Authors:
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- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Study population, travel characteristics, and travelers' diarrhea.
- Post-travel screening results: fecal parasites.
- Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., symptoms, risk factors, and treatment.
- Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., household contacts.
- Post-travel screening results: schistosomiasis.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1.
Whitty CJ, Carroll B, Armstrong M, Dow C, Snashall D, Marshall T, Chiodini PL, 2000. Utility of history, examination and laboratory tests in screening those returning to Europe from the tropics for parasitic infection. Trop Med Int Health 5: 818–823.
-
2.
Sudarshi S, Stumpfle R, Armstrong M, Ellman T, Parton S, Krishnan P, Chiodini PL, Whitty CJ, 2003. Clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests for Strongyloides stercoralis in travelers compared with immigrants in a non-endemic country. Trop Med Int Health 8: 728–732.
-
3.
ten Hove RJ, van Esbroeck M, Vervoort T, van den Ende J, van Lieshout L, Verweij JJ, 2009. Molecular diagnostics of intestinal parasites in returning travelers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28: 1045–1053.
-
4.
Hill DR, 2000. Occurrence and self-treatment of diarrhea in a large cohort of Americans traveling to developing countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 585–589.
-
5.
Verweij JJ, Blange RA, Templeton K, Schinkel J, Brienen EA, van Rooyen MA, van Lieshout L, Polderman AM, 2004. Simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples by using multiplex real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 42: 1220–1223.
-
6.
Verweij JJ, Canales M, Polman K, Ziem J, Brienen EA, Polderman AM, van Lieshout L, 2009. Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in fecal samples using real-time PCR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 342–346.
-
7.
Nash TE, Ottesen EA, Cheever AW, 1978. Antibody response to a polysaccharide antigen present in the schistosome gut. II. Modulation of antibody response. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27: 944–950.
-
8.
Deelder AM, Kornelis D, 1981. Immunodiagnosis of recently acquired Schistosoma mansoni infection. A comparison of various immunological techniques. Trop Geogr Med 33: 36–41.
-
9.
Obeng BB, Aryeetey YA, de Dood CJ, Amoah AS, Larbi IA, Deelder AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hartgers FC, Boakye DA, Verweij JJ, van Dam GJ, van Lieshout L, 2008. Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 625–633.
-
10.
United Nations, 2009. International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision. Definition of Major Areas and Regions. Available at: http://esa.un.org/migration/index.asp?panel=3. Accessed July 30, 2013.
-
11.
de Wit MA, Koopmans MP, Kortbeek LM, van Leeuwen NJ, Bartelds AI, van Duynhoven YT, 2001. Gastroenteritis in sentinel general practices, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 82–91.
-
12.
ten Hove R, Schuurman T, Kooistra M, Moller L, van Lieshout L, Verweij JJ, 2007. Detection of diarrhoea-causing protozoa in general practice patients in The Netherlands by multiplex real-time PCR. Clin Microbiol Infect 13: 1001–1007.
-
13.
Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE, Wallinga JA, Ruijs GJ, Bruins MJ, Verweij JJ, 2009. Parasitological diagnosis combining an internally controlled real-time PCR assay for the detection of four protozoa in stool samples with a testing algorithm for microscopy. Clin Microbiol Infect 15: 869–874.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1170 | 885 | 315 |
| Full Text Views | 568 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 181 | 17 | 2 |
Post-Travel Screening of Asymptomatic Long-Term Travelers to the Tropics for Intestinal Parasites Using Molecular Diagnostics
Darius Soonawala
Darius Soonawala
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Student Health Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lisette van Lieshout
Lisette van Lieshout
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Student Health Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Marion A. M. den Boer
Marion A. M. den Boer
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Student Health Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Eric C. J. Claas
Eric C. J. Claas
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Student Health Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Jaco J. Verweij
Jaco J. Verweij
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Student Health Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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André Godkewitsch
André Godkewitsch
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Student Health Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Marchel Ratering
Marchel Ratering
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Student Health Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Leo G. Visser
Leo G. Visser
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Student Health Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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The incidence of asymptomatic travel-related parasitic infection is uncertain. Previous studies did not distinguish new incident infections, from past infections. Regardless of symptoms, we performed multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction on pre- and post-travel stool samples of Dutch long-term travelers to the (sub)tropics. Serological screening for Schistosoma spp. was only performed in travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. In total, 679 travelers were included in the study. The follow-up rate was 82% (556 of 679). Participants' median travel duration was 12 weeks. There was one incident infection with Strongyloides stercoralis; there were none with Entamoeba histolytica, 4 with Cryptosporidium spp. (1%), and 22 with Giardia lamblia (4%). Nine of 146 travelers (6%) seroconverted for Schistosoma spp. Routine screening of stool samples for parasitic infection is not indicated for asymptomatic people, who travel to the (sub)tropics for up to 3 months. Screening for Schistosoma spp. should be offered to travelers with fresh-water contact in endemic regions.
Author Notes
Financial support: Support for this work was provided by the Department of Medical Microbiology at LUMC.
Authors' addresses: Darius Soonawala, Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, E-mail: d.soonawala@lumc.nl. Lisette van Lieshout, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, E-mail: e.a.van_lieshout@lumc.nl. Marion A. M. den Boer and Leo G. Visser, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands, E-mails: a.m.den_boer@lumc.nl and l.g.visser@lumc.nl. Eric C. J. Claas, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, E-mail: e.c.j.claas@lumc.nl. Jaco J. Verweij, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands, E-mail: j.verweij@elisabeth.nl. André Godkewitsch and Marchel Ratering, Vaccinatiecentrum Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands, E-mails: godkewitsch@ezorg.nl and marchel@vaccinatiecentrum.nl.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Study population, travel characteristics, and travelers' diarrhea.
- Post-travel screening results: fecal parasites.
- Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., symptoms, risk factors, and treatment.
- Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., household contacts.
- Post-travel screening results: schistosomiasis.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Whitty CJ, Carroll B, Armstrong M, Dow C, Snashall D, Marshall T, Chiodini PL, 2000. Utility of history, examination and laboratory tests in screening those returning to Europe from the tropics for parasitic infection. Trop Med Int Health 5: 818–823.
-
2.
Sudarshi S, Stumpfle R, Armstrong M, Ellman T, Parton S, Krishnan P, Chiodini PL, Whitty CJ, 2003. Clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests for Strongyloides stercoralis in travelers compared with immigrants in a non-endemic country. Trop Med Int Health 8: 728–732.
-
3.
ten Hove RJ, van Esbroeck M, Vervoort T, van den Ende J, van Lieshout L, Verweij JJ, 2009. Molecular diagnostics of intestinal parasites in returning travelers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28: 1045–1053.
-
4.
Hill DR, 2000. Occurrence and self-treatment of diarrhea in a large cohort of Americans traveling to developing countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 585–589.
-
5.
Verweij JJ, Blange RA, Templeton K, Schinkel J, Brienen EA, van Rooyen MA, van Lieshout L, Polderman AM, 2004. Simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples by using multiplex real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 42: 1220–1223.
-
6.
Verweij JJ, Canales M, Polman K, Ziem J, Brienen EA, Polderman AM, van Lieshout L, 2009. Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in fecal samples using real-time PCR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 342–346.
-
7.
Nash TE, Ottesen EA, Cheever AW, 1978. Antibody response to a polysaccharide antigen present in the schistosome gut. II. Modulation of antibody response. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27: 944–950.
-
8.
Deelder AM, Kornelis D, 1981. Immunodiagnosis of recently acquired Schistosoma mansoni infection. A comparison of various immunological techniques. Trop Geogr Med 33: 36–41.
-
9.
Obeng BB, Aryeetey YA, de Dood CJ, Amoah AS, Larbi IA, Deelder AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hartgers FC, Boakye DA, Verweij JJ, van Dam GJ, van Lieshout L, 2008. Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 625–633.
-
10.
United Nations, 2009. International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision. Definition of Major Areas and Regions. Available at: http://esa.un.org/migration/index.asp?panel=3. Accessed July 30, 2013.
-
11.
de Wit MA, Koopmans MP, Kortbeek LM, van Leeuwen NJ, Bartelds AI, van Duynhoven YT, 2001. Gastroenteritis in sentinel general practices, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 82–91.
-
12.
ten Hove R, Schuurman T, Kooistra M, Moller L, van Lieshout L, Verweij JJ, 2007. Detection of diarrhoea-causing protozoa in general practice patients in The Netherlands by multiplex real-time PCR. Clin Microbiol Infect 13: 1001–1007.
-
13.
Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE, Wallinga JA, Ruijs GJ, Bruins MJ, Verweij JJ, 2009. Parasitological diagnosis combining an internally controlled real-time PCR assay for the detection of four protozoa in stool samples with a testing algorithm for microscopy. Clin Microbiol Infect 15: 869–874.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1170 | 885 | 315 |
| Full Text Views | 568 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 181 | 17 | 2 |