Author:
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Reference Manager
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USGS, 2010. Haiti Estimated Population Exposed to Earthquake Shaking. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
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OCHA, 2010. Haiti Earthquake Situation Report #29—15 March 2010. New York, NY: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
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CDEMA, 2010. Haiti Earthquake Sit Rep #12. St. Michael: Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency.
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Lantagne D, Rainey R, 2008. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Options in Haiti. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/United States Agency for International Development.
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MSPP, 2007. Haïti: Enquête Mortalité, Morbidité et Utilisation des Services 2005–2006. Pétion-Ville, Haïti: Ministére de la Santé Publique et de la Population/Macro International, Inc.
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Clasen T, Schmidt WP, Rabie T, Roberts I, Cairncross S, 2007. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 334: 782.
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Fewtrell L, Colford JM Jr, 2005. Water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: interventions and diarrhoea—a review. Water Sci Technol 52: 133–142.
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Gaffga NH, Tauxe RV, Mintz ED, 2007. Cholera: a new homeland in Africa? Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 705–713.
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Watson JT, Gayer M, Connolly MA, 2007. Epidemics after natural disasters. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1–5.
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de Ville de Goyet C, 2000. Stop propagating disaster myths. Lancet 356: 762–764.
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Lantagne D, Clasen T, 2012. Point-of-use water treatment in emergencies. Waterlines 31: 30–52.
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Clasen T, Boisson S, 2006. Household-based ceramic water filters for the treatment of drinking water in disaster response: an assessment of a pilot programme in the Dominican Republic. Water Pract Technol 1: 2.
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Casanova LM, Walters A, Naghawatte A, Sobsey MD, 2012. A post-implementation evaluation of ceramic water filters distributed to tsunami-affected communities in Sri Lanka. J Water Health 10: 209–220.
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Lantagne D, Clasen T, 2012. Use of household water treatment and safe storage methods in acute emergency response: case study results from Nepal, Indonesia, Kenya, and Haiti. Environ Sci Technol 46: 11352–11360.
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WHO, 1993. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Volume 1: Recommendations, 2nd Ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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Lantagne D, Clasen T, 2011. Assessing the Sustained Uptake of Selected Point-of-Use Water Treatment (PoUWT) Methods in Emergency Settings. London, UK: LSHTM.
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Effective Use of Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake
Daniele Lantagne
Daniele Lantagne
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts; Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Thomas Clasen
Thomas Clasen
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts; Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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When water supplies are compromised during an emergency, responders often recommend household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) methods, such as boiling or chlorination. We evaluated the near- and longer-term impact of chlorine and filter products distributed shortly after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. HWTS products were deemed as effective to use if they actually improved unsafe household drinking water to internationally accepted microbiological water quality standards. The acute emergency survey (442 households) was conducted within 8 weeks of emergency onset; the recovery survey (218 households) was conducted 10 months after onset. Effective use varied by HWTS product (from 8% to 63% of recipients in the acute phase and from 0% to 46% of recipients in the recovery phase). Higher rates of effective use were associated with programs that were underway in Haiti before the emergency, had a plan at initial distribution for program continuation, and distributed products with community health worker support and a safe storage container.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was financially supported by UNICEF, Oxfam Great Britain, and Oxfam America.
Authors' addresses: Daniele Lantagne, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, E-mail: daniele.lantagne@tufts.edu. Thomas Clasen, Environmental Hygiene Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, E-mail: thomas.clasen@lshtm.ac.uk.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
USGS, 2010. Haiti Estimated Population Exposed to Earthquake Shaking. Reston, VA: United States Geological Survey.
-
2.
OCHA, 2010. Haiti Earthquake Situation Report #29—15 March 2010. New York, NY: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
-
3.
CDEMA, 2010. Haiti Earthquake Sit Rep #12. St. Michael: Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency.
-
4.
Lantagne D, Rainey R, 2008. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Options in Haiti. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/United States Agency for International Development.
-
5.
MSPP, 2007. Haïti: Enquête Mortalité, Morbidité et Utilisation des Services 2005–2006. Pétion-Ville, Haïti: Ministére de la Santé Publique et de la Population/Macro International, Inc.
-
6.
Clasen T, Schmidt WP, Rabie T, Roberts I, Cairncross S, 2007. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 334: 782.
-
7.
Fewtrell L, Colford JM Jr, 2005. Water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries: interventions and diarrhoea—a review. Water Sci Technol 52: 133–142.
-
8.
UNICEF/WHO, 2009. Diarrrhoea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done. Geneva: World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund.
-
9.
SPHERE, 2004. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Geneva: The Sphere Project.
-
10.
Noji EK, 1997. Public Health Consequences of Disasters. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
-
11.
Gaffga NH, Tauxe RV, Mintz ED, 2007. Cholera: a new homeland in Africa? Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 705–713.
-
12.
Toole M, Waldman RJ, 1990. Prevention of excess mortality in refugee and displaced populations in developing countries. JAMA 263: 3296–3302.
-
13.
Watson JT, Gayer M, Connolly MA, 2007. Epidemics after natural disasters. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1–5.
-
14.
de Ville de Goyet C, 2000. Stop propagating disaster myths. Lancet 356: 762–764.
-
15.
Lantagne D, Clasen T, 2012. Point-of-use water treatment in emergencies. Waterlines 31: 30–52.
-
16.
Clasen T, Boisson S, 2006. Household-based ceramic water filters for the treatment of drinking water in disaster response: an assessment of a pilot programme in the Dominican Republic. Water Pract Technol 1: 2.
-
17.
Casanova LM, Walters A, Naghawatte A, Sobsey MD, 2012. A post-implementation evaluation of ceramic water filters distributed to tsunami-affected communities in Sri Lanka. J Water Health 10: 209–220.
-
18.
WHO, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th Ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
19.
APHA/AWWA/WEF, 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed. Washington, DC: APHA/AWWA/WEF.
-
20.
Lantagne D, Clasen T, 2012. Use of household water treatment and safe storage methods in acute emergency response: case study results from Nepal, Indonesia, Kenya, and Haiti. Environ Sci Technol 46: 11352–11360.
-
21.
WHO, 1993. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Volume 1: Recommendations, 2nd Ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
22.
Crump JA, Okoth GO, Slutsker L, Ogaja DO, Keswick BH, Luby SP, 2004. Effect of point-of-use disinfection, flocculation and combined flocculation-disinfection on drinking water quality in western Kenya. J Appl Microbiol 97: 225–231.
-
23.
Lantagne D, 2008. Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment. J Am Water Works Assoc 100: 106–119.
-
24.
Clasen T, Smith L, 2005. The Drinking Water Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami, Including the Role of Household Water Treatment. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
25.
Parker AA, Stephenson R, Riley PL, Ombeki S, Komolleh C, Sibley L, Quick RE, 2006. Sustained high levels of stored drinking water treatment and retention of hand-washing knowledge in rural Kenyan households following a clinic-based intervention. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1029–1036.
-
26.
Ritter M, 2007. Determinants of Adoption of Household Water Treatment in Haiti Jolivert Safe Water for Families (JSWF) Program. Atlanta, GA: Emory University.
-
27.
Lantagne D, Clasen T, 2011. Assessing the Sustained Uptake of Selected Point-of-Use Water Treatment (PoUWT) Methods in Emergency Settings. London, UK: LSHTM.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 58 | 58 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 567 | 188 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 211 | 55 | 0 |