The Effects of Integration on Financing and Coverage of Neglected Tropical Disease Programs

Pamela J. Hooper Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Kathryn L. Zoerhoff Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Dominique Kyelem Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Brian Chu Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Rebecca Mann Flueckiger Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Sanoussi Bamani Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Windtaré Roland Bougma Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Fiona Fleming Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Ambrose Onapa Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Alain Brice Paré Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Scott Torres Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Mamadou Oumar Traore Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Marjon Tuinsma Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Mary Linehan Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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Margaret Baker Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia; International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia; Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali; Helen Keller International, Bamako, Mali; Office of Health, United States Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0018
Volume/Issue:
Volume 89: Issue 3
Page(s):
407–410
Restricted access
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When the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) began to support national programs integrating their neglected tropical disease (NTD) program activities, the expected impact on individual disease-specific programs was unclear, particularly with respect to program financing and coverage. To assess this impact, data were collected by NTD program managers and their non-governmental organization (NGO) partners in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Uganda from 2 years prior and 2 years after their individual programs received funding for an integrated NTD program. Findings show that these countries experienced some increases in overall funding available for integrated NTD programs, an expansion of geographical coverage and of the number of persons treated, and the addition of treatments targeted at new diseases. What is not clear is whether these achievements can be sustained if there are decreases in external support in the future. Seeking increased government commitment or sustained external donor support should be a top priority.

Author Notes

* Address correspondence to Pamela J. Hooper, 325 Swanton Way, Decatur, GA 30030. E-mail: phooper@taskforce.org

Financial support: This study is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the USAID. The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. The authors are grateful to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for their financial support of the study.

Authors' addresses: Pamela J. Hooper, Dominique Kyelem, Brian Chu, and Rebecca Mann Flueckiger, Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center, Task Force for Global Health - LF Support Center, Decatur, GA, E-mails: phooper@taskforce.org, dkyelem@taskforce.org, bchu@taskforce.org, and rmann@taskforce.org. Kathryn L. Zoerhoff, Ambrose Onapa, and Scott Torres, RTI International - Center for International Health, Washington, DC, E-mails: kzoerhoff@rti.org, kwibale1@yahoo.co.uk, and storres@rti.org. Sanoussi Bamani, Alain Brice Paré, and Mamadou Oumar Traore, Ministère de la Santé - Programme National de Lutte contre la Cécité, Bamako, Mali, E-mails: pnlcsmb@orangemali.net, alainbricepare@yahoo.fr, and traoremot@yahoo.fr. Windtaré Roland Bougma, Ministère de la Santé - Programme National d'Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, E-mail: wrolandbougma@yahoo.fr. Fiona Fleming, Imperial College London - Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, London, UK, E-mail: f.fleming@imperial.ac.uk. Marjon Tuinsma, Helen Keller International - HKI-Mali, Bamako, Mali, E-mail: mtuinsma@hki.org. Mary Linehan, United States Agency for International Development - Office of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia, E-mail: marylinehan609@gmail.com. Margaret Baker, Georgetown University - Department of International Health, Washington, DC, E-mail: mcb93@georgetown.edu.

Copyright:
© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2013
Received:
10 Jan 2013
|
Accepted:
13 Jun 2013
|
Published Online:
04 Sep 2013
Cover The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Print ISSN:
0002-9637
Online ISSN:
1476-1645
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