- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Characteristics of the study population.
- Vibrio cholerae culture results.
- Detection of causes of acute diarrhea by the xTAG GPP PCR.
- Pathogens detected by the xTAG GPP PCR in children less than five years of age.
- HIV status and pathogens detected by the xTAG GPP PCR.
- Co-infection with more than one pathogen.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: cholera outbreak—Haiti, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 1473–1479.
-
2.
Ivers LC, Walton DA, 2012. The “first” case of cholera in Haiti: lessons for global health. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 36–38.
-
3.
Pape JW, Mondestin B, Jasmin L, Kean BH, Rohde JE, Johnson WD Jr, 1983. Management of Diarrhea in Haiti: Mortality Reduction in 8,443 Hospitalized Children. Available at http://www.popline.org/node/405807. Accessed September 1, 2013.
-
4.
Piarroux R, Barrais R, Faucher B, Haus R, Piarroux M, Gaudart J, Magloire R, Raoult D, 2011. Understanding the cholera epidemic, Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1161–1168.
-
5.
Barzilay EJ, Schaad N, Magloire R, Mung KS, Boncy J, Dahourou GA, Mintz ED, Steenland MW, Vertefeuille JF, Tappero JW, 2013. Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic–the first 2 years. N Engl J Med 368: 599–609.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 1991. Cholera Cases Reported to WHO, by Country, (Annual). Available at: apps.who.int/globalatlas/DataQuery/default.asp. Accessed September 1, 2013.
-
7.
Rapport Journalier MSPP du 27 Août, 2013. Available at: http://mspp.gouv.ht/site/downloads/RapportWeb27.08_Avec_Courbes_Departementales.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2013.
-
8.
Talkington D, Bopp C, Tarr C, Parsons MB, Dahourou G, Freeman M, Joyce K, Turnsek M, Garrett N, Humphrys M, Gomez G, Stroika S, Boncy J, Ochieng B, Oundo J, Klena J, Smith A, Keddy K, Gerner-Smidt P, 2011. Characterization of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae from Haiti, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2122–2129.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. Notes from the field: Identification of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, serotype Inaba, biotype El Tor strain—Haiti. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61: 309.
-
10.
Chin C-S, Sorenson J, Harris JB, Robins WP, Charles RC, Jean-Charles RR, Bullard J, Webster DR, Kasarskis A, Peluso P, Paxinos EE, Yamaichi Y, Calderwood SB, Mekalanos JJ, Schadt EE, Waldor MK, 2011. The origin of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain. N Engl J Med 364: 33–42.
-
11.
Dunkle SE, Mba-Jonas A, Loharikar A, Fouché B, Peck M, Ayers T, Archer WR, De Rochars VMB, Bender T, Moffett DB, Tappero JW, Dahourou G, Roels T, Quick R, 2011. Epidemic cholera in a crowded urban environment, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2143–2146.
-
12.
Gaudart J, Rebaudet S, Barrais R, Boncy J, Faucher B, Piarroux M, Magloire R, Thimothe G, Piarroux R, 2013. Spatio-temporal dynamics of cholera during the first year of the epidemic in Haiti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2145.
-
13.
Knox R, 2012. Vaccination against Cholera Finally Begins in Haiti. Available at: http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/04/12/150493770/vaccination-against-cholera-finally-begins-in-haiti. Accessed September 1, 2013.
-
14.
Date KA, Vicari A, Hyde TB, Mintz E, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Henry A, Tappero JW, Roels TH, Abrams J, Burkholder BT, Ruiz-Matus C, Andrus J, Dietz V, 2011. Considerations for oral cholera vaccine use during outbreak after earthquake in Haiti, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2105–2112.
-
15.
Rouzier V, Severe K, Juste MA, Peck M, Perodin C, Severe P, Deschamps MM, Verdier RI, Prince S, Francois J, Cadet JR, Guillaume FD, Wright PF, Pape JW, 2013. Cholera vaccination in urban haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 671–681.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 1993. Guidelines for Cholera Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
17.
Pape JW, Levine E, Beaulieu ME, Marshall F, Verdier R, Johnson JWD, 1987. Cryptosporidiosis in Haitian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 333–337.
-
18.
Kirkpatrick BD, Daniels MM, Jean SS, Pape JW, Karp C, Littenberg B, Fitzgerald DW, Lederman HM, Nataro JP, Sears CL, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis stimulates an inflammatory intestinal response in malnourished Haitian children. J Infect Dis 186: 94–101.
-
19.
Brasseur P, Agnamey P, Emmanuel E, Pape JW, Vaillant M, Raccurt CP, 2011. Cryptosporidium contamination of surface and water supplies in Haiti. Arch Environ Occup Health 66: 12–17.
-
20.
Atherly DE, Lewis KD, Tate J, Parashar UD, Rheingans RD, 2012. Projected health and economic impact of rotavirus vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries: 2011–2030. Vaccine 30 (Suppl 1): A7–A14.
-
21.
GAVI Support for Haiti. Available at: http://www.gavialliance.org/country/haiti/. Accessed November 1, 2013.
-
22.
Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acacio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM, 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
23.
Deen JL, von Seidlein L, Sur D, Agtini M, Lucas MES, Lopez AL, Kim DR, Ali M, Clemens JD, 2008. The high burden of cholera in children: comparison of incidence from endemic areas in Asia and Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e173.
-
24.
Agtini MD, Soeharno R, Lesmana M, Punjabi NH, Simanjuntak C, Wangsasaputra F, Nurdin D, Pulungsih SP, Rofiq A, Santoso H, Pujarwoto H, Sjahrurachman A, Sudarmono P, von Seidlein L, Deen JL, Ali M, Lee H, Kim DR, Han O, Park JK, Suwandono A, Ingerani, Oyofo BA, Campbell JR, Beecham HJ, Corwin AL, Clemens JD, 2005. The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance. BMC Infect Dis 5: 89.
-
25.
Glass RI, Becker S, Huq MI, Stoll BJ, Khan MU, Merson MH, Lee JV, Black RE, 1982. Endemic cholera in rural Bangladesh, 1966–1980. Am J Epidemiol 116: 959–970.
-
26.
Colombara DV, Cowgill KD, Faruque ASG, 2013. Risk factors for severe cholera among children under five in rural and urban Bangladesh, 2000–2008: a hospital-based surveillance study. PLoS ONE 8: e54395.
-
27.
Glass RI, Svennerholm AM, Stoll BJ, Khan MR, Hossain KM, Huq MI, Holmgren J, 1983. Protection against cholera in breast-fed children by antibodies in breast milk. N Engl J Med 308: 1389–1392.
-
28.
Qureshi K, Mølbak K, Sandström A, Kofoed PE, Rodrigues A, Dias F, Aaby P, Svennerholm AM, 2006. Breast milk reduces the risk of illness in children of mothers with cholera: observations from an epidemic of cholera in Guinea-Bissau. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 1163–1166.
-
29.
Dey SK, Chisti MJ, Das SK, Shaha CK, Ferdous F, Farzana FD, Ahmed S, Malek MA, Faruque AS, Ahmed T, Salam MA, 2013. Characteristics of diarrheal illnesses in non-breast fed infants attending a large urban diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 8: e58228.
-
30.
Valcin C-L, Severe K, Riche CT, Anglade BS, Moise G-M, Woodworth M, Charles M, Li Z, Joseph P, Pape JW, Wright PF, 2013. Predictors of disease severity in patients admitted to a cholera treatment center in urban Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 625–632.
-
31.
Sanchez TH, Brooks JT, Sullivan PS, Juhasz M, Mintz E, Dworkin MS, Jones JL, 2005. Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of H. I. V. Disease Study Group. Bacterial diarrhea in persons with HIV infection, United States, 1992–2002. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1621–1627.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 856 | 644 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 609 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 148 | 18 | 0 |
Importance of Cholera and Other Etiologies of Acute Diarrhea in Post-Earthquake Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Macarthur Charles
Macarthur Charles
Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Glavdia G. Delva
Glavdia G. Delva
Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Jethro Boutin
Jethro Boutin
Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Karine Severe
Karine Severe
Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Mireille Peck
Mireille Peck
Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Marie Marcelle Mabou
Marie Marcelle Mabou
Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Peter F. Wright
Peter F. Wright
Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Jean W. Pape
Jean W. Pape
Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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We estimated the proportion of diarrhea attributable to cholera and other pathogens during the rainy and dry seasons in patients seen in two urban health settings: a cholera treatment center (CTC) and oral rehydration points (ORPs). During April 1, 2011–November 30, 2012, stool samples were collected from 1,206 of 10,845 patients who came to the GHESKIO CTC or to the community ORPs with acute diarrhea, cultured for Vibrio cholerae, and tested by multiplex polymerase reaction. Vibrio cholerae was isolated from 409 (41.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.7–44.9%) of the 979 specimens from the CTC and in 45 (19.8%, 95% CI = 14.8–25.6%) of the 227 specimens from the ORPs. Frequencies varied from 21.4% (95% CI = 16.6–26.7%) during the dry season to 46.8% (95% CI = 42.9–50.7%) in the rainy season. Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium were frequent causes of diarrhea in children less than five years of age.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the United Nations Children's Fund cholera grant “Renforcement et Maintien des Activités dans le Cadre de la Réponse pour le Cholera,” the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5U2GGH000545-02), and an International Clinical, Operational and Health Services Research Training Award.
Authors' addresses: Macarthur Charles, Glavdia G. Delva, Jethro Boutin, Karine Severe, Mireille Peck, and Marie Marcelle Mabou, Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, E-mails: mcharles@gheskio.org, delvagreatdia@gmail.com, jetbou@gmail.com, karinesevere@gheskio.org, mireillespeck@yahoo.com, and mmabou@gheskio.org. Peter F. Wright, Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, E-mail: peter.f.wright@dartmouth.edu. Jean W. Pape, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, E-mail: jwpape@gheskio.org.
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Characteristics of the study population.
- Vibrio cholerae culture results.
- Detection of causes of acute diarrhea by the xTAG GPP PCR.
- Pathogens detected by the xTAG GPP PCR in children less than five years of age.
- HIV status and pathogens detected by the xTAG GPP PCR.
- Co-infection with more than one pathogen.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: cholera outbreak—Haiti, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 1473–1479.
-
2.
Ivers LC, Walton DA, 2012. The “first” case of cholera in Haiti: lessons for global health. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 36–38.
-
3.
Pape JW, Mondestin B, Jasmin L, Kean BH, Rohde JE, Johnson WD Jr, 1983. Management of Diarrhea in Haiti: Mortality Reduction in 8,443 Hospitalized Children. Available at http://www.popline.org/node/405807. Accessed September 1, 2013.
-
4.
Piarroux R, Barrais R, Faucher B, Haus R, Piarroux M, Gaudart J, Magloire R, Raoult D, 2011. Understanding the cholera epidemic, Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1161–1168.
-
5.
Barzilay EJ, Schaad N, Magloire R, Mung KS, Boncy J, Dahourou GA, Mintz ED, Steenland MW, Vertefeuille JF, Tappero JW, 2013. Cholera surveillance during the Haiti epidemic–the first 2 years. N Engl J Med 368: 599–609.
-
6.
World Health Organization, 1991. Cholera Cases Reported to WHO, by Country, (Annual). Available at: apps.who.int/globalatlas/DataQuery/default.asp. Accessed September 1, 2013.
-
7.
Rapport Journalier MSPP du 27 Août, 2013. Available at: http://mspp.gouv.ht/site/downloads/RapportWeb27.08_Avec_Courbes_Departementales.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2013.
-
8.
Talkington D, Bopp C, Tarr C, Parsons MB, Dahourou G, Freeman M, Joyce K, Turnsek M, Garrett N, Humphrys M, Gomez G, Stroika S, Boncy J, Ochieng B, Oundo J, Klena J, Smith A, Keddy K, Gerner-Smidt P, 2011. Characterization of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae from Haiti, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2122–2129.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. Notes from the field: Identification of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, serotype Inaba, biotype El Tor strain—Haiti. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61: 309.
-
10.
Chin C-S, Sorenson J, Harris JB, Robins WP, Charles RC, Jean-Charles RR, Bullard J, Webster DR, Kasarskis A, Peluso P, Paxinos EE, Yamaichi Y, Calderwood SB, Mekalanos JJ, Schadt EE, Waldor MK, 2011. The origin of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain. N Engl J Med 364: 33–42.
-
11.
Dunkle SE, Mba-Jonas A, Loharikar A, Fouché B, Peck M, Ayers T, Archer WR, De Rochars VMB, Bender T, Moffett DB, Tappero JW, Dahourou G, Roels T, Quick R, 2011. Epidemic cholera in a crowded urban environment, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2143–2146.
-
12.
Gaudart J, Rebaudet S, Barrais R, Boncy J, Faucher B, Piarroux M, Magloire R, Thimothe G, Piarroux R, 2013. Spatio-temporal dynamics of cholera during the first year of the epidemic in Haiti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2145.
-
13.
Knox R, 2012. Vaccination against Cholera Finally Begins in Haiti. Available at: http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/04/12/150493770/vaccination-against-cholera-finally-begins-in-haiti. Accessed September 1, 2013.
-
14.
Date KA, Vicari A, Hyde TB, Mintz E, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Henry A, Tappero JW, Roels TH, Abrams J, Burkholder BT, Ruiz-Matus C, Andrus J, Dietz V, 2011. Considerations for oral cholera vaccine use during outbreak after earthquake in Haiti, 2010–2011. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2105–2112.
-
15.
Rouzier V, Severe K, Juste MA, Peck M, Perodin C, Severe P, Deschamps MM, Verdier RI, Prince S, Francois J, Cadet JR, Guillaume FD, Wright PF, Pape JW, 2013. Cholera vaccination in urban haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 671–681.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 1993. Guidelines for Cholera Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
17.
Pape JW, Levine E, Beaulieu ME, Marshall F, Verdier R, Johnson JWD, 1987. Cryptosporidiosis in Haitian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 333–337.
-
18.
Kirkpatrick BD, Daniels MM, Jean SS, Pape JW, Karp C, Littenberg B, Fitzgerald DW, Lederman HM, Nataro JP, Sears CL, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis stimulates an inflammatory intestinal response in malnourished Haitian children. J Infect Dis 186: 94–101.
-
19.
Brasseur P, Agnamey P, Emmanuel E, Pape JW, Vaillant M, Raccurt CP, 2011. Cryptosporidium contamination of surface and water supplies in Haiti. Arch Environ Occup Health 66: 12–17.
-
20.
Atherly DE, Lewis KD, Tate J, Parashar UD, Rheingans RD, 2012. Projected health and economic impact of rotavirus vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries: 2011–2030. Vaccine 30 (Suppl 1): A7–A14.
-
21.
GAVI Support for Haiti. Available at: http://www.gavialliance.org/country/haiti/. Accessed November 1, 2013.
-
22.
Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS, Zaidi AK, Saha D, Alonso PL, Tamboura B, Sanogo D, Onwuchekwa U, Manna B, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Oundo JO, Hossain A, Das SK, Ahmed S, Qureshi S, Quadri F, Adegbola RA, Antonio M, Hossain MJ, Akinsola A, Mandomando I, Nhampossa T, Acacio S, Biswas K, O'Reilly CE, Mintz ED, Berkeley LY, Muhsen K, Sommerfelt H, Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM, 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
23.
Deen JL, von Seidlein L, Sur D, Agtini M, Lucas MES, Lopez AL, Kim DR, Ali M, Clemens JD, 2008. The high burden of cholera in children: comparison of incidence from endemic areas in Asia and Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e173.
-
24.
Agtini MD, Soeharno R, Lesmana M, Punjabi NH, Simanjuntak C, Wangsasaputra F, Nurdin D, Pulungsih SP, Rofiq A, Santoso H, Pujarwoto H, Sjahrurachman A, Sudarmono P, von Seidlein L, Deen JL, Ali M, Lee H, Kim DR, Han O, Park JK, Suwandono A, Ingerani, Oyofo BA, Campbell JR, Beecham HJ, Corwin AL, Clemens JD, 2005. The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance. BMC Infect Dis 5: 89.
-
25.
Glass RI, Becker S, Huq MI, Stoll BJ, Khan MU, Merson MH, Lee JV, Black RE, 1982. Endemic cholera in rural Bangladesh, 1966–1980. Am J Epidemiol 116: 959–970.
-
26.
Colombara DV, Cowgill KD, Faruque ASG, 2013. Risk factors for severe cholera among children under five in rural and urban Bangladesh, 2000–2008: a hospital-based surveillance study. PLoS ONE 8: e54395.
-
27.
Glass RI, Svennerholm AM, Stoll BJ, Khan MR, Hossain KM, Huq MI, Holmgren J, 1983. Protection against cholera in breast-fed children by antibodies in breast milk. N Engl J Med 308: 1389–1392.
-
28.
Qureshi K, Mølbak K, Sandström A, Kofoed PE, Rodrigues A, Dias F, Aaby P, Svennerholm AM, 2006. Breast milk reduces the risk of illness in children of mothers with cholera: observations from an epidemic of cholera in Guinea-Bissau. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 1163–1166.
-
29.
Dey SK, Chisti MJ, Das SK, Shaha CK, Ferdous F, Farzana FD, Ahmed S, Malek MA, Faruque AS, Ahmed T, Salam MA, 2013. Characteristics of diarrheal illnesses in non-breast fed infants attending a large urban diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 8: e58228.
-
30.
Valcin C-L, Severe K, Riche CT, Anglade BS, Moise G-M, Woodworth M, Charles M, Li Z, Joseph P, Pape JW, Wright PF, 2013. Predictors of disease severity in patients admitted to a cholera treatment center in urban Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 625–632.
-
31.
Sanchez TH, Brooks JT, Sullivan PS, Juhasz M, Mintz E, Dworkin MS, Jones JL, 2005. Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of H. I. V. Disease Study Group. Bacterial diarrhea in persons with HIV infection, United States, 1992–2002. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1621–1627.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 856 | 644 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 609 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 148 | 18 | 0 |