Efficacy and Duration of Immunity after Yellow Fever Vaccination: Systematic Review on the Need for a Booster Every 10 Years

Eduardo Gotuzzo Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humbolt, Lima, Peru; Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Search for other papers by Eduardo Gotuzzo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Sergio Yactayo Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humbolt, Lima, Peru; Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Search for other papers by Sergio Yactayo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Erika Córdova Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humbolt, Lima, Peru; Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Search for other papers by Erika Córdova in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Current regulations stipulate a yellow fever (YF) booster every 10 years. We conducted a systematic review of the protective efficacy and duration of immunity of YF vaccine in residents of disease-endemic areas and in travelers to assess the need for a booster in these two settings and in selected populations (human immunodeficiency virus–infected persons, infants, children, pregnant women, and severely malnourished persons). Thirty-six studies and 22 reports were included. We identified 12 studies of immunogenicity, 8 of duration of immunity, 8 of vaccine response in infants and children, 7 of human-immunodeficiency virus–infected persons, 2 of pregnant women, and 1 of severely malnourished children. Based on currently available data, a single dose of YF vaccine is highly immunogenic and confers sustained life-long protective immunity against YF. Therefore, a booster dose of YF vaccine is not needed. Special considerations for selected populations are detailed.

Author Notes

* Address correspondence to Erika Córdova, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Lima 31, Peru. E-mail: erika.cordova@upch.pe

Disclosure: Eduardo Gotuzzo is an Advisory Board member and consultant for Pfizer and will participate in a study conducted by Sanofi Pasteur on the epidemiology of meningococcal infections.

Authors' addresses: Eduardo Gotuzzo and Erika Cordóva, Instituto de Medidina Tropical Alexander von Humbolt, Lima, Peru, E-mails: eduardo.gotuzzo@upch.pe and erika.cordova@upch.pe. Sergio Yactayo, Control of Epidemic Diseases, and Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, E-mail: yactayos@who.int.

  • 1.

    Jentes ES, Poumerol G, Gershman MD, Hill DR, Lemarchand J, Lewis RF, Staples JE, Tomori O, Wilder-Smith A, Monath TP; Informal WHO Working Group on Geographic Risk for Yellow Fever, 2011. The revised global yellow fever risk map and recommendations for vaccination, 2010: consensus of the Informal WHO Working Group on Geographic Risk for Yellow Fever. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 622632.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Wilson ME, Chen LH, Barnett ED, 2004. Yellow fever immunizations: indications and risks. Curr Infect Dis Rep 6: 3442.

  • 3.

    Barrett AD, Monath TP, Barban V, Niedrig M, Teuwen DE, 2007. 17D yellow fever vaccines: new insights. A report of a workshop held during the World Congress on medicine and health in the tropics, Marseille, France, Monday 12 September 2005. Vaccine 25: 27582765.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Staples JE, Gershman M, Fischer M; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Yellow fever vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 59: 127.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Wilder-Smith A, Hill DR, Freedman DO, 2008. The revised International Health Regulations (2005): impact on yellow fever vaccination in clinical practice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 359360.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Reinhardt B, Jaspert R, Niedrig M, Kostner C, L'Age-Stehr J, 1998. Development of viremia and humoral and cellular parameters of immune activation after vaccination with yellow fever virus strain 17D: a model of human flavivirus infection. J Med Virol 56: 159167.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    Gomez SY, Ocazionez RE, 2008. Yellow fever virus 17D neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated Colombian people and unvaccinated ones having immunity against dengue [in Spanish]. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 10: 796807.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Groot H, Riberiro RB, 1962. Neutralizing and haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to yellow fever 17 year(s) after vaccination with 17D vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 27: 699707.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Poland JD, Calisher CH, Monath TP, Downs WG, Murphy K, 1981. Persistence of neutralizing antibody 30–35 year(s) after immunization with 17D yellow fever vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 59: 895900.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    de Melo AB, da Silva M da P, Magalhaes MC, Gonzales Gil LH, Freese de Carvalho EM, Braga-Neto UM, Bertani GR, Marques ET Jr, Cordeiro MT, 2011. Description of a prospective 17DD yellow fever vaccine cohort in Recife, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 739747.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Rosenzweig EC, Babione RW, Wisseman CL Jr, 1963. Immunological studies with group B arthropod-borne viruses. IV. Persistence of yellow fever antibodies following vaccination with 17D strain yellow fever vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12: 230235.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Niedrig M, Lademann M, Emmerich P, Lafrenz M, 1999. Assessment of IgG antibodies against yellow fever virus after vaccination with 17D by different assays: neutralization test, haemagglutination inhibition test, immunofluorescence assay and ELISA. Trop Med Int Health 4: 867871.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Coulange Bodilis H, Benabdelmoumen G, Gergely A, Goujon C, Pelicot M, Poujol P, Consigny PH, 2011. Long term persistence of yellow fever neutralizing antibodies in elderly persons [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 104: 260265.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus through breast-feeding–Brazil, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59: 130132.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    Kuhn S, Twele-Montecinos L, MacDonald J, Webster P, Law B, 2011. Case report: probable transmission of vaccine strain of yellow fever virus to an infant via breast milk. CMAJ 183: E243E245.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    Anonymous, 2011. Meeting of the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, December 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 3843.

  • 17.

    Kengsakul K, Sathirapongsasuti K, Punyagupta S, 2002. Fatal myeloencephalitis following yellow fever vaccination in a case with HIV infection. J Med Assoc Thai 85: 131134.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Mason RA, Tauraso NM, Ginn RK, O'Brien TC, Trimmer RW, 1972. Yellow fever vaccine. V. Antibody response in maonkeys inoculated with graded doses of the 17D vaccine. Appl Microbiol 23: 908913.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Mason RA, Tauraso NM, Spertzel RO, Ginn RK, 1973. Yellow fever vaccine: direct challenge of monkeys given graded doses of 17D vaccine. Appl Microbiol 25: 539544.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Staples JE, Gershman M, Fischer M; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010. Yellow fever vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 59: 127.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Julander JG, Trent DW, Monath TP, 2011. Immune correlates of protection against yellow fever determined by passive immunization and challenge in the hamster model. Vaccine 29: 60086016.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Hombach J, Solomon T, Kurane I, Jacobson J, Wood D, 2005. Report on a WHO consultation on immunological endpoints for evaluation of new Japanese encephalitis vaccines, WHO, Geneva, 2–3 September, 2004. Vaccine 23: 52055211.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    Monath TP, 2005. Yellow fever vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 4: 553574.

  • 24.

    Hepburn MJ, Kortepeter MG, Pittman PR, Boudreau EF, Mangiafico JA, Buck PA, Norris SL, Anderson EL, 2006. Neutralizing antibody response to booster vaccination with the 17d yellow fever vaccine. Vaccine 24: 28432849.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Groot H, Gast-Galvis A, 1965. Observations on the 17 D virus vaccine against yellow fever, applied by cutaneous scarification [in Spanish]. Rev Invest (Guadalajara) 5: 525.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Guerra HL, Sardinha TM, da Rosa AP, Lima e Costa MF, 1997. Effectiveness of the yellow fever vaccine 17D: an epidemiologic evaluation in health services [in Spanish]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2: 115120.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Vazquez S, Valdes O, Pupo M, Delgado I, Alvarez M, Pelegrino JL, Guzmán MG, 2003. MAC-ELISA and ELISA inhibition methods for detection of antibodies after yellow fever vaccination. J Virol Methods 110: 179184.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Camacho LA, Freire M da S, Leal M da L, Aguiar SG, Nascimento JP, Iguchi T, Lozana J de A, Farias RH; Collaborative Group for the Study of Yellow Fever Vaccines, 2004. Immunogenicity of WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD yellow fever vaccines: a randomized trial. Rev Saude Publica 38: 671678.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Tavares-Neto J, Freitas-Carvalho J, Nunes MR, Rocha G, Rodrigues SG, Damasceno E, Darub R, Viana S, Vasconcelos PF, 2004. Serologic survey for yellow fever and other arboviruses among inhabitants of Rio Branco, Brazil, before and three months after receiving the yellow fever 17D vaccine [in Portuguese]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 37: 16.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Belmusto-Worn VE, Sanchez JL, McCarthy K, Nichols R, Bautista CT, Magill AJ, Pastor-Cauna G, Echevarria C, Laguna-Torres VA, Samame BK, Baldeon ME, Burnas JP, Olson JG, Bedford P, Kitchener S, Monath TP, 2005. Randomized, double-blind, phase III, pivotal field trial of the comparative immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of two yellow fever 17D vaccines (Arilvax and YF-VAX) in healthy infants and children in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 189197.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    Pfister M, Kursteiner O, Hilfiker H, Favre D, Durrer P, Ennaji A, L'Age-Stehr J, Kaufhold A, Herzog C, 2005. Immunogenicity and safety of BERNA-YF compared with two other 17D yellow fever vaccines in a phase 3 clinical trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 339346.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Suzano CE, Amaral E, Sato HK, Papaiordanou PM; Campinas Group on Yellow Fever Immunization during Pregnancy, 2006. The effects of yellow fever immunization (17DD) inadvertently used in early pregnancy during a mass campaign in Brazil. Vaccine 24: 14211426.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Monath TP, Nichols R, Archambault WT, Moore L, Marchesani R, Tian J, Shope RE, Thomas N, Schrader R, Furby D, Bedford P, 2002. Comparative safety and immunogenicity of two yellow fever 17D vaccines (ARILVAX and YF-VAX) in a phase III multicenter, double-blind clinical trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 533541.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34.

    Monath TP, 2001. Yellow fever: an update. Lancet Infect Dis 1: 1120.

  • 35.

    Niedrig M, Kursteiner O, Herzog C, Sonnenberg K, 2008. Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies against yellow fever virus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15: 177181.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Wisseman CL Jr, Sweet BH, 1962. Immunological studies with group B arthropod-borne viruses. III. Response of human subjects to revaccination with 17D strain yellow fever vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 11: 570575.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Omilabu SA, Adejumo JO, Olaleye OD, Fagbami AH, Baba SS, 1990. Yellow fever haemagglutination-inhibiting, neutralising and IgM antibodies in vaccinated and unvaccinated residents of Ibadan, Nigeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 13: 95100.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    Munoz-Jordan JL, Laurent-Rolle M, Ashour J, Martinez-Sobrido L, Ashok M, Lipkin WI, García-Sastre A, 2005. Inhibition of alpha/beta interferon signaling by the NS4B protein of flaviviruses. J Virol 79: 80048013.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 39.

    Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Heron I, Monath TP, Calisher CH, 1995. Lymphocytic 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase activity increases prior to the appearance of NTAbs and immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies after primary and secondary immunization with yellow fever vaccine. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2: 302306.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 40.

    Bruyand M, Receveur MC, Pistone T, Verdiere CH, Thiebaut R, Malvy D, 2008. Yellow fever vaccination in non-immunocompetent patients [in French]. Med Mal Infect 38: 524532.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 41.

    Thomas RE, Lorenzetti DL, Spragins W, Jackson D, Williamson T, 2011. Active and passive surveillance of yellow fever vaccine 17D or 17DD-associated serious adverse events: systematic review. Vaccine 29: 45444555.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 42.

    Duchet Niedziolka P, Launay O, Salmon Ceron D, Consigny PH, Ancelle T, Van der Vliet D, Lortholary O, Hanslik T; pour fe groupe GEVACCIM, 2008. Antiviral immunization of immunocompromised adults, literature review [in French]. Rev Med Interne 29: 554567.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 43.

    Dick GW, Smithburn KC, 1949. Immunity to yellow fever 6 year(s) after vaccination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 5761.

  • 44.

    Anderson CR, Gast-Galvis A, 1947. Immunity to yellow fever five year(s) after vaccination. Am J Hyg 45: 302304.

  • 45.

    Fox JP, Fonseca Da Cunha J, Kossobudzki SL, 1948. Additional observations on the duration of humoral immunity following vaccination with the 17D strain of yellow fever virus. Am J Hyg 47: 6470.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 46.

    Veras MA, Flannery B, de Moraes JC, da Silva Teixeira AM, Luna EJ; Vaccine Coverage Survey 2007 Group, 2010. Yellow fever vaccination coverage among children in Brazilian capitals. Vaccine 28: 64786482.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 47.

    Lopes O de S, Guimaraes SS, de Carvalho R, 1988. Studies on yellow fever vaccine. III. Dose response in volunteers. J Biol Stand 16: 7782.

  • 48.

    Stefano I, Sato HK, Pannuti CS, Omoto TM, Mann G, Freire MS, Yamamura AM, Vasconcelos PF, Oselka GW, Weckx LW, Salgado MF, Noale LF, Souza VA, 1999. Recent immunization against measles does not interfere with the sero-response to yellow fever vaccine. Vaccine 17: 10421046.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 49.

    Receveur MC, Thiebaut R, Vedy S, Malvy D, Mercie P, Bras ML, 2000. Yellow fever vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: report of 2 cases. Clin Infect Dis 31: 78.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 50.

    Tattevin P, Depatureaux AG, Chapplain JM, Dupont M, Souala F, Arvieux C, Poveda JD, Michelat C, 2004. Yellow fever vaccine is safe and effective in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 18: 825827.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 51.

    Pistone T, Verdiere CH, Receveur MC, Ezzedine K, Lafon ME, Malvy D, 2010. Immunogenicity and tolerability of yellow fever vaccination in 23 French HIV-infected patients. Curr HIV Res 8: 461466.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 52.

    Sidibe M, Yactayo S, Kalle A, Sall AA, Sow S, Ndoutabe M, Perea W, Avokey F, Lewies RF, Veit O, 2012. Immunogenicity and safety of yellow fever vaccine among 115 HIV-infected patients after a preventive immunisation campaign in Mali. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 106: 437444.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 53.

    Sibailly TS, Wiktor SZ, Tsai TF, Cropp BC, Ekpini ER, Adjorlolo-Johnson G, Gnaore G, De Cock KM, Greenberg AE, 1997. Poor antibody response to yellow fever vaccination in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16: 11771179.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 54.

    Veit O, Niedrig M, Chapuis-Taillard C, Cavassini M, Mossdorf E, Schmid P, Bae HE, Litzba N, Staub T, Hatz C, Furrer H; Swiss HIV Cohort Study, 2009. Immunogenicity and safety of yellow fever vaccination for 102 HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 48: 659666.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 55.

    Pacanowski J, Lacombe K, Campa P, Dabrowska M, Poveda JD, Meynard JL, Poirot JL, Fonquernie L, Girard PM, 2012. Plasma HIV-RNA is the key determinant of long-term antibody persistence after yellow fever immunization in a cohort of 364 HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 59: 360367.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 56.

    Nasidi A, Monath TP, Vandenberg J, Tomori O, Calisher CH, Hurtgen X, Munube GR, Sorungbe AO, Okafor GC, Wali S, 1993. Yellow fever vaccination and pregnancy: a four-year prospective study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 337339.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 57.

    Brown RE, Katz M, 1966. Failure of antibody production to yellow fever vaccine in children with kwashiorkor. Trop Geogr Med 18: 125128.

  • 58.

    Anonymous, 1967. Effects of malnutrition on smallpox and yellow fever vaccination. Nutr Rev 25: 108110.

  • 59.

    Monath TP, Gershman M, Barret AD, 2012. Yellow fever. Plotkin S, Orenstein W, eds. Vaccines. Sixth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, 870968.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 60.

    Groot H, Kerr JA, Sanmartin C, Vidales H, 1959. Antibodies to yellow fever and other arthropod-borne viruses in human residents of San Vicente de Chucuri, Santander, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8: 175189.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 61.

    Gaucher D, Therrien R, Kettaf N, Angermann BR, Boucher G, Filali-Mouhim A, Moser JM, Mehta RS, Drake DR III, Castro E, Akondy R, Rinfret A, Yassine-Diab B, Said EA, Chouikh Y, Cameron MJ, Clum R, Kelvin D, Somogyi R, Greller LD, Balderas RS, Wilkinson P, Pantaleo G, Tartaglia J, Hadad EK, Sékaly RP, 2008. Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. J Exp Med 205: 31193131.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 62.

    Anonymous, 2010. Yellow fever fact sheet. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 85: 3336.

  • 63.

    Fox JP, Elveback L, Scott W, Gatewood L, Ackerman E, 1995. Herd immunity: basic concept and relevance to public health immunization practices. Am J Epidemiol 141: 187197.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 64.

    Goujon CT, Feuillie V, Coulaud P, Dupont B, Sansonetti P, 1995. Good tolerance and efficacy of yellow fever vaccine among carriers of human immunodeficiency virus. J Travel Med 2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 65.

    Pacanowski JC, Dabrowska M, Lacombe K, 2008. Antibody response and safety of yellow fever vaccination in HIV infected patients. Proceedings of the 48th Annual International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, October 25–28, 2008, Washington, DC.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 66.

    Anonymous, 1996. Expanded programme on immunization (EPI). Inclusion of yellow fever vaccine in the EPI. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 71: 181185.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 67.

    Monath TP, 2006. Yellow fever as an endemic/epidemic disease and priorities for vaccination. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 99: 341347.

  • 68.

    Hanson H, 1929. Observations on the age and sex incidence of deaths and recoveries in the yellow fever epidemic in the department of Lambayeque, Peru, in 1921. Am J Trop Med 9: 233239.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 69.

    Monath TP, Craven RB, Adjukiewicz A, Germain M, Francy DB, Ferrara L, Samba EM, N'Jie H, Cham K, Fitzgerald SA, Crippen PH, Simpson DI, Bowen ET, Fabiyi A, Salaun JJ, 1980. Yellow fever in the Gambia, 1978–1979: epidemiologic aspects with observations on the occurrence of Orungo virus infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 912928.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 70.

    Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Rasmussen SA, Williams JL, Swerdlow DL, Biggerstaff MS, Lindstrom S, Louie JK, Christ CM, Bohm MR, Fonseca VP, Ritger KA, Kuhles DJ, Eggers P, Bruce H, Davidson HA, Lutterloh E, Harris ML, Burke C, Cocoros N, Finelli L, MacFarlane KF, Shu B, Olsen SJ; Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Pregancy Working Group, 2009. H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA. Lancet 374: 451458.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 71.

    Ingardia CJ, Kelley L, Steinfeld JD, Wax JR, 1999. Hepatitis B vaccination in pregnancy: factors influencing efficacy. Obstet Gynecol 93: 983986.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 72.

    Nishioka S de A, Nunes-Araujo FR, Pires WP, Silva FA, Costa HL, 1998. Yellow fever vaccination during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion: a case-control study. Trop Med Int Health 3: 2933.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 73.

    Cavalcanti DP, Salomao MA, Lopez-Camelo J, Pessoto MA; Campinas Group of Yellow Fever Immunization during Pregnancy, 2007. Early exposure to yellow fever vaccine during pregnancy. Trop Med Int Health 12: 833837.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 74.

    Elliot M, 1944. Yellow fever in the recently inoculated. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 38: 231236.

  • 75.

    Ross RW, Haddow AJ, Raper AB, Trowell HC, 1953. A fatal case of yellow fever in a European in Uganda. East Afr Med J 30: 111.

  • 76.

    Nolla-Salas J, Saballs-Radresa J, Bada JL, 1989. Imported yellow fever in vaccinated tourist. Lancet 334: 1275.

  • 77.

    Tuboi SH, Costa ZG, da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Hatch D, 2007. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of yellow fever in Brazil: analysis of reported cases 1998–2002. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 169175.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 78.

    McFarland JM, Baddour LM, Nelson JE, Elkins SK, Craven RB, Cropp BC, Chang GJ, Grindstaff AD, Craig AS, Smith RJ, 1997. Imported yellow fever in a United States citizen. Clin Infect Dis 25: 11431147.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 79.

    Barros ML, Boecken G, 1996. Jungle yellow fever in the central Amazon. Lancet 348: 969970.

  • 80.

    Bae HG, Drosten C, Emmerich P, Colebunders R, Hantson P, Pest S, Parent M, Schmitz H, Warnat MA, Niedrig M, 2005. Analysis of two imported cases of yellow fever infection from Ivory Coast and The Gambia to Germany and Belgium. J Clin Virol 33: 274280.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 81.

    Anonymous, 2000. Yellow fever, 1998–1999. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 75: 322328.

  • 82.

    Colebunders R, Mariage JL, Coche JC, Pirenne B, Kempinaire S, Hantson P, Van Gompel A, Niedrig M, Van Esbroeck M, Bailey R, Drosten C, Schmitz H, 2002. A Belgian traveller who acquired yellow fever in the Gambia. Clin Infect Dis 35: e113e116.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 83.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. Fatal yellow fever in a traveler returning from Amazonas, Brazil, 2002. JAMA 287: 24992500.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
Past two years Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 174 174 48
Full Text Views 1459 357 0
PDF Downloads 823 161 0
 
Membership Banner
 
 
 
Affiliate Membership Banner
 
 
Research for Health Information Banner
 
 
CLOCKSS
 
 
 
Society Publishers Coalition Banner
Save