ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Duclos P, Okwo-Bele JM, Gacic-Dobo M, Cherian T, 2009. Global immunization: status, progress, challenges and future. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 9 (Suppl I): S2.
-
2.
Unicef, 2013. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, Progress Report 2013. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/APR_Progress_Report_2013_9_Sept_2013.pdf. Accessed September 29, 2013.
-
3.
National Council for Population and Development (NCPD) and Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc., 1989. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 1989. Columbia, MD: NCPD and Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc.
-
4.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS); ICF Macro, 2010. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008–09. Calverton, MD: KNBS and ICF Macro.
-
5.
Republic of Kenya Ministry of Health, 2012. Division of Vaccines and Immunization (DVI) Multi Year Plan 2006–2010. Available at: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=eb&cd=6&cad=rja&ved=0CFcQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gavialliance.org%2Fcountry%2Fkenya%2Fdocuments%2Fcmyps%2Fcomprehensive-multi-year-plan-for-2011-2015%2F&ei=Q2tIUoGYMofk9gTk5YHgCQ&usg=AFQjCNGAv_6vdqsu8GKdVfM4pUnBiIXopg&sig2=-A3_F1aUtT7AKhsunZ-SQQ&bvm=bv.53217764,d.eWU. Accessed May 25, 2012.
-
6.
Kamau N, Esamai FO, 2001. Determinants of immunisation coverage among children in Mathare Valley, Nairobi. East Afr Med J 78: 590–594.
-
7.
Bjerregaard P, Mutie DM, 1988. Immunization coverage in Kenya 1987. East Afr Med J 65: 811–819.
-
8.
Maina LC, Karanja S, Kombich J, 2013. Immunization coverage and its determinants among children aged 12–23 months in a peri-urban area of Kenya. Pan Afr Med J 14: 3.
-
9.
Owino LO, Irimu G, Olenja J, Meme JS, 2009. Factors influencing immunisation coverage in Mathare Valley, Nairobi. East Afr Med J 86: 323–329.
-
10.
Mutua MK, Kimani-Murage E, Ettarh RR, 2011. Childhood vaccination in informal urban settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: who gets vaccinated? BMC Public Health 11: 6.
-
11.
Moisi JC, Kabuka J, Mitingi D, Levine OS, Scott JAG, 2010. Spatial and socio-demographic predictors of time-to-immunization in a rural area in Kenya: is equit attainable? Vaccine 28: 5725–5730.
-
12.
Ndiritu M, Cowgill KD, Ismail A, Chiphatsi S, Kamau T, Fegan G, Feikin DR, Newton CR, Scott JA, 2006. Immunization coverage and risk factors for failure to immunize within the Expanded Programme on Immunization in Kenya after introduction of new Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis b virus antigens. BMC Public Health 6: 132.
-
13.
Kawakatsu Y, Honda S, 2012. Individual-, family- and community-evel determinants of full vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months in western Kenya. Vaccine 30: 7588–7593.
-
14.
Atkinson WL, Hadler SC, Redd SB, Orenstein WA, 1992. Measles surveillance—United States, 1991. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 41: 1–12.
-
15.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive disease among infants and children—United States, 1998–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51: 234–237.
-
16.
Wakadha H, Chandir S, Were EV, Rubin A, Obor D, Levine OS, Gibson DG, Odhiambo F, Laserson KF, Feikin DR, 2013. The feasibility of using mobile-phone based SMS reminders and conditional cash transfers to improve timely immunization in rural Kenya. Vaccine 31: 987–993.
-
17.
Odhiambo FO, Laserson KF, Sewe M, Hamel MJ, Feikin DR, Adazu K, Ogwang S, Obor D, Amek N, Bayoh N, Ombok M, Lindblade K, Desai M, ter Kuile F, Phillips-Howard P, van Eijk AM, Rosen D, Hightower A, Ofware P, Muttai H, Nahlen B, DeCock K, Slutsker L, Breiman RF, Vulule JM, 2012. Profile: the KEMRI/CDC Health and Demographic Surveillance System–Western Kenya. Int J Epidemiol 41: 977–987.
-
18.
Hamel MJ, Adazu K, Obor D, Sewe M, Vulule J, Williamson JM, Slutsker L, Feikin DR, Laserson KF, 2011. A reversal in reductions of child mortality in western Kenya, 2003–2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 597–605.
-
19.
Amornkul PN, Vandenhoudt H, Nasokho P, Odhiambo F, Mwaengo D, Hightower A, Buve A, Misore A, Vulule J, Vitek C, Glynn J, Greenberg A, Slutsker L, DeCock KM, 2009. HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among individuals aged 13–34 years in rural western Kenya. PLoS One 4: e6470.
-
20.
Lindblade KA, Mwololo K, van Eijk AM, Peterson E, Odhiambo F, Williamson J, Slutsker L, 2006. Evaluation of the WHO Haemoglobin Colour Scale for diagnosis of anaemia in children and pregnant women as used by primary health care nurses and community health workers in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1679–1687.
-
21.
Central Bureau of Statistics; MoHMK; ORC Macro, 2004. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Calverton, MD: CBS, ORH, and ORC Macro.
-
22.
Albrecht P, Ennis FA, Saltzman EJ, Krugman S, 1977. Persistence of maternal antibody in infants beyond 12 months: mechanism of measles vaccine failure. J Pediatr 91: 715–718.
-
23.
Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE, 2000. Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. JAMA 284: 3145–3150.
-
24.
Laubereau B, Hermann M, Schmitt H, Weil J, von Kries R, 2002. Detection of delayed vaccinations: a new approach to visualize vaccine uptake. Epidemiol Infect 128: 185–192.
-
25.
Luman ET, Barker L, Shaw K, McCauley M, Buehler J, Pickering L, 2005. Timeliness of childhood vaccinations in the United States. JAMA 293: 1204–1211.
-
26.
Clark A, Sanderson C, 2009. Timing of children's vaccinations in 45 low-income and middle-income countries: an analysis of survey data. Lancet 373: 1543–1549.
-
27.
Lagarde M, Haines A, Palmer N, 2007. Conditional cash transfers for improving uptake of health interventions in low- and middle- income countries. JAMA 298: 1900–1910.
-
28.
Jahn A, Floyd S, Mwinuka V, Mwafilaso J, Mwagomba D, Mkisi RE, Katsulukuta A, Khunga A, Crampin AC, Branson K, McGrath N, Fine PE, 2008. Ascertainment of childhood vaccination histories in northern Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 13: 129–138.
-
29.
Noor AM, Alegana VA, Gething PW, Snow RW, 2009. A spatial national health facility database for public health sector planning in Kenya in 2008. Int J Health Geogr 8: 13.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2096 | 1880 | 602 |
| Full Text Views | 800 | 21 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 280 | 22 | 0 |
Determinants and Coverage of Vaccination in Children in Western Kenya from a 2003 Cross-Sectional Survey
Lisa M. Calhoun
Lisa M. Calhoun
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
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Anna M. van Eijk
Anna M. van Eijk
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
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Kim A. Lindblade
Kim A. Lindblade
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
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Frank O. Odhiambo
Frank O. Odhiambo
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
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Mark L. Wilson
Mark L. Wilson
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
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Elizabeth Winterbauer
Elizabeth Winterbauer
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
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Laurence Slutsker
Laurence Slutsker
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
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Mary J. Hamel
Mary J. Hamel
University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
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This study assesses full and timely vaccination coverage and factors associated with full vaccination in children ages 12–23 months in Gem, Nyanza Province, Kenya in 2003. A simple random sample of 1,769 households was selected, and guardians were invited to bring children under 5 years of age to participate in a survey. Full vaccination coverage was 31.1% among 244 children. Only 2.2% received all vaccinations in the target month for each vaccination. In multivariate logistic regression, children of mothers of higher parity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.13–0.65, P ≤ 0.01), children of mothers with lower maternal education (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.13–0.97, P ≤ 0.05), or children in households with the spouse absent versus present (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.17–0.91, P ≤ 0.05) were less likely to be fully vaccinated. These data serve as a baseline from which changes in vaccination coverage will be measured as interventions to improve vaccination timeliness are introduced.
Author Notes
Financial support: The University of Michigan School of Public Health Global Health Interdepartmental Concentration and University of Michigan Global Health and Training Initiative provided financial support to carry out this work.
Authors' addresses: Lisa M. Calhoun, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mail: lisa.m.calhoun@gmail.com. Anna M. van Eijk, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, E-mail: amvaneijk@yahoo.com. Kim A. Lindblade and Mary J. Hamel, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: kil2@cdc.gov and mlh8@cdc.gov. Frank O. Odhiambo, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research and Public Health Collaboration, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya, E-mail: odhiambo@ke.cdc.govkemricdc.org. Mark L. Wilson, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, E-mail: wilsonml@umich.edu. Elizabeth Winterbauer, Vermont Program for Quality in Health Care, Inc., Montpelier, VT, E-mail: liz.winterbauer@gmail.com. Laurence Slutsker, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: lms5@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Duclos P, Okwo-Bele JM, Gacic-Dobo M, Cherian T, 2009. Global immunization: status, progress, challenges and future. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 9 (Suppl I): S2.
-
2.
Unicef, 2013. Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed, Progress Report 2013. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/APR_Progress_Report_2013_9_Sept_2013.pdf. Accessed September 29, 2013.
-
3.
National Council for Population and Development (NCPD) and Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc., 1989. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 1989. Columbia, MD: NCPD and Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc.
-
4.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS); ICF Macro, 2010. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008–09. Calverton, MD: KNBS and ICF Macro.
-
5.
Republic of Kenya Ministry of Health, 2012. Division of Vaccines and Immunization (DVI) Multi Year Plan 2006–2010. Available at: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=eb&cd=6&cad=rja&ved=0CFcQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gavialliance.org%2Fcountry%2Fkenya%2Fdocuments%2Fcmyps%2Fcomprehensive-multi-year-plan-for-2011-2015%2F&ei=Q2tIUoGYMofk9gTk5YHgCQ&usg=AFQjCNGAv_6vdqsu8GKdVfM4pUnBiIXopg&sig2=-A3_F1aUtT7AKhsunZ-SQQ&bvm=bv.53217764,d.eWU. Accessed May 25, 2012.
-
6.
Kamau N, Esamai FO, 2001. Determinants of immunisation coverage among children in Mathare Valley, Nairobi. East Afr Med J 78: 590–594.
-
7.
Bjerregaard P, Mutie DM, 1988. Immunization coverage in Kenya 1987. East Afr Med J 65: 811–819.
-
8.
Maina LC, Karanja S, Kombich J, 2013. Immunization coverage and its determinants among children aged 12–23 months in a peri-urban area of Kenya. Pan Afr Med J 14: 3.
-
9.
Owino LO, Irimu G, Olenja J, Meme JS, 2009. Factors influencing immunisation coverage in Mathare Valley, Nairobi. East Afr Med J 86: 323–329.
-
10.
Mutua MK, Kimani-Murage E, Ettarh RR, 2011. Childhood vaccination in informal urban settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: who gets vaccinated? BMC Public Health 11: 6.
-
11.
Moisi JC, Kabuka J, Mitingi D, Levine OS, Scott JAG, 2010. Spatial and socio-demographic predictors of time-to-immunization in a rural area in Kenya: is equit attainable? Vaccine 28: 5725–5730.
-
12.
Ndiritu M, Cowgill KD, Ismail A, Chiphatsi S, Kamau T, Fegan G, Feikin DR, Newton CR, Scott JA, 2006. Immunization coverage and risk factors for failure to immunize within the Expanded Programme on Immunization in Kenya after introduction of new Haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis b virus antigens. BMC Public Health 6: 132.
-
13.
Kawakatsu Y, Honda S, 2012. Individual-, family- and community-evel determinants of full vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months in western Kenya. Vaccine 30: 7588–7593.
-
14.
Atkinson WL, Hadler SC, Redd SB, Orenstein WA, 1992. Measles surveillance—United States, 1991. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 41: 1–12.
-
15.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive disease among infants and children—United States, 1998–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51: 234–237.
-
16.
Wakadha H, Chandir S, Were EV, Rubin A, Obor D, Levine OS, Gibson DG, Odhiambo F, Laserson KF, Feikin DR, 2013. The feasibility of using mobile-phone based SMS reminders and conditional cash transfers to improve timely immunization in rural Kenya. Vaccine 31: 987–993.
-
17.
Odhiambo FO, Laserson KF, Sewe M, Hamel MJ, Feikin DR, Adazu K, Ogwang S, Obor D, Amek N, Bayoh N, Ombok M, Lindblade K, Desai M, ter Kuile F, Phillips-Howard P, van Eijk AM, Rosen D, Hightower A, Ofware P, Muttai H, Nahlen B, DeCock K, Slutsker L, Breiman RF, Vulule JM, 2012. Profile: the KEMRI/CDC Health and Demographic Surveillance System–Western Kenya. Int J Epidemiol 41: 977–987.
-
18.
Hamel MJ, Adazu K, Obor D, Sewe M, Vulule J, Williamson JM, Slutsker L, Feikin DR, Laserson KF, 2011. A reversal in reductions of child mortality in western Kenya, 2003–2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 597–605.
-
19.
Amornkul PN, Vandenhoudt H, Nasokho P, Odhiambo F, Mwaengo D, Hightower A, Buve A, Misore A, Vulule J, Vitek C, Glynn J, Greenberg A, Slutsker L, DeCock KM, 2009. HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among individuals aged 13–34 years in rural western Kenya. PLoS One 4: e6470.
-
20.
Lindblade KA, Mwololo K, van Eijk AM, Peterson E, Odhiambo F, Williamson J, Slutsker L, 2006. Evaluation of the WHO Haemoglobin Colour Scale for diagnosis of anaemia in children and pregnant women as used by primary health care nurses and community health workers in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1679–1687.
-
21.
Central Bureau of Statistics; MoHMK; ORC Macro, 2004. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Calverton, MD: CBS, ORH, and ORC Macro.
-
22.
Albrecht P, Ennis FA, Saltzman EJ, Krugman S, 1977. Persistence of maternal antibody in infants beyond 12 months: mechanism of measles vaccine failure. J Pediatr 91: 715–718.
-
23.
Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE, 2000. Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. JAMA 284: 3145–3150.
-
24.
Laubereau B, Hermann M, Schmitt H, Weil J, von Kries R, 2002. Detection of delayed vaccinations: a new approach to visualize vaccine uptake. Epidemiol Infect 128: 185–192.
-
25.
Luman ET, Barker L, Shaw K, McCauley M, Buehler J, Pickering L, 2005. Timeliness of childhood vaccinations in the United States. JAMA 293: 1204–1211.
-
26.
Clark A, Sanderson C, 2009. Timing of children's vaccinations in 45 low-income and middle-income countries: an analysis of survey data. Lancet 373: 1543–1549.
-
27.
Lagarde M, Haines A, Palmer N, 2007. Conditional cash transfers for improving uptake of health interventions in low- and middle- income countries. JAMA 298: 1900–1910.
-
28.
Jahn A, Floyd S, Mwinuka V, Mwafilaso J, Mwagomba D, Mkisi RE, Katsulukuta A, Khunga A, Crampin AC, Branson K, McGrath N, Fine PE, 2008. Ascertainment of childhood vaccination histories in northern Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 13: 129–138.
-
29.
Noor AM, Alegana VA, Gething PW, Snow RW, 2009. A spatial national health facility database for public health sector planning in Kenya in 2008. Int J Health Geogr 8: 13.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2096 | 1880 | 602 |
| Full Text Views | 800 | 21 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 280 | 22 | 0 |