ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Mirsaeidi SM, Tabarsi P, Khoshnood K, Pooramiri MV, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Mansoori SD, Masjedi H, Zahirifard S, Mohammadi F, Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA, 2005. Treatment of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Iran. Int J Infect Dis 9: 317–322.
-
2.
Mitchison DS, Nunn AJ, 1986. Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short-course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 133: 423–430.
-
3.
Blanchard JS, 1996. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Annu Rev Biochem 65: 215–239.
-
4.
Iseman MD, Madsen LA, 1989. Drug- resistant tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med 10: 341–353.
-
5.
Vos M, Quince C, Pijl AS, de Hollander M, Kowalchuk GA, 2012. A comparison of rpoB and 16S rRNA as markers in pyrosequencing studies of bacterial diversity. PLOS One 7: e30600.
-
6.
Williams DL, Waguespack C, Eisenach K, Crawford JT, Portaels F, Salfinger M, Nolan CM, Abe C, Sticht-Groh V, Gillis TP, 1994. Characterization of rifampin resistance in pathogenic mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38: 2380–2386.
-
7.
De Beenhouwer H, Lhiang Z, Jannes G, Mijs W, Machtelinckx L, Rossau R, Traore H, Portaels F, 1995. Rapid detection of rifampin resistance in sputum and biopsy specimens from tuberculosis patients by PCR and line probe assay. Tuber Lung Dis 76: 425–430.
-
8.
Telenti A, Imboden P, Marchesi F, Lowrie D, Cole S, Colston MJ, Matter L, Schopfer K, Bodmer T, 1993. Detection of rifampin-resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet 341: 647–650.
-
9.
Hanrahan CF, Dorman SE, Erasmus L, Koornhof H, Coetzee G, Golub JE, 2012. The impact of expanded testing for multidrug resistant tuberculosis using genotype MTBDR plus in South 15 Africa: an observational cohort study. PLoS ONE 7: e49898.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 1997. Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World. Report no. 1. WHO/TB/97.229. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
11.
Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Sorooch S, Pooramiri MV, Mansoori SD, Zarifi AZ, Akbarvelayati A, Hoffner S, 2006. Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: 2 years of surveillance in Iran. Clin Infect Dis 43: 641–847.
-
12.
Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Ghanavi J, Ziazarifi AH, Hoffner SE, 2009. Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran. Chest 136: 420–425.
-
13.
Khazaei HA, Rezaei N, Bagheri GR, Dankoub MA, Shahryari K, Tahai A, Mahmoudi M, 2005. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the southeastern Iran. Eur J Epidemiol 20: 879–883.
-
14.
Rafiee S, Besharat S, Jabbari A, Golalipour F, Nasermoaadeli A, 2009. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in northeast of Iran: a population-based study. IJMS 34: 193–197.
-
15.
Velayati AA, Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Hoffner S, 2013. Detection of and treatment protocol for rifampicin-monoresistant tuberculosis: what is the role of isoniazid. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 17: 849–845.
-
16.
Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, van Agterveld M, van Soolingen D, Kuijper S, Bunschoten A, Molhuizen H, Shaw R, Goyal M, van Embden J, 1997. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium. tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol 35: 907–914.
-
17.
Brudey K, Driscoll JR, Rigouts L, Prodinger WM, Gori A, Al-Hajoj SA, Allix C, Aristimuño L, Arora J, Baumanis V, Binder L, Cafrune P, Cataldi A, Cheong S, Diel R, Ellermeier C, Evans JT, Fauville-Dufaux M, Ferdinand S, Garcia de Viedma D, Garzelli C, Gazzola L, Gomes HM, Guttierez MC, Hawkey PM, van Helden PD, Kadival GV, Kreiswirth BN, Kremer K, Kubin M, Kulkarni SP, Liens B, Lillebaek T, Ho ML, Martin C, Martin C, Mokrousov I, Narvskaïa O, Ngeow YF, Naumann L, Niemann S, Parwati I, Rahim Z, Rasolofo-Razanamparany V, Rasolonavalona T, Rossetti ML, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Sajduda A, Samper S, Shemyakin IG, Singh UB, Somoskovi A, Skuce RA, van Soolingen D, Streicher EM, Suffys PN, Tortoli E, Tracevska T, Vincent V, Victor TC, Warren RM, Yap SF, Zaman K, Portaels F, Rastogi N, Sola C, 2006. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology. BMC Microbiol 6: 23.
-
18.
Weniger T, Krawczyk J, Supply P, Niemann S, Harmsen D, 2010. MIRU-VNTR plus: a web tool for polyphasic genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 38: 326–331.
-
19.
Allix-Béguec C, Harmsen D, Weniger T, Supply P, Niemann S, 2008. Evaluation and user-strategy of MIRU-VNTR plus, a multifunctional database for online analysis of genotyping data and phylogenetic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol 46: 2692–2699.
-
20.
Yang Z, Durmaz R, Yang D, Gunal S, Zhang L, Foxman B, Sanic A, Marrs CF, 2005. Simultaneous detection of isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a single multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 53: 201–208.
-
21.
Kazumi Y, Mitara S, 2012. The evaluation of an identification algorithm for Mycobacterium species using the 16S rRNA coding gene and rpoB. Int J Myco 1: 21–28.
-
22.
Buyankhishig B, Oyuntuya T, Tserelmaa B, Sarantuya J, Lucero MG, Mitara S, 2012. Rapid molecular testing for multi-resistant tuberculosis in Mongolia: a diagnostic accuracy study. Int J Myco 1: 40–44.
-
23.
Li J, Xin J, Zhang L, Jiang L, Cao H, Li L, 2012. Rapid detection of rpoB mutations in rifampin resistant M. tuberculosis from sputum samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Int J Med Sci 9: 148–156.
-
24.
Ma X, Wang H, Deng Y, Liu Z, Xu Y, Pan X, Musser JM, Graviss EA, 2006. rpoB gene mutations and molecular characterization of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Shandong Province, China. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3409–3412.
-
25.
Mani C, Selvakumar N, Narayanan S, Narayanan PR, 2001. Mutation in the rpoB gene of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from India. J Clin Microbiol 39: 2987–2988.
-
26.
Mitchison DA, 1998. How drug resistance emerges as a result of poor compliance during short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2: 10–15.
-
27.
Munsiff SS, Friedan TR, 1996. Mono-rifampin resistant tuberculosis, New York City, 1993–1994 (abstract no.C118). Abstracts of the 36th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. New Orleans, LA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press.
-
28.
Ridzon R, Whitney CG, McKenna MT, Taylor JP, Ashkar SH, Nitta AT, Harvey SM, Valway S, Woodley C, Cooksey R, Onorato IM, 1998. Risk factors for rifampin mono-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 1881–1884.
-
29.
Sandman L, Schluger NW, Davidow AL, Bonk S, 1999. Risk factors for rifampin-monoresistant tuberculosis: a case–control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 468–472.
-
30.
Pereira Pinto W, Hadad DJ, Silva Telles MA, Mizuka Ueki SY, Palaci M, Basile MA, 2001. Tuberculosis and drug resistance among patients seen at an AIDS reference center in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 5: 94–100.
-
31.
Mukinda FK, Theron D, van der Spuy GD, Jacobson KR, Roscher M, Streicher EM, Musekiwa A, Coetzee GJ, Victor TC, Marais BJ, Nachega JB, Warren RM, Schaaf HS, 2012. Rise in rifampicin-monoresistant tuberculosis in Western Cape, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16: 196–202.
-
32.
Sanders M, Van Deun A, Ntakirutimana D, Masabo JP, Rukundo J, Rigouts L, Fissette K, Portaelst F, 2006. Rifampicin mono resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Bujumbura, Burundi: results of a drug resistance survey. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10: 178–183.
-
33.
Drobniewski F, Balabanova Y, Ruddy M, Weldon L, Jeltkova K, Brown T, Malomanova N, Elizarova E, Melentyey A, Mutovkin E, Zhakharova S, Fedorin I, 2002. Rifampin and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Russian civilians and prison inmates: dominance of the Beijing strain family. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1320–1326.
-
34.
Velayati AA, Farnia P, Mirsaeidi M, Reza Masjedi M, 2006. The most prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis superfamilies among Iranian and Afghan TB cases. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 463–468.
-
35.
Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Mirsaeidi M, Mohammadi F, Jallaledin-Ghanavi, Vincent V, Bahadori M, Velayati AA, 2006. Prevalence of Haarlem I and Beijing types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Iranian and Afghan MDR-TB patients. J Infect 53: 331–336.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1824 | 1693 | 49 |
| Full Text Views | 423 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 112 | 14 | 0 |
High Prevelance of Rifampin-Monoresistant Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Analysis among Iranian Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
Ali Akbar Velayati
Ali Akbar Velayati
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; World Health Organization Supranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Parissa Farnia
Parissa Farnia
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; World Health Organization Supranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mohadese Mozafari
Mohadese Mozafari
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; World Health Organization Supranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Maryam Fatemeh Sheikholeslami
Maryam Fatemeh Sheikholeslami
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; World Health Organization Supranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mona Afraei Karahrudi
Mona Afraei Karahrudi
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; World Health Organization Supranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Payam Tabarsi
Payam Tabarsi
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; World Health Organization Supranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sven Hoffner
Sven Hoffner
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; World Health Organization Supranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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We determined the prevalence of rifampin-monoresistant tuberculosis (RMR-TB) in Iran. Because development of RMR-TB is not common, we also identified the major risk factors associated with RMR-TB reported from different provinces of Iran. Data for 3,020 TB patients who remained or became smear positive after two, four, six, and nine months of standard first-line chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Of 3,020 patients, 1,242 patients (41.1%) were culture and DNA positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of these patients, 73 (7.4%) patients had monoresistant isolates to rifampin, which was significantly higher than that for multidrug-resistant TB (5.8%). The average rate of RMR-TB in the studied population ranged from 5% to 10%. Classical investigation showed that 33.6% of patients had either a previous or family history of TB. Molecular epidemiology methods (i.e., spoligotyping and Mycobacterium intespersed repetitive unit–variable number tandem repeat), defined transmission link in three clusters (13%). These results outline the urgent need for a comprehensive plan for detection and treatment of RMR-TB cases.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by National Manager of TB and Leprosy Control Programs (Ministry of Health and Medical Education) and the Mycobacteriology Research Centre (MRC-6011-M-00-5505-01).
Authors' addresses: Ali Akbar Velayati, Parissa Farnia, Mohadese Mozafari, Maryam Fatemeh Sheikholeslami, Mona Afraei Karahrudi, and Payam Tabarsi, Mycobacteriology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, E-mails: velayati@theaasm.org, farina@theaasm.org, mycopf@hotmail.com, sheikholeeslam@theaasm.org, karahrudi@theaasm.org, and tabarsi@theaasm.org. Sven Hoffner, World Health Organization Suranational Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden, E-mail: sven.hoffner@smi.se.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Mirsaeidi SM, Tabarsi P, Khoshnood K, Pooramiri MV, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Mansoori SD, Masjedi H, Zahirifard S, Mohammadi F, Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA, 2005. Treatment of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Iran. Int J Infect Dis 9: 317–322.
-
2.
Mitchison DS, Nunn AJ, 1986. Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short-course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 133: 423–430.
-
3.
Blanchard JS, 1996. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Annu Rev Biochem 65: 215–239.
-
4.
Iseman MD, Madsen LA, 1989. Drug- resistant tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med 10: 341–353.
-
5.
Vos M, Quince C, Pijl AS, de Hollander M, Kowalchuk GA, 2012. A comparison of rpoB and 16S rRNA as markers in pyrosequencing studies of bacterial diversity. PLOS One 7: e30600.
-
6.
Williams DL, Waguespack C, Eisenach K, Crawford JT, Portaels F, Salfinger M, Nolan CM, Abe C, Sticht-Groh V, Gillis TP, 1994. Characterization of rifampin resistance in pathogenic mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38: 2380–2386.
-
7.
De Beenhouwer H, Lhiang Z, Jannes G, Mijs W, Machtelinckx L, Rossau R, Traore H, Portaels F, 1995. Rapid detection of rifampin resistance in sputum and biopsy specimens from tuberculosis patients by PCR and line probe assay. Tuber Lung Dis 76: 425–430.
-
8.
Telenti A, Imboden P, Marchesi F, Lowrie D, Cole S, Colston MJ, Matter L, Schopfer K, Bodmer T, 1993. Detection of rifampin-resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet 341: 647–650.
-
9.
Hanrahan CF, Dorman SE, Erasmus L, Koornhof H, Coetzee G, Golub JE, 2012. The impact of expanded testing for multidrug resistant tuberculosis using genotype MTBDR plus in South 15 Africa: an observational cohort study. PLoS ONE 7: e49898.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 1997. Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World. Report no. 1. WHO/TB/97.229. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
11.
Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Sorooch S, Pooramiri MV, Mansoori SD, Zarifi AZ, Akbarvelayati A, Hoffner S, 2006. Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: 2 years of surveillance in Iran. Clin Infect Dis 43: 641–847.
-
12.
Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Ghanavi J, Ziazarifi AH, Hoffner SE, 2009. Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran. Chest 136: 420–425.
-
13.
Khazaei HA, Rezaei N, Bagheri GR, Dankoub MA, Shahryari K, Tahai A, Mahmoudi M, 2005. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the southeastern Iran. Eur J Epidemiol 20: 879–883.
-
14.
Rafiee S, Besharat S, Jabbari A, Golalipour F, Nasermoaadeli A, 2009. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in northeast of Iran: a population-based study. IJMS 34: 193–197.
-
15.
Velayati AA, Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Hoffner S, 2013. Detection of and treatment protocol for rifampicin-monoresistant tuberculosis: what is the role of isoniazid. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 17: 849–845.
-
16.
Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, van Agterveld M, van Soolingen D, Kuijper S, Bunschoten A, Molhuizen H, Shaw R, Goyal M, van Embden J, 1997. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium. tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol 35: 907–914.
-
17.
Brudey K, Driscoll JR, Rigouts L, Prodinger WM, Gori A, Al-Hajoj SA, Allix C, Aristimuño L, Arora J, Baumanis V, Binder L, Cafrune P, Cataldi A, Cheong S, Diel R, Ellermeier C, Evans JT, Fauville-Dufaux M, Ferdinand S, Garcia de Viedma D, Garzelli C, Gazzola L, Gomes HM, Guttierez MC, Hawkey PM, van Helden PD, Kadival GV, Kreiswirth BN, Kremer K, Kubin M, Kulkarni SP, Liens B, Lillebaek T, Ho ML, Martin C, Martin C, Mokrousov I, Narvskaïa O, Ngeow YF, Naumann L, Niemann S, Parwati I, Rahim Z, Rasolofo-Razanamparany V, Rasolonavalona T, Rossetti ML, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Sajduda A, Samper S, Shemyakin IG, Singh UB, Somoskovi A, Skuce RA, van Soolingen D, Streicher EM, Suffys PN, Tortoli E, Tracevska T, Vincent V, Victor TC, Warren RM, Yap SF, Zaman K, Portaels F, Rastogi N, Sola C, 2006. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology. BMC Microbiol 6: 23.
-
18.
Weniger T, Krawczyk J, Supply P, Niemann S, Harmsen D, 2010. MIRU-VNTR plus: a web tool for polyphasic genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 38: 326–331.
-
19.
Allix-Béguec C, Harmsen D, Weniger T, Supply P, Niemann S, 2008. Evaluation and user-strategy of MIRU-VNTR plus, a multifunctional database for online analysis of genotyping data and phylogenetic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol 46: 2692–2699.
-
20.
Yang Z, Durmaz R, Yang D, Gunal S, Zhang L, Foxman B, Sanic A, Marrs CF, 2005. Simultaneous detection of isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a single multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 53: 201–208.
-
21.
Kazumi Y, Mitara S, 2012. The evaluation of an identification algorithm for Mycobacterium species using the 16S rRNA coding gene and rpoB. Int J Myco 1: 21–28.
-
22.
Buyankhishig B, Oyuntuya T, Tserelmaa B, Sarantuya J, Lucero MG, Mitara S, 2012. Rapid molecular testing for multi-resistant tuberculosis in Mongolia: a diagnostic accuracy study. Int J Myco 1: 40–44.
-
23.
Li J, Xin J, Zhang L, Jiang L, Cao H, Li L, 2012. Rapid detection of rpoB mutations in rifampin resistant M. tuberculosis from sputum samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Int J Med Sci 9: 148–156.
-
24.
Ma X, Wang H, Deng Y, Liu Z, Xu Y, Pan X, Musser JM, Graviss EA, 2006. rpoB gene mutations and molecular characterization of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Shandong Province, China. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3409–3412.
-
25.
Mani C, Selvakumar N, Narayanan S, Narayanan PR, 2001. Mutation in the rpoB gene of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from India. J Clin Microbiol 39: 2987–2988.
-
26.
Mitchison DA, 1998. How drug resistance emerges as a result of poor compliance during short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2: 10–15.
-
27.
Munsiff SS, Friedan TR, 1996. Mono-rifampin resistant tuberculosis, New York City, 1993–1994 (abstract no.C118). Abstracts of the 36th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. New Orleans, LA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press.
-
28.
Ridzon R, Whitney CG, McKenna MT, Taylor JP, Ashkar SH, Nitta AT, Harvey SM, Valway S, Woodley C, Cooksey R, Onorato IM, 1998. Risk factors for rifampin mono-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157: 1881–1884.
-
29.
Sandman L, Schluger NW, Davidow AL, Bonk S, 1999. Risk factors for rifampin-monoresistant tuberculosis: a case–control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 468–472.
-
30.
Pereira Pinto W, Hadad DJ, Silva Telles MA, Mizuka Ueki SY, Palaci M, Basile MA, 2001. Tuberculosis and drug resistance among patients seen at an AIDS reference center in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 5: 94–100.
-
31.
Mukinda FK, Theron D, van der Spuy GD, Jacobson KR, Roscher M, Streicher EM, Musekiwa A, Coetzee GJ, Victor TC, Marais BJ, Nachega JB, Warren RM, Schaaf HS, 2012. Rise in rifampicin-monoresistant tuberculosis in Western Cape, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16: 196–202.
-
32.
Sanders M, Van Deun A, Ntakirutimana D, Masabo JP, Rukundo J, Rigouts L, Fissette K, Portaelst F, 2006. Rifampicin mono resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Bujumbura, Burundi: results of a drug resistance survey. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10: 178–183.
-
33.
Drobniewski F, Balabanova Y, Ruddy M, Weldon L, Jeltkova K, Brown T, Malomanova N, Elizarova E, Melentyey A, Mutovkin E, Zhakharova S, Fedorin I, 2002. Rifampin and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Russian civilians and prison inmates: dominance of the Beijing strain family. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1320–1326.
-
34.
Velayati AA, Farnia P, Mirsaeidi M, Reza Masjedi M, 2006. The most prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis superfamilies among Iranian and Afghan TB cases. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 463–468.
-
35.
Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Mirsaeidi M, Mohammadi F, Jallaledin-Ghanavi, Vincent V, Bahadori M, Velayati AA, 2006. Prevalence of Haarlem I and Beijing types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Iranian and Afghan MDR-TB patients. J Infect 53: 331–336.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1824 | 1693 | 49 |
| Full Text Views | 423 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 112 | 14 | 0 |