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Detection of Leptospira-Specific Antibodies Using a Recombinant Antigen-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Hua-Wei Chen
Hua-Wei Chen
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Zhiwen Zhang
Zhiwen Zhang
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Eric S. Halsey
Eric S. Halsey
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Carolina Guevara
Carolina Guevara
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Enrique Canal
Enrique Canal
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Eric Hall
Eric Hall
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Ryan Maves
Ryan Maves
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Drake H. Tilley
Drake H. Tilley
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Tadeusz J. Kochel
Tadeusz J. Kochel
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland; Naval Medical Research Unit No.6, Lima, Peru; Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
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Wei-Mei Ching
Wei-Mei Ching
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We produced three highly purified recombinant antigens rLipL32, rLipL41, and rLigA-Rep (leptospiral immunoglobulin-like A repeat region) for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The performance of these recombinant antigens was evaluated using 121 human sera. Among them, 63 sera were microscopic agglutination test (MAT)-confirmed positive sera from febrile patients in Peru, 22 sera were indigenous MAT-negative febrile patient sera, and 36 sera were from patients with other febrile diseases from Southeast Asia, where leptospirosis is also endemic. Combining the results of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG detection from these three antigens, the overall sensitivity is close to 90% based on the MAT. These results suggest that an ELISA using multiple recombinant antigens may be used as an alternative method for the detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was supported by the Naval Medical Research Center (research work unit 6000.RAD1.J.A0310) and the US Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Systems Research Program (work unit number: 847705.82000.25GB.B0016).
Authors' addresses: Hua-Wei Chen, Zhiwen Zhang, Eric Hall, Tadeusz J. Kochel, and Wei-Mei Ching, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, E-mails: Hua-Wei.Chen@med.navy.mil, Zhiwen.Zhang@med.navy.mil, Eric.Hall@med.navy.mil, Tad.Kochel@med.navy.mil, and WeiMei.Ching@med.navy.mil. Eric S. Halsey, Carolina Guevara, Enrique Canal, and Drake H. Tilley, Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru, E-mails: Eric.Halsey@med.navy.mil, Carolina.Guevara@med.navy.mil, Enrique.Canal@med.navy.mil, and Drake.Tilley@med.navy.mil. Ryan Maves, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, E-mail: Ryan.Maves@med.navy.mil.
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BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Siozopoulou V, Christou L, Akritidis N, 2008. The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends. Int J Infect Dis 12: 351–357.
-
2.
Levett PN, 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
3.
Hartskeerl RA, 2012. Leptospira. Molecular Detection of Human Bacterial Pathogens. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, 1169–1188.
-
4.
Cruz LS, Vargas R, Lopes AA, 2009. Leptospirosis: a worldwide resurgent zoonosis and important cause of acute renal failure and death in developing nations. Ethn Dis 19: 37–41.
-
5.
Sethi S, Sharma N, Kakkar N, Taneja J, Chatterjee SS, Banga SS, Sharma M, 2010. Increasing trends of leptospirosis in northern India: a clinico-epidemiological study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: 579.
-
6.
Victoriano AF, Smythe LD, Gloriani-Barzaga N, Cavinta LL, Kasai T, Limpakarnjanarat K, Ong BL, Gongal G, Hall J, Coulombe CA, Yanagihara Y, Yoshida S, Adler B, 2009. Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect Dis 9: 147.
-
7.
Lim VK, 2011. Leptospirosis: a re-emerging infection. Malays J Pathol 33: 1–5.
-
8.
Reller ME, Bodinayake C, Nagahawatte A, Devasiri V, Kodikara-Arachichi W, Strouse JJ, Flom JE, Dumler JS, Woods CW, 2011. Leptospirosis as frequent cause of acute febrile illness in southern Sri Lanka. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1678–1684.
-
9.
Bourhy P, Collet L, Lernout T, Zinini F, Hartskeerl RA, van der Linden H, Thiberge JM, Diancourt L, Brisse S, Giry C, Pettinelli F, Picardeau M, 2012. Human leptospira isolates circulating in Mayotte (Indian Ocean) have unique serological and molecular features. J Clin Microbiol 50: 307–311.
-
10.
Fonzar UJ, Langoni H, 2012. Geographic analysis on the occurrence of human and canine leptospirosis in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45: 100–105.
-
11.
Lau CL, Dobson AJ, Smythe LD, Fearnley EJ, Skelly C, Clements AC, Craig SB, Fuimaono SD, Weinstein P, 2012. Leptospirosis in American Samoa 2010: epidemiology, environmental drivers, and the management of emergence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 309–319.
-
12.
Zhang C, Wang H, Yan J, 2012. Leptospirosis prevalence in Chinese populations in the last two decades. Microbes Infect 14: 317–323.
-
13.
Vinetz JM, Glass GE, Flexner CE, Mueller P, Kaslow DC, 1996. Sporadic urban leptospirosis. Ann Intern Med 125: 794–798.
-
14.
Sejvar J, Bancroft E, Winthrop K, Bettinger J, Bajani M, Bragg S, Kaiser R, Marano N, Popovic T, Tappero J, Ashford D, Mascola L, Vugia D, Perkins B, Rosenstein N, 2003. Leptospirosis in “Eco-Challenge” atheletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 702–707.
-
15.
Morgan J, Borstein SL, Karpati AM, Bruce M, Bolin CA, Austin CC, Woods CW, Lingappa J, Langkop C, Davis B, Graham DR, Proctor M, Ashford DA, Bajani M, Bragg SL, Shutt K, Perkins BA, Tappero JW, 2002. Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998. Clin Infect Dis 34: 1593–1599.
-
16.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997. Outbreak of leptospirosis among white-water rafters—Costa Rica, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46: 577–579.
-
17.
Boland M, Sayers G, Cileman T, Bergin C, Sheehan N, Creamer E, O'Connell M, Jones L, Zochowski W, 2004. A cluster of leptospirosis cases in canoeists following a competition on the River Liffey. Epidemiol Infect 132: 195–200.
-
18.
Radl C, Müller M, Revilla-Fernandez S, Karner-Zuser S, de Martin A, Schauer U, Karner F, Stanek G, Balcke P, Hallas A, Frank H, Fürnschlief A, Erhart F, Allerberger F, 2011. Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants in Langau, Austria, 2010. Wien Klin Wochenschr 123: 751–755.
-
19.
Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H, 2012. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10: 95–104.
-
20.
Amilasan AS, Ujiie M, Suzuki M, Salva E, Belo MC, Koizumi N, Yoshimatsu K, Schmidt WP, Marte S, Dimaano EM, Villarama JB, Ariyoshi K, 2012. Outbreak of leptospirosis after flood, the Philippines, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 91–94.
-
21.
Lin CY, Chiu NC, Lee CM, 2012. Leptospirosis after typhoon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 187–188.
-
22.
Smith JK, Young MM, Wilson KL, Craig SB, 2012. Leptospirosis following a major flood in Central Queensland, Australia. Epidemiol Infect 25: 1–6.
-
23.
Faine SB, Adler B, Bolin C, Perolat P, 1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis, 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: MediSci.
-
24.
WHO, 2003. Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control. Malta: World Health Organization.
-
25.
Levett PN, 2007. Leptospira. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 963–970.
-
26.
Faine S, 1982. Guidelines for the Control of Leptospirosis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
27.
Cumberland PC, Everard COR, Levett PN, 1999. Assessment of the efficacy of the IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 731–734.
-
28.
Smits HL, Eapen CK, Sugathan S, Kuriakose M, Gasem MH, Yersin C, Sasaki D, Pujianto B, Vestering M, Abdoel TH, Gussenhoven GC, 2001. Lateral-flow assay for rapid serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8: 166–169.
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