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-
1.
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O'Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, 1999 West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344: 1807–1814.
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2.
Reimann C, Hayes E, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman J, Lindsey N, Campbell G, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
3.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Surveillance for West Nile virus disease—United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 59: 1–17.
-
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. West Nile virus activity—United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 769–772.
-
5.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. West Nile virus disease and other arboviral diseases—United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60: 1009–1013.
-
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. West Nile virus disease and other arboviral diseases—United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61: 510–514.
-
7.
O'Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, Elko VL, Collins PD, Jones JE, Campbell GL, 2004. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4: 61–70.
-
8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. West Nile virus disease and other arboviral diseases—United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62: 513–517.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Arboviral diseases, neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive: 2011 case definition. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/NNDSS/default.aspx. Accessed February 27, 2013.
-
10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Detection of West Nile virus in blood donations—United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52: 769–772.
-
11.
Mann BR, McMullen AR, Swetnam DM, Salvato V, Reyna M, Guzman H, Bueno R Jr, Dennett JA, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, 2013. Continued evolution of West Nile virus, Houston, Texas, USA, 2002–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1418–1427.
-
12.
Duggal NK, D'Anton M, Xiang J, Seiferth R, Day J, Nasci R, Brault AC, 2013. Sequence analyses of 2012 West Nile virus isolates from Texas fail to associate viral genetic factors with outbreak magnitude. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 205–210.
-
13.
Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI, 1998. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 352: 767–771.
-
14.
Platonov AE, Shipulin GA, Shipulina OY, Tyutyunnik EN, Frolochkina TI, Lanciotti RS, Yazyshina S, Platonova OV, Obukhov IL, Zhukov AN, Vengerov YY, Pokrovskii VI, 2001. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Volgograd Region, Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 128–132.
-
15.
Patnaik JL, Harmon H, Vogt RL, 2006. Follow-up of 2003 human West Nile virus infections, Denver, Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1129–1131.
-
16.
Jean CM, Honarmand S, Louie JK, Glaser CA, 2007. Risk factors for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, California, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1918–1920.
-
17.
Murray K, Baraniuk S, Resnick M, Arafat R, Kilborn C, Cain K, Shallenberger R, York TL, Martinez D, Hellums JS, Hellums D, Malkoff M, Elgawley N, McNeely W, Khuwaja SA, Tesh RB, 2006. Risk factors for encephalitis and death from West Nile virus infection. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1325–1332.
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18.
Bode AV, Sejvar JJ, Pape WJ, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, 2006. West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1234–1240.
-
19.
Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, 2012. Medical risk factors for severe West Nile virus disease, United States, 2008–2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 179–184.
-
20.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Serosurveys for West Nile virus infection—New York and Connecticut counties. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50: 37–39.
-
21.
Brown JA, Factor DL, Tkachenko N, Templeton SM, Crall ND, Pape WJ, Bauer MJ, Ambruso DR, Dickey WC, Marfin AA, 2007. West Nile viremic blood donors and risk factors for subsequent West Nile fever. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7: 479–488.
-
22.
Murphy TD, Grandpre J, Novick SL, Seys SA, Harris RW, Musgrave K, 2005. West Nile virus infection among health-fair participants, Wyoming 2003: assessment of symptoms and risk factors. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 246–251.
-
23.
Weber I, Lindsey N, Bunko-Patterson A, Briggs G, Wadleigh T, Sylvester T, Levy C, Komatsu K, Lehman J, Fischer M, Staples JE, 2012. Completeness of West Nile virus testing among patients with meningitis and encephalitis during an outbreak in Arizona. Epidemiol Infect 140: 1632–1636.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 1065 | 1002 | 232 |
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Lack of Evidence of Increased West Nile Virus Disease Severity in the United States in 2012
Nicole P. Lindsey
Nicole P. Lindsey
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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J. Erin Staples
J. Erin Staples
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Mark J. Delorey
Mark J. Delorey
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Marc Fischer
Marc Fischer
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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In the United States, West Nile virus (WNV) causes annual seasonal outbreaks that fluctuate in size and scope. There was a large multistate outbreak of WNV in 2012, with more human disease cases reported nationally than any year since 2003. We evaluated national surveillance data to determine if the higher number of WNV cases reported in 2012 was associated with changes in the epidemiology or severity of disease compared with 2004–2011. Despite an increased incidence of neuroinvasive disease in 2012, national surveillance data showed no evidence of changes in epidemiology or increased disease severity compared with the previous 8 years.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Authors' addresses: Nicole P. Lindsey, J. Erin Staples, Mark J. Delorey, and Marc Fischer, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: frd3@cdc.gov, auv1@cdc.gov, esy7@cdc.gov, and mxf2@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O'Leary D, Murray K, Huang A, Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, 1999 West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344: 1807–1814.
-
2.
Reimann C, Hayes E, DiGuiseppi C, Hoffman R, Lehman J, Lindsey N, Campbell G, Fischer M, 2008. Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 974–979.
-
3.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Surveillance for West Nile virus disease—United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 59: 1–17.
-
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. West Nile virus activity—United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 769–772.
-
5.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. West Nile virus disease and other arboviral diseases—United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60: 1009–1013.
-
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. West Nile virus disease and other arboviral diseases—United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61: 510–514.
-
7.
O'Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, Elko VL, Collins PD, Jones JE, Campbell GL, 2004. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4: 61–70.
-
8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. West Nile virus disease and other arboviral diseases—United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62: 513–517.
-
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Arboviral diseases, neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive: 2011 case definition. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at: http://wwwn.cdc.gov/NNDSS/default.aspx. Accessed February 27, 2013.
-
10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Detection of West Nile virus in blood donations—United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52: 769–772.
-
11.
Mann BR, McMullen AR, Swetnam DM, Salvato V, Reyna M, Guzman H, Bueno R Jr, Dennett JA, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, 2013. Continued evolution of West Nile virus, Houston, Texas, USA, 2002–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1418–1427.
-
12.
Duggal NK, D'Anton M, Xiang J, Seiferth R, Day J, Nasci R, Brault AC, 2013. Sequence analyses of 2012 West Nile virus isolates from Texas fail to associate viral genetic factors with outbreak magnitude. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 205–210.
-
13.
Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI, 1998. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 352: 767–771.
-
14.
Platonov AE, Shipulin GA, Shipulina OY, Tyutyunnik EN, Frolochkina TI, Lanciotti RS, Yazyshina S, Platonova OV, Obukhov IL, Zhukov AN, Vengerov YY, Pokrovskii VI, 2001. Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Volgograd Region, Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 128–132.
-
15.
Patnaik JL, Harmon H, Vogt RL, 2006. Follow-up of 2003 human West Nile virus infections, Denver, Colorado. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1129–1131.
-
16.
Jean CM, Honarmand S, Louie JK, Glaser CA, 2007. Risk factors for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, California, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1918–1920.
-
17.
Murray K, Baraniuk S, Resnick M, Arafat R, Kilborn C, Cain K, Shallenberger R, York TL, Martinez D, Hellums JS, Hellums D, Malkoff M, Elgawley N, McNeely W, Khuwaja SA, Tesh RB, 2006. Risk factors for encephalitis and death from West Nile virus infection. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1325–1332.
-
18.
Bode AV, Sejvar JJ, Pape WJ, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, 2006. West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1234–1240.
-
19.
Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M, 2012. Medical risk factors for severe West Nile virus disease, United States, 2008–2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 179–184.
-
20.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Serosurveys for West Nile virus infection—New York and Connecticut counties. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 50: 37–39.
-
21.
Brown JA, Factor DL, Tkachenko N, Templeton SM, Crall ND, Pape WJ, Bauer MJ, Ambruso DR, Dickey WC, Marfin AA, 2007. West Nile viremic blood donors and risk factors for subsequent West Nile fever. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7: 479–488.
-
22.
Murphy TD, Grandpre J, Novick SL, Seys SA, Harris RW, Musgrave K, 2005. West Nile virus infection among health-fair participants, Wyoming 2003: assessment of symptoms and risk factors. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5: 246–251.
-
23.
Weber I, Lindsey N, Bunko-Patterson A, Briggs G, Wadleigh T, Sylvester T, Levy C, Komatsu K, Lehman J, Fischer M, Staples JE, 2012. Completeness of West Nile virus testing among patients with meningitis and encephalitis during an outbreak in Arizona. Epidemiol Infect 140: 1632–1636.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1065 | 1002 | 232 |
| Full Text Views | 325 | 15 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 48 | 14 | 0 |