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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
Newman RD, Sears CL, Moore SR, Nataro JP, Wuhib T, Agnew DA, Guerrant RL, Lima AA, 1999. Longitudinal study of Cryptosporidium infection in children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 180: 167–175.
-
2.
Lima AA, Moore SR, Barboza MS, Soares AM, Schleupner MA, Newman RD, Sears CL, Nataro JP, Fedorko DP, Wuhib T, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 2000. Persistent diarrhea signals a critical period of increased diarrhea burdens and nutritional shortfalls: a prospective cohort study among children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 181: 1643–1651.
-
3.
Bushen OY, Kohli A, Pinkerton RC, Dupnik K, Newman RD, Sears CL, Fayer R, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2007. Heavy cryptosporidial infections in children in northeast Brazil: comparison of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 378–384.
-
4.
Haque R, Mondal D, Karim A, Molla IH, Rahim A, Faruque AS, Ahmad N, Kirkpatrick BD, Houpt E, Snider C, Petri WA Jr, 2009. Prospective case-control study of the association between common enteric protozoal parasites and diarrhea in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 48: 1191–1197.
-
5.
Checkley W, Epstein LD, Gilman RH, Black RE, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, 1998. Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. Am J Epidemiol 148: 497–506.
-
6.
Manabe YC, Clark DP, Moore RD, Lumadue JA, Dahlman HR, Belitsos PC, Chaisson RE, Sears CL, 1998. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: correlates of disease and survival. Clin Infect Dis 27: 536–542.
-
7.
Delahoy MJ, O'Reilly CE, Omore R, Ochieng B, Farag TH, Nasri D, Panchalingam S, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Oundo J, Parsons MB, Bopp CA, Vulule J, Laserson K, Mintz E, Breiman RF, 2012. Cryptosporidium infection in children less than five years old with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural Western Kenya, 2008–2011. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Annual Conference, Abstract 515.
-
8.
Brantley RK, Williams KR, Silva TM, Sistrom M, Thielman NM, Ward H, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2003. AIDS-Associated diarrhea and wasting in northeast Brazil is associated with subtherapeutic plasma levels of antiretroviral medications and with both bovine and human subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum. Braz J Infect Dis 7: 16–22.
-
9.
Dillingham RA, Pinkerton R, Leger P, Severe P, Guerrant RL, Pape JW, Fitzgerald D, 2004. High early mortality in patients with chronic Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome diarrhea initiating antiretroviral therapy in Haiti: a case-control study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 1060–1064.
-
10.
Dillingham RA, Leger P, Beauharnais CA, Miller E, Kashuba A, Jennings S, Dupnik K, Samie A, Eyma E, Guerrant R, Pape J, Fitzgerald D, 2011. AIDS diarrhea and antiretroviral drug concentrations: a matched-pair cohort study in Port au Prince, Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 878–882.
-
11.
Abebe L, Narkiewicz S, Mashao M, Singo A, Brant J, Samie A, Craver V, Smith J, Dillingham R, 2010. Ceramic water filters reduce days of diarrheal illness in HIV-infected individuals in Limpopo Province, South Africa. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Annual Conference, Abstract 443.
-
12.
Potgieter N, Mudau LS, Maluleke FR, 2006. Microbiological quality of groundwater used by rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water Sci Technol 54: 371–377.
-
13.
Majuru B, Jagals P, Hunter PR, 2012. Assessing rural small community water supply in Limpopo, South Africa: water service benchmarks and reliability. Sci Total Environ 435–436: 479–486.
-
14.
Mor SM, Tzipori S, 2008. Cryptosporidiosis in children in sub-Saharan Africa: a lingering challenge. Clin Infect Dis 47: 915–921.
-
15.
Samie A, Guerrant RL, Barrett L, Bessong PO, Igumbor EO, Obi CL, 2009. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrheal and non-diarrheal human stools from Vhembe district, South Africa. J Health Popul Nutr 27: 739–745.
-
16.
Samie A, Bessong PO, Obi CL, Sevilleja JE, Stroup S, Houpt E, Guerrant RL, 2006. Cryptosporidium species: preliminary descriptions of the prevalence and genotype distribution among school children and hospital patients in the Venda region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Exp Parasitol 114: 314–322.
-
17.
Moodley D, Jackson TF, Gathriam V, van den Ende J, 1991. Cryptosporidium infections in children in Durban. Seasonal variation, age distribution, and disease status. S Afr Med J 79: 295–297.
-
18.
Isaac-Renton J, Blatherwick J, Bowie WR, Fyfe M, Khan M, Li A, King A, McLean M, Medd L, Moorehead W, Ong CS, Robertson W, 1999. Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 578–583.
-
19.
Teixeira MC, Barreto ML, Melo C, Silva LR, Moraes LR, Alcântara-Neves NMA, 2007. Serological study of Cryptosporidium transmission in a peri-urban area of a Brazilian northeastern city. Trop Med Int Health 12: 1096–1104.
-
20.
Zu SX, Li JF, Barrett LJ, Fayer R, Shu SY, McAuliffe JF, Roche JK, Guerrant RL, 1994. Seroepidemiologic study of Cryptosporidium infection in children from rural communities of Anhui, China and Fortaleza, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 1–10.
-
21.
Obi CL, Potgieter N, Bessong PO, Matsaung G, 2003. Scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural Venda communities in South Africa. Water Sci Technol 47: 59–64.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 300 | 261 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 346 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 81 | 6 | 0 |
High Anti-Cryptosporidium parvum IgG Seroprevalence in HIV-Infected Adults in Limpopo, South Africa
Luther A. Bartelt
Luther A. Bartelt
Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
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Jesus Emmanuel Sevilleja
Jesus Emmanuel Sevilleja
Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
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Leah J. Barrett
Leah J. Barrett
Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
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Cirle A. Warren
Cirle A. Warren
Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
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Richard L. Guerrant
Richard L. Guerrant
Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
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Pascal O. Bessong
Pascal O. Bessong
Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
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Rebecca Dillingham
Rebecca Dillingham
Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
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Amidou Samie
Amidou Samie
Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
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A seroepidemiological study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults and local university students in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Using a custom anti-C. parvum immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium was found to be significantly higher (75.3%; 146 of 193) in HIV-infected individuals compared with student volunteers (32.8%; 19 of 58) (P < 0.001). A more recent diagnosis of HIV was associated with anti-C. parvum IgG seropositivity, as was lower weight among HIV-infected women. This is the first seroepidemiologic study of Cryptosporidium in rural South Africa, and it shows high endemicity among the HIV-infected population. In addition to raising the possibility of significant Cryptosporidium-related morbidities, this finding reveals that in Limpopo and perhaps in other low-income, rural populations, interrupting waterborne pathogen transmission will require strategies effective against environmentally hardy parasites such as Cryptosporidium.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the Pfizer Initiative in International Health, Pfizer Foundation and the University of Virginia Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Global Health. LAB is supported in part by NIH Research in Digestive Diseases Training (2T32DK007769-11) grant. RAD is supported by a NIAID Career Development Award: K23AI077339.
Authors' addresses: Luther A. Bartelt, Leah J. Barrett, Cirle A. Warren, Richard L. Guerrant, and Rebecca Dillingham, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, E-mails: lab2za@virginia.edu, ljb6v@virginia.edu, ca6t@virginia.edu, rlg9A@virginia.edu, and rd8v@virginia.edu. Jesus Emmanuel Sevilleja, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines, E-mail: emsevilleja@yahoo.com. Pascal O. Bessong and Amidou Samie, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa, E-mails: Pascal.Bessong@univen.ac.za and samieamidou@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Newman RD, Sears CL, Moore SR, Nataro JP, Wuhib T, Agnew DA, Guerrant RL, Lima AA, 1999. Longitudinal study of Cryptosporidium infection in children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 180: 167–175.
-
2.
Lima AA, Moore SR, Barboza MS, Soares AM, Schleupner MA, Newman RD, Sears CL, Nataro JP, Fedorko DP, Wuhib T, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 2000. Persistent diarrhea signals a critical period of increased diarrhea burdens and nutritional shortfalls: a prospective cohort study among children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 181: 1643–1651.
-
3.
Bushen OY, Kohli A, Pinkerton RC, Dupnik K, Newman RD, Sears CL, Fayer R, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2007. Heavy cryptosporidial infections in children in northeast Brazil: comparison of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 378–384.
-
4.
Haque R, Mondal D, Karim A, Molla IH, Rahim A, Faruque AS, Ahmad N, Kirkpatrick BD, Houpt E, Snider C, Petri WA Jr, 2009. Prospective case-control study of the association between common enteric protozoal parasites and diarrhea in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 48: 1191–1197.
-
5.
Checkley W, Epstein LD, Gilman RH, Black RE, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, 1998. Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. Am J Epidemiol 148: 497–506.
-
6.
Manabe YC, Clark DP, Moore RD, Lumadue JA, Dahlman HR, Belitsos PC, Chaisson RE, Sears CL, 1998. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: correlates of disease and survival. Clin Infect Dis 27: 536–542.
-
7.
Delahoy MJ, O'Reilly CE, Omore R, Ochieng B, Farag TH, Nasri D, Panchalingam S, Nataro JP, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Oundo J, Parsons MB, Bopp CA, Vulule J, Laserson K, Mintz E, Breiman RF, 2012. Cryptosporidium infection in children less than five years old with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural Western Kenya, 2008–2011. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Annual Conference, Abstract 515.
-
8.
Brantley RK, Williams KR, Silva TM, Sistrom M, Thielman NM, Ward H, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2003. AIDS-Associated diarrhea and wasting in northeast Brazil is associated with subtherapeutic plasma levels of antiretroviral medications and with both bovine and human subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum. Braz J Infect Dis 7: 16–22.
-
9.
Dillingham RA, Pinkerton R, Leger P, Severe P, Guerrant RL, Pape JW, Fitzgerald D, 2004. High early mortality in patients with chronic Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome diarrhea initiating antiretroviral therapy in Haiti: a case-control study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 1060–1064.
-
10.
Dillingham RA, Leger P, Beauharnais CA, Miller E, Kashuba A, Jennings S, Dupnik K, Samie A, Eyma E, Guerrant R, Pape J, Fitzgerald D, 2011. AIDS diarrhea and antiretroviral drug concentrations: a matched-pair cohort study in Port au Prince, Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 878–882.
-
11.
Abebe L, Narkiewicz S, Mashao M, Singo A, Brant J, Samie A, Craver V, Smith J, Dillingham R, 2010. Ceramic water filters reduce days of diarrheal illness in HIV-infected individuals in Limpopo Province, South Africa. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Annual Conference, Abstract 443.
-
12.
Potgieter N, Mudau LS, Maluleke FR, 2006. Microbiological quality of groundwater used by rural communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water Sci Technol 54: 371–377.
-
13.
Majuru B, Jagals P, Hunter PR, 2012. Assessing rural small community water supply in Limpopo, South Africa: water service benchmarks and reliability. Sci Total Environ 435–436: 479–486.
-
14.
Mor SM, Tzipori S, 2008. Cryptosporidiosis in children in sub-Saharan Africa: a lingering challenge. Clin Infect Dis 47: 915–921.
-
15.
Samie A, Guerrant RL, Barrett L, Bessong PO, Igumbor EO, Obi CL, 2009. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrheal and non-diarrheal human stools from Vhembe district, South Africa. J Health Popul Nutr 27: 739–745.
-
16.
Samie A, Bessong PO, Obi CL, Sevilleja JE, Stroup S, Houpt E, Guerrant RL, 2006. Cryptosporidium species: preliminary descriptions of the prevalence and genotype distribution among school children and hospital patients in the Venda region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Exp Parasitol 114: 314–322.
-
17.
Moodley D, Jackson TF, Gathriam V, van den Ende J, 1991. Cryptosporidium infections in children in Durban. Seasonal variation, age distribution, and disease status. S Afr Med J 79: 295–297.
-
18.
Isaac-Renton J, Blatherwick J, Bowie WR, Fyfe M, Khan M, Li A, King A, McLean M, Medd L, Moorehead W, Ong CS, Robertson W, 1999. Epidemic and endemic seroprevalence of antibodies to Cryptosporidium and Giardia in residents of three communities with different drinking water supplies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 578–583.
-
19.
Teixeira MC, Barreto ML, Melo C, Silva LR, Moraes LR, Alcântara-Neves NMA, 2007. Serological study of Cryptosporidium transmission in a peri-urban area of a Brazilian northeastern city. Trop Med Int Health 12: 1096–1104.
-
20.
Zu SX, Li JF, Barrett LJ, Fayer R, Shu SY, McAuliffe JF, Roche JK, Guerrant RL, 1994. Seroepidemiologic study of Cryptosporidium infection in children from rural communities of Anhui, China and Fortaleza, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 1–10.
-
21.
Obi CL, Potgieter N, Bessong PO, Matsaung G, 2003. Scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural Venda communities in South Africa. Water Sci Technol 47: 59–64.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 300 | 261 | 15 |
| Full Text Views | 346 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 81 | 6 | 0 |