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Zotero
EndNote
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High Prevalence of Rickettsia typhi and Bartonella Species in Rats and Fleas, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Anne Laudisoit
Anne Laudisoit
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Dadi Falay
Dadi Falay
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Nicaise Amundala
Nicaise Amundala
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Dudu Akaibe
Dudu Akaibe
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Natalie Van Houtte
Natalie Van Houtte
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Matteo Breno
Matteo Breno
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Erik Verheyen
Erik Verheyen
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Liesbeth Wilschut
Liesbeth Wilschut
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Philippe Parola
Philippe Parola
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Didier Raoult
Didier Raoult
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Cristina Socolovschi
Cristina Socolovschi
EEID, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium; University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Science Faculty, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC; Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Kisangani, DRC; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Geosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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The prevalence and identity of Rickettsia and Bartonella in urban rat and flea populations were evaluated in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) by molecular tools. An overall prevalence of 17% Bartonella species and 13% Rickettsia typhi, the agent of murine typhus, was found in the cosmopolitan rat species, Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus that were infested by a majority of Xenopsylla cheopis fleas. Bartonella queenslandensis, Bartonella elizabethae, and three Bartonella genotypes were identified by sequencing in rat specimens, mostly in R. rattus. Rickettsia typhi was detected in 72% of X. cheopis pools, the main vector and reservoir of this zoonotic pathogen. Co-infections were observed in rodents, suggesting a common mammalian host shared by R. typhi and Bartonella spp. Thus, both infections are endemic in DRC and the medical staffs need to be aware knowing the high prevalence of impoverished populations or immunocompromised inhabitants in this area.
Author Notes
Financial support: The travel grant of DF was funded by Belgian Development Aid project T2–IMAB–01: “Cooperation with the University of Kisangani for the taxonomic study and the monitoring of lowland forests.” Promotor EV (RBINS/UAntwerpen). The fieldwork was supported by VLIR–UOS: Projects DRC 2009–Special call: “Soutien académique pour le développement de la recherche appliquée sur les petits mammifères nuisibles en DRC.” Promotor: Herwig LEIRS (UAntwerpen) & DUDU Akaibe (UNIKIS), co–promotor EV (RBINS/UAntwerpen) and VLIR PP CUI, phase I, projet 2: Apport de la biodiversité à la formation et la sécurité alimentaire dans le Bassin Nord-est du Congo (Kisangani, R.D. Congo). Coordinator biodiversity project: Hippolyte NSIMBA Seya wa Malale (UNIKIS) and EV (RBINS/UAntwerpen).
Authors' addresses: Anne Laudisoit, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool - EEID, Liverpool, UK, E-mail: Anne.Laudisoit@liverpool.ac.uk. Dadi Falay, University Clinic of Kisangani - University Clinic of Kisangani, Kisangani, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mail: dadfal@yahoo.fr. Nicaise Amundala and Dudu Akaibe, University of Kisangani - Science Faculty, Kisangani, The Demoncratic Republic of the Congo, E-mails: nicaisedrazo@yahoo.fr and duduakaibe@yahoo.fr. Joelle Goüy de Bellocq, Natalie Van Houtte, Matteo Breno, and Erik Verheyen, University of Antwerp - Evolutionary Ecology, Antwerpen, Belgium, E-mails: joellegouy@gmail.com, natalie.vanhoutte@ua.ac.be, Matteo.Breno@ua.ac.be, and erik.verheyen@ua.ac.be. Liesbeth Wilschut, University of Utrecht - Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht, Netherlands, E-mail: everheyen@naturalsciences.be. Philippe Parola, Hôpital Nord - Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Marseille, France, E-mail: philippe.parola@gmail.com. Didier Raoult and Cristina Socolovschi, Faculté de Médecine - Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France, E-mails: didier.raoult@gmail.com and cristina.socolovschi@univ-amu.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Harrus S, Baneth G, 2005. Drivers for the emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne protozoal and bacterial diseases. Int J Parasitol 35: 1309–1318.
-
2.
Hamel D, Silaghi C, Lescai D, Pfister K, 2012. Epidemiological aspects on vector-borne infections in stray and pet dogs from Romania and Hungary with focus on Babesia spp. Parasitol Res 110: 1537–1545.
-
3.
Salgo MP, Telzak EE, Currie B, Perlman DC, Litman N, Levi M, Nathenson G, Benach JL, Al-Hafidh R, Casey J, 1988. A focus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever within New York City. N Engl J Med 318: 1345–1348.
-
4.
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-
5.
Comer JA, Diaz T, Vlahov D, Monterroso E, Childs JE, 2001. Evidence of rodent-associated Bartonella and Rickettsia infections among intravenous drug users from Central and East Harlem, New York city. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 855–860.
-
6.
Comer JA, Paddock CD, Childs JE, 2001. Urban zoonoses caused by Bartonella, Coxiella, Ehrlichia species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 1: 91–118.
-
7.
Lambin EF, Tran A, Vanwambeke SO, Linard C, Soti V, 2010. Pathogenic landscapes: interactions between land, people, disease vectors, and their animal hosts. Int J Health Geogr 9: 54.
-
8.
O'Dempsey TJ, Munslow B, 2006. Globalization, complex humanitarian emergencies and health. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100: 501–515.
-
9.
Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D, 2005. Tick borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 719–756.
-
10.
Bitam I, Baziz B, Kernif T, Harrat Z, Parola P, Raoult D, 2009. Molecular detection of Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis in fleas from Algeria. Clin Microbiol Infect 15 (Suppl 2): 255–256.
-
11.
Parola P, Davoust B, Raoult D, 2005. Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses. Vet Res 36: 469–492.
-
12.
Merhej V, Raoult D, 2011. Rickettsial evolution in the light of comparative genomics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 86: 379–405.
-
13.
Greub G, Raoult D, 2002. Bartonella: new explanations for old diseases. J Med Microbiol 51: 915–923.
-
14.
Houpikian P, Raoult D, 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Bartonella: what is the current knowledge? FEMS Microbiol Lett 200: 1–7.
-
15.
Jadin J, 1951. The Rickettsial Diseases of the Belgian Congo and Rwanda-Burundi. Neuwelaerts Editions ed. 2, 107.
-
16.
Eyckmans L, Triest A, 1960. Rickettsiosis and atypical pneumonia in lower Congo. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 40: 105–114.
-
17.
Laudisoit A, Iverson J, Neerinckx S, Shako JC, Nsabimana JM, Kersh G, Kosoy M, Zeidner N, 2011. Human seroreactivity against Bartonella species in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Asian Pac J Trop Med 4: 320–322.
-
18.
Singleton J, Cheng L, Nicholson W, Laudisoit A, Zeidner N, 2009. Use of fried blood spots for serological detection of Rickettsia felis and Rickettsia typhi in Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania. Poster presentation. The 23rd Meeting of the American Society for Rickettsiology, Hilton Head, SC.
-
19.
Sackal C, Laudisoit A, Kosoy M, Massung R, Eremeeva ME, Karpathy SE, Van Wyk K, Gabitzsch E, Zeidner NS, 2008. Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia felis in fleas, Democratic Republic of Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1972–1974.
-
20.
Gundi VA, Kosoy MY, Makundi RH, Laudisoit A, 2012. Identification of diverse Bartonella genotypes among small mammals from Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 319–326.
-
21.
Mediannikov O, Davoust B, Socolovschi C, Tshilolo L, Raoult D, Parola P, 2012. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks and fleas from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 3: 371–373.
-
22.
Kakura B, Bomboko F, Bisu Lemba P, 2005. Monogrpahie de la province orientale, République Démocratique du Congo Ministère du Plan Unité de Pilotage du Processus DSRP, Kinshasa, 134.
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