Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
- Introduction
- Subjects and Methods
- Results
- Characterization of the study population.
- HCV-RNA loads are not significantly different between those subjects infected with HCV alone or combined with S. mansoni infection.
- Liver inflammation as measured by ALT levels and ultrasound in the study subjects.
- HCV-specific CMI responses among the study subjects.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lauer GM, Walker BD, 2001. Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 345: 41–52.
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Angelico M, Renganathan E, Gandin C, Fathy M, Profili MC, Refai W, De Santis A, Nagi A, Amin G, Capocaccia L, Callea F, Rapicetta M, Badr G, Rocchi G, 1997. Chronic liver disease in the Alexandria governorate, Egypt: contribution of schistosomiasis and hepatitis virus infections. J Hepatol 26: 236–243.
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El-Awady MK, Youssef SS, Omran MH, Tabll AA, El Garf WT, Salem AM, 2006. Soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma haematobium induces HCV replication in PBMC from patients with chronic HCV infection. BMC Infect Dis 6: 91.
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11.
Kamal S, Madwar M, Bianchi L, Tawil AE, Fawzy R, Peters T, Rasenack JW, 2000. Clinical, virological and histopathological features: long-term follow-up in patients with chronic hepatitis C co-infected with S. mansoni. Liver 20: 281–289.
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Hassan MM, Zaghloul AS, El-Serag HB, Soliman O, Patt YZ, Chappell CL, Beasley RP, Hwang LY, 2001. The role of hepatitis C in hepatocellular carcinoma: a case control study among Egyptian patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 33: 123–126.
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14.
Barria MI, Vera-Otarola J, Leon U, Vollrath V, Marsac D, Riquelme A, Lopez-Lastra M, Soza A, 2008. Influence of extrahepatic viral infection on the natural history of hepatitis C. Ann Hepatol 7: 136–143.
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Kamal SM, Madwar MA, Peters T, Fawzy R, Rasenack J, 2000. Interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and schistosomiasis. J Hepatol 32: 172–174.
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Thimme R, Oldach D, Chang KM, Steiger C, Ray SC, Chisari FV, 2001. Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med 194: 1395–1406.
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Kamal SM, Bianchi L, Al Tawil A, Koziel M, El Sayed Khalifa K, Peter T, Rasenack JW, 2001. Specific cellular immune response and cytokine patterns in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and Schistosoma mansoni. J Infect Dis 184: 972–982.
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Abdelwahab SF, Hashem M, Galal I, Sobhy M, Abdel-Ghaffar TS, Galal G, Mikhail N, El-Kamary SS, Waked I, Strickland GT, 2013. Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian healthcare workers at high risk of infection. J Clin Virol 57: 24–28.
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Schistosomiasis Does Not Affect the Outcome of HCV Infection in Genotype 4-Infected Patients
Walaa R. Allam
Walaa R. Allam
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Ahmed Barakat
Ahmed Barakat
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Zainab Zakaria
Zainab Zakaria
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Gehan Galal
Gehan Galal
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Tamer S. Abdel-Ghafar
Tamer S. Abdel-Ghafar
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Mohamed El-Tabbakh
Mohamed El-Tabbakh
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Nabiel Mikhail
Nabiel Mikhail
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Imam Waked
Imam Waked
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Sayed F. Abdelwahab
Sayed F. Abdelwahab
Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt; South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Although reports suggest that Schistosoma mansoni increases hepatitis C virus (HCV) morbidity and chronicity, its impact on HCV spontaneous resolution is not clear. HCV genotype, viral load, abdominal ultrasonographic findings, and HCV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were examined among 141 healthcare workers infected with HCV (68 workers with and 73 workers without S. mansoni). HCV genotype 4 was dominate, and viral loads were 2.62 ± 0.69 × 106 and 4.24 ± 1.4 × 106 IU/mL among patients with and without coinfection, respectively (P = 0.309); 23.5% with and 32.9% without coinfection had spontaneously resolved HCV infection (P = 0.297). Interferon-γ spot-forming cells/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells among responding viremic patients with and without coinfection were 716 ± 194 and 587 ± 162, whereas among aviremic patients, it was 794 ± 272 and 365 ± 36 (P > 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, there was no statistical difference in HCV spontaneous resolution, viral load, liver pathology, or CMI in patients with or without S. mansoni coinfection, suggesting that it did not impact the outcome of HCV infection.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by European Union 6th Framework Program Contract no. 0374435 to the HEPACIVAC Consortium and the Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood).
Authors' addresses: Walaa R. Allam, Zainab Zakaria, and Gehan Galal, Egyptian Company for Blood Transfusion Services (Egyblood), Agouza, Giza, Egypt, E-mails: walaaramadan@gmail.com, zainab_ali52@hotmail.com, and gehan_galal@hotmail.com. Ahmed Barakat, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, E-mail: barakat.ainshams@gmail.com. Tamer S. Abdel-Ghafar, Mohamed El-Tabbakh, and Imam Waked, Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt, E-mails: tamerghfar@yahoo.com, meltabbakh@liver-eg.org, and iwaked@liver-eg.org. Nabeil Mikhail, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assuit, Egypt, E-mail: nabiel.mikhail@gmail.com. Sayed F. Abdelwahab, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt, E-mail: sayed.awahab@mu.edu.eg.
- Introduction
- Subjects and Methods
- Results
- Characterization of the study population.
- HCV-RNA loads are not significantly different between those subjects infected with HCV alone or combined with S. mansoni infection.
- Liver inflammation as measured by ALT levels and ultrasound in the study subjects.
- HCV-specific CMI responses among the study subjects.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lauer GM, Walker BD, 2001. Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 345: 41–52.
-
2.
Liang TJ, Rehermann B, Seeff LB, Hoofnagle JH, 2000. Pathogenesis, natural history, treatment and prevention of hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 132: 296.
-
3.
Seeff LB, 1998. The natural history of hepatitis C-A quandary. Hepatology 28: 1710–1712.
-
4.
Guerra J, Garenne M, Mohamed MK, Fontanet A, 2012. HCV burden of infection in Egypt: results from a nationwide survey. J Viral Hepat 19: 560–567.
-
5.
Ryder SD, Irving WL, Jones DA, Neal KR, Underwood JC, 2004. Progression of hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C: a prospective repeat liver biopsy study. Gut 53: 451–455.
-
6.
Missiha SB, Ostrowski M, Heathcote EJ, 2008. Disease progression in chronic hepatitis C: modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. Gastroenterology 134: 1699–1714.
-
7.
Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, Anania FA, Schaeffer M, Galai N, Nolt K, Nelson KE, Strathdee SA, Johnson L, Laeyendecker O, Boitnott J, Wilson LE, Vlahov D, 2000. The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral and environmental factors. JAMA 284: 450–456.
-
8.
Blanton RE, Salam EA, Kariuki HC, Magak P, Silva LK, Muchiri EM, Thiongo F, Abdel-Meghid IE, Butterworth AE, Reis MG, Ouma JH, 2002. Population-based differences in Schistosoma mansoni- and hepatitis C-induced disease. J Infect Dis 185: 1644–1649.
-
9.
Angelico M, Renganathan E, Gandin C, Fathy M, Profili MC, Refai W, De Santis A, Nagi A, Amin G, Capocaccia L, Callea F, Rapicetta M, Badr G, Rocchi G, 1997. Chronic liver disease in the Alexandria governorate, Egypt: contribution of schistosomiasis and hepatitis virus infections. J Hepatol 26: 236–243.
-
10.
El-Awady MK, Youssef SS, Omran MH, Tabll AA, El Garf WT, Salem AM, 2006. Soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma haematobium induces HCV replication in PBMC from patients with chronic HCV infection. BMC Infect Dis 6: 91.
-
11.
Kamal S, Madwar M, Bianchi L, Tawil AE, Fawzy R, Peters T, Rasenack JW, 2000. Clinical, virological and histopathological features: long-term follow-up in patients with chronic hepatitis C co-infected with S. mansoni. Liver 20: 281–289.
-
12.
Iida F, Iida R, Kamijo H, Takaso K, Miyazaki Y, Funabashi W, Tsuchiya K, Matsumoto Y, 1999. Chronic Japanese schistosomiasis and hepatocellular carcinoma: ten years of follow-up in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Bull World Health Organ 77: 573–581.
-
13.
Hassan MM, Zaghloul AS, El-Serag HB, Soliman O, Patt YZ, Chappell CL, Beasley RP, Hwang LY, 2001. The role of hepatitis C in hepatocellular carcinoma: a case control study among Egyptian patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 33: 123–126.
-
14.
Barria MI, Vera-Otarola J, Leon U, Vollrath V, Marsac D, Riquelme A, Lopez-Lastra M, Soza A, 2008. Influence of extrahepatic viral infection on the natural history of hepatitis C. Ann Hepatol 7: 136–143.
-
15.
Derbala M, Amer A, 2009. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Hepatitis C genotype 4 after viral clearance and in absence of cirrhosis: two case reports. Cases J 2: 7927.
-
16.
el-Shazly Y, Abdel-Salam AF, Abdel-Ghaffar A, Mohran Z, Saleh SM, 1994. Schistosomiasis as an important determining factor for the response of Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C to therapy with recombinant human alpha-2 interferon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 229–231.
-
17.
Kamal SM, Madwar MA, Peters T, Fawzy R, Rasenack J, 2000. Interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and schistosomiasis. J Hepatol 32: 172–174.
-
18.
Kamal SM, El Tawil AA, Nakano T, He Q, Rasenack J, Hakam SA, Saleh WA, Ismail A, Aziz AA, Madwar MA, 2005. Peginterferon {alpha}-2b and ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4: impact of treatment duration and viral kinetics on sustained virological response. Gut 54: 858–866.
-
19.
Pearce EJ, MacDonald AS, 2002. The immunobiology of schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2: 499–511.
-
20.
Cerny A, Chisari FV, 1999. Pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C: immunological features of hepatic injury and viral persistence. Hepatology 30: 595–601.
-
21.
Kamal SM, Rasenack JW, Bianchi L, Al Tawil A, El Sayed Khalifa K, Peter T, Mansour H, Ezzat W, Koziel M, 2001. Acute hepatitis C without and with schistosomiasis: correlation with hepatitis C-specific CD4(+) T-cell and cytokine response. Gastroenterology 121: 646–656.
-
22.
Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Jung MC, Gruener NH, Schraut WW, Zachoval R, Hoffmann R, Schirren CA, Santantonio T, Pape GR, 1999. Recurrence of hepatitis C virus after loss of virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell response in acute hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 117: 933–941.
-
23.
Rehermann B, 1999. Cellular immune response to the hepatitis C virus. J Viral Hepat 6 (Suppl 1): 31–35.
-
24.
Lechner F, Wong DK, Dunbar PR, Chapman R, Chung RT, Dohrenwend P, Robbins G, Phillips R, Klenerman P, Walker BD, 2000. Analysis of successful immune responses in persons infected with hepatitis C virus. J Exp Med 191: 1499–1512.
-
25.
Thimme R, Oldach D, Chang KM, Steiger C, Ray SC, Chisari FV, 2001. Determinants of viral clearance and persistence during acute hepatitis C virus infection. J Exp Med 194: 1395–1406.
-
26.
Kamal SM, Bianchi L, Al Tawil A, Koziel M, El Sayed Khalifa K, Peter T, Rasenack JW, 2001. Specific cellular immune response and cytokine patterns in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and Schistosoma mansoni. J Infect Dis 184: 972–982.
-
27.
Ezenwa VO, Jolles AE, 2011. From host immunity to pathogen invasion: the effects of helminth coinfection on the dynamics of microparasites. Integr Comp Biol 51: 540–551.
-
28.
Abdelwahab S, Rewisha E, Hashem M, Sobhy M, Galal I, Allam WR, Mikhail N, Galal G, El-Tabbakh M, El-Kamary SS, Waked I, Strickland GT, 2012. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian healthcare workers in a national liver diseases referral centre. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 106: 98–103.
-
29.
Abdelwahab SF, Hashem M, Galal I, Sobhy M, Abdel-Ghaffar TS, Galal G, Mikhail N, El-Kamary SS, Waked I, Strickland GT, 2013. Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian healthcare workers at high risk of infection. J Clin Virol 57: 24–28.
-
30.
McOmish F, Yap PL, Dow BC, Follett EA, Seed C, Keller AJ, Cobain TJ, Krusius T, Kolho E, Naukkarinen R, Lin C, Lai C, Leong S, Medgyesi GA, Hejjas M, Kiyokawa H, Fukada K, Cuypers T, Saeed AA, Al-Rasheed AM, Lin M, Simmonds P, 1994. Geographical distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors: an international collaborative survey. J Clin Microbiol 32: 884–892.
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