Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1167–1173.
-
2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Arbonet. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control_archive.htm. Accessed April 13, 2012.
-
3.
Gibney KB, Colborn J, Baty S, Bunko Patterson AM, Sylvester T, Briggs G, Stewart T, Levy C, Komatsu K, MacMillan K, Delorey MJ, Mutebi J-P, Fischer M, Staples JE, 2012. Modifiable risk factors for West Nile virus infection during an outbreak - Arizona, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 895–901.
-
4.
Town of Gilbert, 2010. General Plan Land Use Map. Available at: http://www.gilbertaz.gov/areamaps/pdf/GeneralPlan0710.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2011.
-
5.
Pyle P, 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds, Part I Columbidae to Ploceidae. Bolinas, CA: Slate Creek Press.
-
6.
Beaty B, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
7.
National Audubon Society, 2010. The Christmas Bird Count Historical Results. Available at:: http://www.christmasbirdcount.org. Accessed April 2, 2012.
-
8.
Komar N, Panella NA, Langevin SA, Brault AC, Amador M, Edwards E, Owen JC, 2005. Avian hosts for West Nile virus in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana 2002. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1031–1037.
-
9.
Morales-Betoulle ME, Komar N, Panella NA, Alvarez D, López MR, Betoulle J-L, Sosa SM, Müller ML, Kilpatrick AM, Lanciotti RS, Johnson BW, Powers AM, Cordón-Rosales C, 2011. Ecology of West Nile virus in a tropical ecosystem in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 116–126.
-
10.
Komar N, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Spielman A, 1999. Eastern equine encephalitis in birds: relative competence of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 387–391.
-
11.
Guerrero-Sánchez S, Cuevas-Romero S, Nemeth NM, Trujillo-Olivera MT, Worwa G, Dupuis A, Brault AC, Kramer LD, Komar N, Estrada-Franco JG, 2011. West Nile virus infection of birds, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2245–2252.
-
12.
Kent RJ, Juliusson L, Weissman M, Evans S, Komar N, 2009. Seasonal blood feeding behavior of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Weld County, Colorado, 2007. J Med Entomol 46: 380–390.
-
13.
Panella NA, Kent RJ, Biggerstaff BJ, Komar N, 2011. A novel trap for collecting resting mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 27: 323–325.
-
14.
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage H, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
-
15.
Zou GY, Donner A, 2008. Construction of confidence limits about effect measures: a general approach. Stat Med 27: 1693–1702.
-
16.
Biggerstaff BJ, 2006. PooledInfRate, version 3.0: a Microsoft Excel Add-In to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
17.
Molaei G, Cummings RF, Su T, Armstrong PM, Williams GA, Cheng ML, Webb JP, Andreadis TG, 2010. Vector-host interactions governing epidemiology of West Nile virus in Southern California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 1269–1282.
-
18.
Vuong HB, Caccamise DF, Remmenga M, Creamer R, 2012. Ecological associations of West Nile virus and avian hosts in an arid environment. Paul E, ed. Emerging Avian Disease: Studies in Avian Biology. Volume 42. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 3–22.
-
19.
Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, Wheeler SS, Kennsington M, Gutierrez A, Fang Y, Garcia S, Lothrop B, 2008. Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement of St. Louis encephalitis virus in southeastern California, 2003–2006. J Med Entomol 45: 494–508.
-
20.
Godsey MS Jr, Burkhalter K, Young G, Delorey M, Smith K, Townsend J, Levy C, Mutebi JP, 2012. Entomological investigations during an outbreak of West Nile virus disease in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1125–1131.
-
21.
Anderson TR, 2006. Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: From Genes to Populations. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
22.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311–322.
-
23.
Fang Y, Reisen WK, 2006. Previous infection with West Nile or St. Louis encephalitis viruses provides cross protection during reinfection in house finches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 480–485.
-
24.
Roth D, Henry B, Mak S, Fraser M, Taylor M, Li M, Cooper K, Furnell A, Wong Q, Morshed M; British Columbia West Nile Virus Surveillance Team, 2010. West Nile virus range expansion into British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1251–1258.
-
25.
Gujral IB, Zielinski-Gutierrez EC, LeBailly A, Nasci R, 2007. Behavioral risks for West Nile virus disease, northern Colorado, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 419–425.
-
26.
Reisen WK, Barker CM, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2008. Does variation in Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence enable outbreaks of West Nile virus in California? J Med Entomol 45: 1126–1138.
-
27.
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, Alleyne EO, Dobson AP, Daszak P, 2005. West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 425–429.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 63 | 63 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 325 | 85 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 89 | 29 | 0 |
Avian Hosts of West Nile Virus in Arizona
Nicholas Komar
Nicholas Komar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona
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Nicholas A. Panella
Nicholas A. Panella
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona
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Ginger R. Young
Ginger R. Young
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona
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Aaron C. Brault
Aaron C. Brault
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona
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Craig E. Levy
Craig E. Levy
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona
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PubMed
West Nile virus (WNV) causes sporadic outbreaks of human encephalitis in Phoenix, Arizona. To identify amplifying hosts of WNV in the Phoenix area, we blood-sampled resident birds and measured antibody prevalence following an outbreak in the East Valley of metropolitan Phoenix during summer, 2010. House sparrow (Passer domesticus), house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus), great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), and mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) accounted for most WNV infections among locally resident birds. These species roost communally after early summer breeding. In September 2010, Culex vector-avian host contact was 3-fold greater at communal bird roosts compared with control sites, as determined by densities of resting mosquitoes with previous vertebrate contact (i.e., blood-engorged or gravid mosquitoes). Because of the low competence of mourning doves, these were considered weak amplifiers but potentially effective free-ranging sentinels. Highly competent sparrows, finches, and grackles were predicted to be key amplifying hosts for WNV in suburban Phoenix.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Authors' addresses: Nicholas Komar, Nicholas A. Panella, Ginger R. Young, and Aaron C. Brault, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: nck6@cdc.gov, nap4@cdc.gov, gyoung527@gmail.com, and acbrault1@mac.com. Craig E. Levy, Arizona Department of Health Services - Epidemiology, Phoenix, AZ, E-mail: CraigLevy@mail.maricopa.gov.
Reprint requests: Nicholas Komar, CDC-DVBD-ADB, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, Tel: 970-221-6400, E-mail: NKomar@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1167–1173.
-
2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Arbonet. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control_archive.htm. Accessed April 13, 2012.
-
3.
Gibney KB, Colborn J, Baty S, Bunko Patterson AM, Sylvester T, Briggs G, Stewart T, Levy C, Komatsu K, MacMillan K, Delorey MJ, Mutebi J-P, Fischer M, Staples JE, 2012. Modifiable risk factors for West Nile virus infection during an outbreak - Arizona, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 895–901.
-
4.
Town of Gilbert, 2010. General Plan Land Use Map. Available at: http://www.gilbertaz.gov/areamaps/pdf/GeneralPlan0710.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2011.
-
5.
Pyle P, 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds, Part I Columbidae to Ploceidae. Bolinas, CA: Slate Creek Press.
-
6.
Beaty B, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Arboviruses. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Infections. Seventh edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189–212.
-
7.
National Audubon Society, 2010. The Christmas Bird Count Historical Results. Available at:: http://www.christmasbirdcount.org. Accessed April 2, 2012.
-
8.
Komar N, Panella NA, Langevin SA, Brault AC, Amador M, Edwards E, Owen JC, 2005. Avian hosts for West Nile virus in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana 2002. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1031–1037.
-
9.
Morales-Betoulle ME, Komar N, Panella NA, Alvarez D, López MR, Betoulle J-L, Sosa SM, Müller ML, Kilpatrick AM, Lanciotti RS, Johnson BW, Powers AM, Cordón-Rosales C, 2011. Ecology of West Nile virus in a tropical ecosystem in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 116–126.
-
10.
Komar N, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Spielman A, 1999. Eastern equine encephalitis in birds: relative competence of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 387–391.
-
11.
Guerrero-Sánchez S, Cuevas-Romero S, Nemeth NM, Trujillo-Olivera MT, Worwa G, Dupuis A, Brault AC, Kramer LD, Komar N, Estrada-Franco JG, 2011. West Nile virus infection of birds, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2245–2252.
-
12.
Kent RJ, Juliusson L, Weissman M, Evans S, Komar N, 2009. Seasonal blood feeding behavior of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Weld County, Colorado, 2007. J Med Entomol 46: 380–390.
-
13.
Panella NA, Kent RJ, Biggerstaff BJ, Komar N, 2011. A novel trap for collecting resting mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 27: 323–325.
-
14.
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage H, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT, 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
-
15.
Zou GY, Donner A, 2008. Construction of confidence limits about effect measures: a general approach. Stat Med 27: 1693–1702.
-
16.
Biggerstaff BJ, 2006. PooledInfRate, version 3.0: a Microsoft Excel Add-In to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples. Fort Collins, CO: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
17.
Molaei G, Cummings RF, Su T, Armstrong PM, Williams GA, Cheng ML, Webb JP, Andreadis TG, 2010. Vector-host interactions governing epidemiology of West Nile virus in Southern California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 1269–1282.
-
18.
Vuong HB, Caccamise DF, Remmenga M, Creamer R, 2012. Ecological associations of West Nile virus and avian hosts in an arid environment. Paul E, ed. Emerging Avian Disease: Studies in Avian Biology. Volume 42. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 3–22.
-
19.
Reisen WK, Lothrop HD, Wheeler SS, Kennsington M, Gutierrez A, Fang Y, Garcia S, Lothrop B, 2008. Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement of St. Louis encephalitis virus in southeastern California, 2003–2006. J Med Entomol 45: 494–508.
-
20.
Godsey MS Jr, Burkhalter K, Young G, Delorey M, Smith K, Townsend J, Levy C, Mutebi JP, 2012. Entomological investigations during an outbreak of West Nile virus disease in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 1125–1131.
-
21.
Anderson TR, 2006. Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: From Genes to Populations. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
22.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311–322.
-
23.
Fang Y, Reisen WK, 2006. Previous infection with West Nile or St. Louis encephalitis viruses provides cross protection during reinfection in house finches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 480–485.
-
24.
Roth D, Henry B, Mak S, Fraser M, Taylor M, Li M, Cooper K, Furnell A, Wong Q, Morshed M; British Columbia West Nile Virus Surveillance Team, 2010. West Nile virus range expansion into British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1251–1258.
-
25.
Gujral IB, Zielinski-Gutierrez EC, LeBailly A, Nasci R, 2007. Behavioral risks for West Nile virus disease, northern Colorado, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 419–425.
-
26.
Reisen WK, Barker CM, Fang Y, Martinez VM, 2008. Does variation in Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence enable outbreaks of West Nile virus in California? J Med Entomol 45: 1126–1138.
-
27.
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Campbell SR, Alleyne EO, Dobson AP, Daszak P, 2005. West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 425–429.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 63 | 63 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 325 | 85 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 89 | 29 | 0 |