deficiency. Br J Nutr 75: 623–636.
-
20.
Palafox NA, Gamble MV, Dancheck B, Ricks MO, Briand K, Semba RD, 2003. Vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, and anemia among preschool children in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Nutrition 19: 405–408.
-
21.
Roodenburga AJC, West CE, Beynena AC, 1996. Vitamin A status affects the efficacy of iron repletion in rats with mild iron deficiency. J Nutr Biochem 7: 99–105.
-
22.
Chelala C, 1998. Burma: a country's health in crisis. Lancet 352: 556.
-
23.
United Nations Children's Fund, 2011. 2011 UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children: Building Resilience. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/hac2011/files/HAC2011_EN_PDA_web.pdf. Accessed November 25, 2013.
-
24.
United Nations Children's Fund, 2013. 2013 UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/appeals/myanmar.html. Accessed November 25, 2013.
-
25.
Begue RE, Gonzales JL, Correa-Gracian H, Tang SC, 1998. Dietary risk factors associated with the transmission of Helicobacter pylori in Lima, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 637–640.
-
26.
Latham M, Nations OOTU, 1997. Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization.
-
27.
Boel M, Carrara VI, Rijken M, Proux S, Nacher M, Pimanpanarak M, Paw MK, Moo O, Gay H, Bailey W, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, McGready R, 2010. Complex interactions between soil-transmitted helminths and malaria in pregnant women on the Thai-Burmese border. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e887.
-
28.
Bhargava A, Bouis HE, Scrimshaw NS, 2001. Dietary intakes and socioeconomic factors are associated with the hemoglobin concentration of Bangladeshi women. J Nutr 131: 758–764.
-
29.
Mikki N, Abdul-Rahim HF, Stigum H, Holmboe-Ottesen G, 2011. Anaemia prevalence and associated sociodemographic and dietary factors among Palestinian adolescents in the West Bank. East Mediterr Health J 17: 208–217.
-
30.
Halileh S, Gordon NH, 2006. Determinants of anemia in pre-school children in the occupied Palestinian territory. J Trop Pediatr 52: 12–18.
-
31.
Villar J, Bergsjo P, 1997. Scientific basis for the content of routine antenatal care. I. Philosophy, recent studies, and power to eliminate or alleviate adverse maternal outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76: 1–14.
-
32.
Kotecha PV, 2011. Nutritional anemia in young children with focus on Asia and India. Indian J Community Med 36: 8–16.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2095 | 1786 | 614 |
| Full Text Views | 724 | 20 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 464 | 19 | 2 |
Prevalence of Anemia and Its Risk Factors Among Lactating Mothers in Myanmar
Ai Zhao
Ai Zhao
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme, Kachin, Myanmar; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yumei Zhang
Yumei Zhang
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme, Kachin, Myanmar; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Bo Li
Bo Li
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme, Kachin, Myanmar; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Peiyu Wang
Peiyu Wang
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme, Kachin, Myanmar; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Jiayin Li
Jiayin Li
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme, Kachin, Myanmar; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yong Xue
Yong Xue
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme, Kachin, Myanmar; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Hongchong Gao
Hongchong Gao
Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme, Kachin, Myanmar; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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In Myanmar, 60% of the population consists of mothers and children, and they are the groups most vulnerable to anemia. The objectives of this study are to determine (1) the anemia prevalence among lactating women and (2) the risk factors associated with anemia. Convenience sampling was used to select three villages in two different regions (Kachin and Shan) in Myanmar. Hemoglobin and anthropometric indicators were measured for 733 lactating women. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with anemia. The anemia prevalence rate was 60.3% in lactating women, with 20.3% of lactating women having severe anemia. Factors of malnutrition (P = 0.026), self-reported symptoms of night blindness or poor dark adaptation (P < 0.001), lack of primary education experience (P < 0.001), low family annual capita income (< 800 MMK; P < 0.001), drinking spring or river water (P < 0.001), and drinking unboiled water (P = 0.016) were associated with anemia. To promote health in lactating women, a comprehensive intervention is needed in these regions.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Ai Zhao, Peiyu Wang, and Yong Xue, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China, E-mails: aizhaobjmu@gmail.com, 506238753@qq.com, and xiaochaai@163.com. Yumei Zhang, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China, E-mail: zhangyumei111@gmail.com. Bo Li, Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Yunnan, People's Republic of China, E-mail: boli_hu@163.com. Jiayin Li, Health Poverty Action Eastern Asia Programme Office, Karchin, Myanmar, E-mail: jiayin_hu@163.com. Hongchong Gao, Capital Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China, E-mail: sisystone@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J, 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371: 243–260.
-
2.
Stoltzfus RJ, Mullany L, Black RE; GWH Organization, 2005. Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/cra/en/. Accessed May 2, 2013.
-
3.
Htay TT, 2007. Making pregnancy safer in Myanmar: introducing misoprostol to prevent post-partum haemorrhage as part of active management of the third stage of labour. Reprod Health Matters 15: 214–215.
-
4.
Mullany LC, Lee CI, Yone L, Paw P, Oo EK, Maung C, Lee TJ, Beyrer C, 2008. Access to essential maternal health interventions and human rights violations among vulnerable communities in eastern Burma. PLoS Med 5: 1689–1698.
-
5.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yang T, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang P, 2012. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among children 6–36 months old in Burma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 306–311.
-
6.
Kemmer TM, Bovill ME, Kongsomboon W, Hansch SJ, Geisler KL, Cheney C, Shell-Duncan BK, Drewnowski A, 2003. Iron deficiency is unacceptably high in refugee children from Burma. J Nutr 133: 4143–4149.
-
7.
WHOA Prevention, 2005. Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: Report of a Joint World 2: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/9789241596107/en/. Accessed May 5, 2013.
-
8.
Choi JW, Kim SK, 2005. Relationships of lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium levels versus hematopoiesis and iron parameters in healthy adolescents. Ann Clin Lab Sci 35: 428–434.
-
9.
Food And Nutrition Board IOM, 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 37–63.
-
10.
Bodnar LM, Scanlon KS, Freedman DS, Siega-Riz AM, Cogswell ME, 2001. High prevalence of postpartum anemia among low-income women in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185: 438–443.
-
11.
Pehrsson PR, Moser-Veillon PB, Sims LS, Suitor CW, Russek-Cohen E, 2001. Postpartum iron status in nonlactating participants and nonparticipants in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. Am J Clin Nutr 73: 86–92.
-
12.
Bodnar LM, Cogswell ME, Scanlon KS, 2002. Low income postpartum women are at risk of iron deficiency. J Nutr 132: 2298–2302.
-
13.
Myint K, Health MF, 2010. Myanmar Health Statistic 2010. Available at: http://www.moh.gov.mm/file/Myanmar%20Health%20Statistics%202010.pdf. Accessed May 5, 2013.
-
14.
UNCS Fund, 1998. Preventing Iron Deficiency in Women and Children: Background and Consensus on Key Technical Issues and Resources for Advocacy, Planning and Implementing National Programmes. New York: UNICEF/UNU/WHO/MI Technical Workshop. International Nutrition Foundation (INF), Micronutrient Initiative (MI). UNICEF. Available at: http://www.inffoundation.org/pdf/prevent_iron_def.pdf. Accessed May 5, 2013.
-
15.
Bodnar LM, Cogswell ME, McDonald T, 2005. Have we forgotten the significance of postpartum iron deficiency? Am J Obstet Gynecol 193: 36–44.
-
16.
Beard JL, Hendricks MK, Perez EM, Murray-Kolb LE, Berg A, Vernon-Feagans L, Irlam J, Isaacs W, Sive A, Tomlinson M, 2005. Maternal iron deficiency anemia affects postpartum emotions and cognition. J Nutr 135: 267–272.
-
17.
Zhao A, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yang T, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang P, 2012. Prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among children 6–36 months old in Burma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 306–311.
-
18.
West KP Jr, Darnton-Hill I, 2008. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries—Nutrition and Health Series. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 377–433.
-
19.
Roodenburg AJ, West CE, Hovenier R, Beynen AC, 1996. Supplemental vitamin A enhances the recovery from iron deficiency in rats with chronic vitamin A deficiency. Br J Nutr 75: 623–636.
-
20.
Palafox NA, Gamble MV, Dancheck B, Ricks MO, Briand K, Semba RD, 2003. Vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency, and anemia among preschool children in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Nutrition 19: 405–408.
-
21.
Roodenburga AJC, West CE, Beynena AC, 1996. Vitamin A status affects the efficacy of iron repletion in rats with mild iron deficiency. J Nutr Biochem 7: 99–105.
-
22.
Chelala C, 1998. Burma: a country's health in crisis. Lancet 352: 556.
-
23.
United Nations Children's Fund, 2011. 2011 UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children: Building Resilience. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/hac2011/files/HAC2011_EN_PDA_web.pdf. Accessed November 25, 2013.
-
24.
United Nations Children's Fund, 2013. 2013 UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/appeals/myanmar.html. Accessed November 25, 2013.
-
25.
Begue RE, Gonzales JL, Correa-Gracian H, Tang SC, 1998. Dietary risk factors associated with the transmission of Helicobacter pylori in Lima, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 637–640.
-
26.
Latham M, Nations OOTU, 1997. Human Nutrition in the Developing World. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization.
-
27.
Boel M, Carrara VI, Rijken M, Proux S, Nacher M, Pimanpanarak M, Paw MK, Moo O, Gay H, Bailey W, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, McGready R, 2010. Complex interactions between soil-transmitted helminths and malaria in pregnant women on the Thai-Burmese border. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e887.
-
28.
Bhargava A, Bouis HE, Scrimshaw NS, 2001. Dietary intakes and socioeconomic factors are associated with the hemoglobin concentration of Bangladeshi women. J Nutr 131: 758–764.
-
29.
Mikki N, Abdul-Rahim HF, Stigum H, Holmboe-Ottesen G, 2011. Anaemia prevalence and associated sociodemographic and dietary factors among Palestinian adolescents in the West Bank. East Mediterr Health J 17: 208–217.
-
30.
Halileh S, Gordon NH, 2006. Determinants of anemia in pre-school children in the occupied Palestinian territory. J Trop Pediatr 52: 12–18.
-
31.
Villar J, Bergsjo P, 1997. Scientific basis for the content of routine antenatal care. I. Philosophy, recent studies, and power to eliminate or alleviate adverse maternal outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76: 1–14.
-
32.
Kotecha PV, 2011. Nutritional anemia in young children with focus on Asia and India. Indian J Community Med 36: 8–16.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2095 | 1786 | 614 |
| Full Text Views | 724 | 20 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 464 | 19 | 2 |