ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Fenwick A, 2006. Waterborne infectious diseases–could they be consigned to history? Science 313: 1077–1081.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, 2009. Schistosomiasis in Africa: an emerging tragedy in our new global health decade. PLos Neg Tropl Dis 3: e485.
-
4.
Kjetland EF, Leutscher PD, Ndhlovu PD, 2012. A review of female genital schistosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 28: 58.
-
5.
Leutscher PD, Ravaoalimalala VE, Raharisolo C, Ramarokoto CE, Rasendramino M, Raobelison A, Vennervald B, Esterre P, Feldmeier H, 1998. Clinical findings in female genital schistosomiasis in Madagascar. Trop Med Int Health 3: 327–332.
-
6.
Poggensee G, Krantz I, Kiwelu I, Diedrich T, Feldmeier H, 2001. Presence of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the cervix uteri of women in Mwanga District, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 299–300.
-
7.
Wright ED, Chipangwi J, Hutt MS, 1982. Schistosomiasis of the female genital tract. A histopathological study of 176 cases from Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76: 822–829.
-
8.
Ndhlovu PD, Mduluza T, Kjetland EF, Midzi N, Nyanga L, Gundersen SG, Friis H, Gomo E, 2007. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and HIV in females living in a rural community of Zimbabwe: does age matter? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 433–438.
-
9.
Kjetland EF, Mduluza T, Ndhlovu PD, Gomo E, Gwanzura L, Midzi N, Mason PR, Friis H, Gundersen SG, 2006. Genital schistosomiasis in women: a clinical 12-month in vivo study following treatment with praziquantel. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 740–752.
-
10.
Mbabazi PS, Andan O, Fitzgerald DW, Chitsulo L, Engels D, Downs JA, 2011. Examining the relationship between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection. PLos Neg Tropl Dis 5: e1396.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2010. Statement – WHO Working Group on Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Transmission, October 12, 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
12.
Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L, 2006. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 368: 1106–1118.
-
13.
Hegertun IEA, Gundersen KMS, Kleppa E, Zulu SG, Gundersen SG, Taylor M, Kvalsvig JD, Kjetland EF, 2013. S. haematobium as a common cause of genital morbidity in girls: a cross-sectional study of children in South Africa. PLos Neg Tropl Dis 7: e2401.
-
14.
Van Lieshout L, Yazdanbakhsh M, 2013. Landscape of neglected tropical diseases: getting it right. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 469–470.
-
15.
Cavalcanti MG, Silva LF, Peralta RH, Barreto MG, Peralta JM, 2013. Schistosomiasis in areas of low endemicity: a new era in diagnosis. Trends Parasitol 29: 75–82.
-
16.
Obeng BB, Aryeetey YA, de Dood CJ, Amoah AS, Larbi IA, Deelder AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hartgers FC, Boakye DA, Verweij JJ, Van Dam G, Van Lieshout L, 2008. Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 625–633.
-
17.
Aryeetey YA, Essien-Baidoo S, Larbi IA, Ahmed K, Amoah AS, Obeng BB, Van Lieshout L, Yazdanbakhsh M, Boakye DA, Verweij JJ, 2013. Molecular diagnosis of Schistosoma infections in urine samples of school children in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 1028–1031.
-
18.
Appleton CC, Kvalsvig JD, 2006. A school-based helminth control programme successfully implemented in KwaZulu-Natal. South Afr J Epidemiol Infect 21: 55–67.
-
19.
Department of Health South Africa, 2011. The 2011 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey in South Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: Department of Health South Africa.
-
20.
Jinabhai CC, Taylor M, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM, Tomkins AM, Sullivan KR, 2001. A health and nutritional profile of rural school children in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 21: 50–58.
-
21.
Thomassen Morgas DE, Kvalsvig JD, Gundersen SG, Taylor M, Kjetland EF, 2010. Schistosomiasis and water-related practices in school girls in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South Afr J Epidemiol Infect 25: 30–33.
-
22.
Niesters HG, 2002. Clinical virology in real time. J Clin Virol 25: S3–S12.
-
23.
Montresor A, Crompton D, Hall A, Bundy D, Savioli L, 1998. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at Community Level. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24.
Doehring E, Reider F, Schmidt-Ehry G, Ehrich JH, 1985. Reduction of pathological findings in urine and bladder lesions in infection with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel. J Infect Dis 152: 807–810.
-
25.
Van Lieshout L, Verweij JJ, 2010. Newer diagnostic approaches to intestinal protozoa. Curr Opin Infect Dis 23: 488–493.
-
26.
Cnops L, Tannich E, Polman K, Clerinx J, Van Esbroeck M, 2012. Schistosoma real-time PCR as diagnostic tool for international travellers and migrants. Trop Med Int Health 17: 1208–1216.
-
27.
Ibironke OA, Phillips AE, Garba A, Lamine SM, Shiff C, 2011. Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium by detection of specific DNA fragments from filtered urine samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 998–1001.
-
28.
Wichmann D, Poppert S, Von Thien H, Clerinx J, Dieckmann S, Jensenius M, Parola P, Richter J, Schunk M, Stich A, 2013. Prospective European-wide multicentre study on a blood based real-time PCR for the diagnosis of acute schistosomiasis. BMC Infect Dis 13: 55.
-
29.
Becker SL, Vogt J, Knopp S, Panning M, Warhurst DC, Polman K, Marti H, von Müller L, Yansouni CP, Jacobs J, 2013. Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics: causative infectious pathogens and reference diagnostic tests. BMC Infect Dis 13: 37.
-
30.
Jex AR, Stanley KK, Lo W, Littman R, Verweij JJ, Campbell BE, Nolan MJ, Pangasa A, Stevens MA, Haydon S, 2012. Detection of diarrhoeal pathogens in human faeces using an automated, robotic platform. Mol Cell Probes 26: 11–15.
-
31.
Kjetland EF, Ten Hove RJ, Gomo E, Midzi N, Gwanzura L, Mason P, Friis H, Verweij JJ, Gundersen SG, Ndhlovu PD, 2009. Schistosomiasis PCR in vaginal lavage as an indicator of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 1050–1055.
-
32.
Standley CJ, Vounatsou P, Gosoniu L, Mckeon C, Adriko M, Kabatereine NB, Stothard JR, 2012. Micro-scale investigation of intestinal schistosomiasis transmission on Ngamba and Kimi islands, Lake Victoria, Uganda. Acta Trop 128: 353–364.
-
33.
Colley DG, Binder S, Campbell C, King CH, Tchuenté L-AT, N'Goran EK, Erko B, Karanja DM, Kabatereine NB, Van Lieshout L, 2013. A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 426–432.
-
34.
Van Dam GJ, de Dood CJ, Lewis M, Deelder AM, Van Lieshout L, Tanke HJ, Van Rooyen LH, Corstjens PL, 2013. A robust dry reagent lateral flow assay for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis by detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen. Exp Parasitol 135: 274–282.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2067 | 1858 | 29 |
| Full Text Views | 665 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 232 | 18 | 0 |
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Schistosoma DNA in Small-Volume Urine Samples Reflects Focal Distribution of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Primary School Girls in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Pavitra Pillay
Pavitra Pillay
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Myra Taylor
Myra Taylor
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Siphosenkosi G. Zulu
Siphosenkosi G. Zulu
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Svein G. Gundersen
Svein G. Gundersen
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Jaco J. Verweij
Jaco J. Verweij
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Pytsje Hoekstra
Pytsje Hoekstra
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Eric A. T. Brienen
Eric A. T. Brienen
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Elisabeth Kleppa
Elisabeth Kleppa
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Eyrun F. Kjetland
Eyrun F. Kjetland
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Lisette van Lieshout
Lisette van Lieshout
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway; University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Ulleval, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Schistosoma haematobium eggs and Schistosoma DNA levels were measured in urine samples from 708 girls recruited from 18 randomly sampled primary schools in South Africa. Microscopic analysis of two 10-mL urine subsamples collected on three consecutive days confirmed high day-to-day variation; 103 (14.5%) girls had positive results at all six examinations, and at least one positive sample was seen in 225 (31.8%) girls. Schistosoma-specific DNA, which was measured in a 200-μL urine subsample by using real-time polymerase chain reaction, was detected in 180 (25.4%) cases, and levels of DNA corresponded significantly with average urine egg excretion. In concordance with microscopic results, polymerase chain reaction results were significantly associated with history of gynecologic symptoms and confirmed highly focal distribution of urogenital schistosomiasis. Parasite-specific DNA detection has a sensitivity comparable to single urine microscopy and could be used as a standardized high-throughput procedure to assess distribution of urogenital schistosomiasis in relatively large study populations by using small sample volumes.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by Prof. Dr. P.C. Flu-Foundation, the University of Copenhagen (with the support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation); the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (Network project no. 2011073); the International Research Staff Exchange Scheme; Marie Curie Actions, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal (VIRUUS), the Center for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Oslo, Norway; the Norwegian Research Council (ref 213702/H10); and the National Research Foundation, South Africa.
Authors' addresses: Pavitra Pillay, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, E-mail: pillayp@dut.ac.za. Myra Taylor and Siphosenkosi G. Zulu, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, E-mails: taylormyra@gmail.com and siphogzulu@gmail.com. Svein G. Gundersen, Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway, and University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway, E-mail: svein.g.gundersen@sshf.no. Jaco J. Verweij, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands, E-mail: j.verweij@elisabeth.nl. Pytsje Hoekstra, Eric A. T. Brienen, and Lisette van Lieshout, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, E-mails: p.t.hoekstra@amc.uva.nl, e.a.t.brienen@lumc.nl, and e.a.van_lieshout@lumc.nl. Elisabeth Kleppa and Eyrun F. Kjetland, Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ulleval, Oslo University Hospital, Olso, Norway, E-mails: elisabeth.kleppa@medisin.uio.no and e.f.kjetland@medisin.uio.no.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Fenwick A, 2006. Waterborne infectious diseases–could they be consigned to history? Science 313: 1077–1081.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3.
Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, 2009. Schistosomiasis in Africa: an emerging tragedy in our new global health decade. PLos Neg Tropl Dis 3: e485.
-
4.
Kjetland EF, Leutscher PD, Ndhlovu PD, 2012. A review of female genital schistosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 28: 58.
-
5.
Leutscher PD, Ravaoalimalala VE, Raharisolo C, Ramarokoto CE, Rasendramino M, Raobelison A, Vennervald B, Esterre P, Feldmeier H, 1998. Clinical findings in female genital schistosomiasis in Madagascar. Trop Med Int Health 3: 327–332.
-
6.
Poggensee G, Krantz I, Kiwelu I, Diedrich T, Feldmeier H, 2001. Presence of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the cervix uteri of women in Mwanga District, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 299–300.
-
7.
Wright ED, Chipangwi J, Hutt MS, 1982. Schistosomiasis of the female genital tract. A histopathological study of 176 cases from Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76: 822–829.
-
8.
Ndhlovu PD, Mduluza T, Kjetland EF, Midzi N, Nyanga L, Gundersen SG, Friis H, Gomo E, 2007. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and HIV in females living in a rural community of Zimbabwe: does age matter? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 433–438.
-
9.
Kjetland EF, Mduluza T, Ndhlovu PD, Gomo E, Gwanzura L, Midzi N, Mason PR, Friis H, Gundersen SG, 2006. Genital schistosomiasis in women: a clinical 12-month in vivo study following treatment with praziquantel. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 740–752.
-
10.
Mbabazi PS, Andan O, Fitzgerald DW, Chitsulo L, Engels D, Downs JA, 2011. Examining the relationship between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection. PLos Neg Tropl Dis 5: e1396.
-
11.
World Health Organization, 2010. Statement – WHO Working Group on Urogenital Schistosomiasis and HIV Transmission, October 12, 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
12.
Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L, 2006. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 368: 1106–1118.
-
13.
Hegertun IEA, Gundersen KMS, Kleppa E, Zulu SG, Gundersen SG, Taylor M, Kvalsvig JD, Kjetland EF, 2013. S. haematobium as a common cause of genital morbidity in girls: a cross-sectional study of children in South Africa. PLos Neg Tropl Dis 7: e2401.
-
14.
Van Lieshout L, Yazdanbakhsh M, 2013. Landscape of neglected tropical diseases: getting it right. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 469–470.
-
15.
Cavalcanti MG, Silva LF, Peralta RH, Barreto MG, Peralta JM, 2013. Schistosomiasis in areas of low endemicity: a new era in diagnosis. Trends Parasitol 29: 75–82.
-
16.
Obeng BB, Aryeetey YA, de Dood CJ, Amoah AS, Larbi IA, Deelder AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hartgers FC, Boakye DA, Verweij JJ, Van Dam G, Van Lieshout L, 2008. Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 625–633.
-
17.
Aryeetey YA, Essien-Baidoo S, Larbi IA, Ahmed K, Amoah AS, Obeng BB, Van Lieshout L, Yazdanbakhsh M, Boakye DA, Verweij JJ, 2013. Molecular diagnosis of Schistosoma infections in urine samples of school children in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 1028–1031.
-
18.
Appleton CC, Kvalsvig JD, 2006. A school-based helminth control programme successfully implemented in KwaZulu-Natal. South Afr J Epidemiol Infect 21: 55–67.
-
19.
Department of Health South Africa, 2011. The 2011 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey in South Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: Department of Health South Africa.
-
20.
Jinabhai CC, Taylor M, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM, Tomkins AM, Sullivan KR, 2001. A health and nutritional profile of rural school children in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 21: 50–58.
-
21.
Thomassen Morgas DE, Kvalsvig JD, Gundersen SG, Taylor M, Kjetland EF, 2010. Schistosomiasis and water-related practices in school girls in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South Afr J Epidemiol Infect 25: 30–33.
-
22.
Niesters HG, 2002. Clinical virology in real time. J Clin Virol 25: S3–S12.
-
23.
Montresor A, Crompton D, Hall A, Bundy D, Savioli L, 1998. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at Community Level. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
24.
Doehring E, Reider F, Schmidt-Ehry G, Ehrich JH, 1985. Reduction of pathological findings in urine and bladder lesions in infection with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel. J Infect Dis 152: 807–810.
-
25.
Van Lieshout L, Verweij JJ, 2010. Newer diagnostic approaches to intestinal protozoa. Curr Opin Infect Dis 23: 488–493.
-
26.
Cnops L, Tannich E, Polman K, Clerinx J, Van Esbroeck M, 2012. Schistosoma real-time PCR as diagnostic tool for international travellers and migrants. Trop Med Int Health 17: 1208–1216.
-
27.
Ibironke OA, Phillips AE, Garba A, Lamine SM, Shiff C, 2011. Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium by detection of specific DNA fragments from filtered urine samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 998–1001.
-
28.
Wichmann D, Poppert S, Von Thien H, Clerinx J, Dieckmann S, Jensenius M, Parola P, Richter J, Schunk M, Stich A, 2013. Prospective European-wide multicentre study on a blood based real-time PCR for the diagnosis of acute schistosomiasis. BMC Infect Dis 13: 55.
-
29.
Becker SL, Vogt J, Knopp S, Panning M, Warhurst DC, Polman K, Marti H, von Müller L, Yansouni CP, Jacobs J, 2013. Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics: causative infectious pathogens and reference diagnostic tests. BMC Infect Dis 13: 37.
-
30.
Jex AR, Stanley KK, Lo W, Littman R, Verweij JJ, Campbell BE, Nolan MJ, Pangasa A, Stevens MA, Haydon S, 2012. Detection of diarrhoeal pathogens in human faeces using an automated, robotic platform. Mol Cell Probes 26: 11–15.
-
31.
Kjetland EF, Ten Hove RJ, Gomo E, Midzi N, Gwanzura L, Mason P, Friis H, Verweij JJ, Gundersen SG, Ndhlovu PD, 2009. Schistosomiasis PCR in vaginal lavage as an indicator of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 1050–1055.
-
32.
Standley CJ, Vounatsou P, Gosoniu L, Mckeon C, Adriko M, Kabatereine NB, Stothard JR, 2012. Micro-scale investigation of intestinal schistosomiasis transmission on Ngamba and Kimi islands, Lake Victoria, Uganda. Acta Trop 128: 353–364.
-
33.
Colley DG, Binder S, Campbell C, King CH, Tchuenté L-AT, N'Goran EK, Erko B, Karanja DM, Kabatereine NB, Van Lieshout L, 2013. A five-country evaluation of a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen urine assay for the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 426–432.
-
34.
Van Dam GJ, de Dood CJ, Lewis M, Deelder AM, Van Lieshout L, Tanke HJ, Van Rooyen LH, Corstjens PL, 2013. A robust dry reagent lateral flow assay for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis by detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen. Exp Parasitol 135: 274–282.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2067 | 1858 | 29 |
| Full Text Views | 665 | 14 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 232 | 18 | 0 |