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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Pew Research Center, Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 2011. The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010–2030. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center; The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life.
-
2.
Iraki L, Bogdan A, Hakkou F, Amrani N, Abkari A, Touitou Y, 1997. Ramadan diet restrictions modify the circadian time structure in humans. A study on plasma gastrin, insulin, glucose, and calcium and on gastric pH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 1261–1273.
-
3.
Norouzy A, Salehi M, Philippou E, Arabi H, Shiva F, Mehrnoosh S, Mohajeri SM, Mohajeri SA, Motaghedi Larijani A, Nematy M, 2013. Effect of fasting in Ramadan on body composition and nutritional intake: a prospective study. J Hum Nutr Diet 26 (Suppl 1): 97–104.
-
4.
Leiper JB, Molla AM, Molla AM, 2003. Effects on health of fluid restriction during fasting in Ramadan. Eur J Clin Nutr 57 (Suppl 2): S30–S38.
-
5.
Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Trepanowski JF, Stannard SR, Ghlissi Z, Ghozzi H, Masmoudi L, Jammoussi K, Hakim A, 2011. Effects of ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian J Sports Med 2: 134–144.
-
6.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA III, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA, 2012. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380: 2095–2128.
-
7.
Stoll BJ, Glass RI, Huq MI, Khan MU, Holt JE, Banu H, 1982. Surveillance of patients attending a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285: 1185–1188.
-
8.
Albert MJ, Faruque AS, Faruque SM, Sack RB, Mahalanabis D, 1999. Case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 37: 3458–3464.
-
9.
Qadri F, Das SK, Faruque AS, Fuchs GJ, Albert MJ, Sack RB, Svennerholm AM, 2000. Prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated during a 2-year period from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 38: 27–31.
-
10.
Unicomb LE, Bingnan F, Rahim Z, Banu NN, Gomes JG, Podder G, Munshi MH, Tzipori SR, 1993. A one-year survey of rotavirus strains from three locations in Bangladesh. Arch Virol 132: 201–208.
-
11.
DuPont HL, Levine MM, Hornick RB, Formal SB, 1989. Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. J Infect Dis 159: 1126–1128.
-
12.
Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, 2012. Cholera. Lancet 379: 2466–2476.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1240 | 1168 | 358 |
| Full Text Views | 281 | 19 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 91 | 16 | 2 |
Impact of Ramadan on Clinical and Microbiologic Parameters of Patients Seen at a Diarrheal Hospital in Urban Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1996–2012
Daniel T. Leung
Daniel T. Leung
Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Sumon K. Das
Sumon K. Das
Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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M. A. Malek
M. A. Malek
Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Firdausi Qadri
Firdausi Qadri
Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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A. S. G. Faruque
A. S. G. Faruque
Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Edward T. Ryan
Edward T. Ryan
Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ramadan is a month in the Islamic calendar when Muslims fast during daylight hours. We used data from the surveillance system of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a predominantly Muslim country, to compare the etiology and clinical presentation of patients who presented with diarrhea during Ramadan to that of control periods, defined as the 30 days immediately before Ramadan. The proportion of infecting pathogens was largely the same, although Shigella spp. were less likely to be identified during Ramadan. Clinical presentations during Ramadan among adult Muslim diarrheal patients were also comparable to those admitted during control periods. A subgroup of cholera patients who presented after sunset during Ramadan had a shorter duration of diarrhea and higher prevalence of severe thirst, drowsiness, and severe dehydration. Our findings suggest that Ramadan has few effects on the profile of enteric pathogens and clinical features of adults seeking medical care for diarrhea.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research and its donors, which provide unrestricted support for its operations and research. Current donors providing unrestricted support include the Australian Agency for International Development, the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, the Canadian International Development Agency, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, and the Department for International Development, United Kingdom. This study was also supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, including National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grants AI100023, AI106878, AI077883, AI058935 (Edward T. Ryan), AI100923 (Daniel T. Leung), a Thrasher Research Fund Early Career Award (Daniel T. Leung), and a Postdoctoral Fellowship in Tropical Infectious Diseases from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene/Burroughs Wellcome Fund (to Daniel T. Leung).
Authors' addresses: Daniel T. Leung and Firdausi Qadri, Centre for Vaccine Sciences, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: dleung@icddrb.org and fqadri@icddrb.org. Sumon K. Das, M. A. Malek, and A. S. G. Faraque, Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh, E-mails: sumon@icddrb.org, mamalek@icddrb.org, and gfaruque@icddrb.org. Edward T. Ryan, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, E-mail: etryan@mgh.harvard.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1.
Pew Research Center, Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 2011. The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010–2030. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center; The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life.
-
2.
Iraki L, Bogdan A, Hakkou F, Amrani N, Abkari A, Touitou Y, 1997. Ramadan diet restrictions modify the circadian time structure in humans. A study on plasma gastrin, insulin, glucose, and calcium and on gastric pH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 1261–1273.
-
3.
Norouzy A, Salehi M, Philippou E, Arabi H, Shiva F, Mehrnoosh S, Mohajeri SM, Mohajeri SA, Motaghedi Larijani A, Nematy M, 2013. Effect of fasting in Ramadan on body composition and nutritional intake: a prospective study. J Hum Nutr Diet 26 (Suppl 1): 97–104.
-
4.
Leiper JB, Molla AM, Molla AM, 2003. Effects on health of fluid restriction during fasting in Ramadan. Eur J Clin Nutr 57 (Suppl 2): S30–S38.
-
5.
Trabelsi K, El Abed K, Trepanowski JF, Stannard SR, Ghlissi Z, Ghozzi H, Masmoudi L, Jammoussi K, Hakim A, 2011. Effects of ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian J Sports Med 2: 134–144.
-
6.
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA III, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA, 2012. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380: 2095–2128.
-
7.
Stoll BJ, Glass RI, Huq MI, Khan MU, Holt JE, Banu H, 1982. Surveillance of patients attending a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285: 1185–1188.
-
8.
Albert MJ, Faruque AS, Faruque SM, Sack RB, Mahalanabis D, 1999. Case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 37: 3458–3464.
-
9.
Qadri F, Das SK, Faruque AS, Fuchs GJ, Albert MJ, Sack RB, Svennerholm AM, 2000. Prevalence of toxin types and colonization factors in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated during a 2-year period from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol 38: 27–31.
-
10.
Unicomb LE, Bingnan F, Rahim Z, Banu NN, Gomes JG, Podder G, Munshi MH, Tzipori SR, 1993. A one-year survey of rotavirus strains from three locations in Bangladesh. Arch Virol 132: 201–208.
-
11.
DuPont HL, Levine MM, Hornick RB, Formal SB, 1989. Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. J Infect Dis 159: 1126–1128.
-
12.
Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, 2012. Cholera. Lancet 379: 2466–2476.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1240 | 1168 | 358 |
| Full Text Views | 281 | 19 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 91 | 16 | 2 |