Author:
- Introduction
- Emphasizing Pre-service Training
- Support for Rapid Diagnostic Test Rollout and Use
- Adherence to Laboratory Test Results
- Subsidized Malaria Case Management
- Accurate Malaria Diagnosis in Changing Malaria Epidemiology Settings
- Integrated Fever Management
- Private Sector Healthcare and Malaria Diagnosis
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2012. World Malaria Report, 2012. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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2.
Bouyou-Akotet MK, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Kendjo E, Mabika-Mamfoumbi M, Ngoungou EB, Dzeing-Ella A, Pemba-Mihindou M, Ibinga E, Efame-Eya E, Planche T, Kremsner PG, Kombila M, 2009. Evidence of decline of malaria in the general hospital of Libreville, Gabon from 2000 to 2008. Malar J 8: 300.
-
3.
Zhou G, Githeko AK, Minakawa N, Yan G, 2010. Community-wide benefits of targeted indoor residual spray for malaria control in the Western Kenya Highland. Malar J 9: 67.
-
4.
Barnes KI, Chanda P, Ab BG, 2009. Impact of the large-scale deployment of artemether/lumefantrine on the malaria disease burden in Africa: case studies of South Africa, Zambia and Ethiopia. Malar J 8 (Suppl 1): S8.
-
5.
Ishengoma DR, Rwegoshora RT, Mdira KY, Kamugisha ML, Anga EO, Bygbjerg IC, Ronn AM, Magesa SM, 2009. Health laboratories in the Tanga region of Tanzania: the quality of diagnostic services for malaria and other communicable diseases. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 441–453.
-
6.
Hamer DH, Ndhlovu M, Zurovac D, Fox M, Yeboah-Antwi K, Chanda P, Sipilinyambe N, Simon JL, Snow RW, 2007. Improved diagnostic testing and malaria treatment practices in Zambia. JAMA 297: 2227–2231.
-
7.
Reyburn H, Mbatia R, Drakeley C, Carneiro I, Mwakasungula E, Mwerinde O, Saganda K, Shao J, Kitua A, Olomi R, Greenwood BM, Whitty CJ, 2004. Overdiagnosis of malaria in patients with severe febrile illness in Tanzania: a prospective study. BMJ 329: 1212.
-
8.
Reyburn H, Mbakilwa H, Mwangi R, Mwerinde O, Olomi R, Drakeley C, Whitty CJ, 2007. Rapid diagnostic tests compared with malaria microscopy for guiding outpatient treatment of febrile illness in Tanzania: randomised trial. BMJ 334: 403.
-
9.
Nankabirwa J, Zurovac D, Njogu JN, Rwakimari JB, Counihan H, Snow RW, Tibenderana JK, 2009. Malaria misdiagnosis in Uganda—implications for policy change. Malar J 8: 66.
-
10.
Rowe AK, de Leon GF, Mihigo J, Santelli AC, Miller NP, Van-Dunem P, 2009. Quality of malaria case management at outpatient health facilities in Angola. Malar J 8: 275.
-
11.
Nomhwange TI, Whitty CJ, 2009. Diagnosis of malaria in children's outpatient departments in Abuja, Nigeria. Trop Doct 39: 90–92.
-
12.
Ansah EK, Narh-Bana S, Epokor M, Akanpigbiam S, Quartey AA, Gyapong J, Whitty CJ, 2010. Rapid testing for malaria in settings where microscopy is available and peripheral clinics where only presumptive treatment is available: a randomised controlled trial in Ghana. BMJ 340: c930.
-
13.
Chanda P, Hamainza B, Mulenga S, Chalwe V, Msiska C, Chizema-Kawesha E, 2009. Early results of integrated malaria control and implications for the management of fever in under-five children at a peripheral health facility: a case study of Chongwe rural health centre in Zambia. Malar J 8: 49.
-
14.
Otten M, Aregawi M, Were W, Karema C, Medin A, Bekele W, Jima D, Gausi K, Komatsu R, Korenromp E, Low-Beer D, Grabowsky M, 2009. Initial evidence of reduction of malaria cases and deaths in Rwanda and Ethiopia due to rapid scale-up of malaria prevention and treatment. Malar J 8: 14.
-
15.
Jensen TP, Bukirwa H, Njama-Meya D, Francis D, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2009. Use of the slide positivity rate to estimate changes in malaria incidence in a cohort of Ugandan children. Malar J 8: 213.
-
16.
Okech BA, Mwobobia IK, Kamau A, Muiruri S, Mutiso N, Nyambura J, Mwatele C, Amano T, Mwandawiro CS, 2008. Use of integrated malaria management reduces malaria in Kenya. PLoS One 3: e4050.
-
17.
Eastman RT, Fidock DA, 2009. Artemisinin-based combination therapies: a vital tool in efforts to eliminate malaria. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 864–874.
-
18.
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K, Imwong M, Chotivanich K, Lim P, Herdman T, An SS, Yeung S, Singhasivanon P, Day NP, Lindegardh N, Socheat D, White NJ, 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 361: 455–467.
-
19.
Lim P, Wongsrichanalai C, Chim P, Khim N, Kim S, Chy S, Sem R, Nhem S, Yi P, Duong S, Bouth DM, Genton B, Beck HP, Gobert JG, Rogers WO, Coppee JY, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Ringwald P, Le Bras J, Ariey F, 2010. Decreased in vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates to artesunate, mefloquine, chloroquine, and quinine in Cambodia from 2001 to 2007. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 2135–2142.
-
20.
Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M, Snow RW, 2006. Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 432–440.
-
21.
McMorrow ML, Masanja MI, Abdulla SM, Kahigwa E, Kachur SP, 2008. Challenges in routine implementation and quality control of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria—Rufiji District, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 385–390.
-
22.
Harvey SA, Jennings L, Chinyama M, Masaninga F, Mulholland K, Bell DR, 2008. Improving community health worker use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Zambia: package instructions, job aid and job aid-plus-training. Malar J 7: 160.
-
23.
McMorrow ML, Masanja MI, Kahigwa E, Abdulla SM, Kachur SP, 2010. Quality assurance of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in routine patient care in rural Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 151–155.
-
24.
World Health Organization, 2012. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance: Results of WHO Product Testing of Malaria RDTs: Round 4. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
25.
Thiam S, Thior M, Faye B, Ndiop M, Diouf ML, Diouf MB, Diallo I, Fall FB, Ndiaye JL, Albertini A, Lee E, Jorgensen P, Gaye O, Bell D, 2011. Major reduction in anti-malarial drug consumption in Senegal after nation-wide introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One 6: e18419.
-
26.
Pfeiffer K, Some F, Muller O, Sie A, Kouyate B, Haefeli WE, Zoungrana A, Gustafsson LL, Tomson G, Sauerborn R, 2008. Clinical diagnosis of malaria and the risk of chloroquine self-medication in rural health centres in Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health 13: 418–426.
-
27.
Okiro EA, Hay SI, Gikandi PW, Sharif SK, Noor AM, Peshu N, Marsh K, Snow RW, 2007. The decline in paediatric malaria admissions on the coast of Kenya. Malar J 6: 151.
-
28.
Ceesay SJ, Casals-Pascual C, Erskine J, Anya SE, Duah NO, Fulford AJ, Sesay SS, Abubakar I, Dunyo S, Sey O, Palmer A, Fofana M, Corrah T, Bojang KA, Whittle HC, Greenwood BM, Conway DJ, 2008. Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 372: 1545–1554.
-
29.
Ghani AC, Sutherland CJ, Riley EM, Drakeley CJ, Griffin JT, Gosling RD, Filipe JA, 2009. Loss of population levels of immunity to malaria as a result of exposure-reducing interventions: consequences for interpretation of disease trends. PLoS One 4: e4383.
-
30.
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349: 1650–1654.
-
31.
Jonkman A, Chibwe RA, Khoromana CO, Liabunya UL, Chaponda ME, Kandiero GE, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, 1995. Cost-saving through microscopy-based versus presumptive diagnosis of malaria in adult outpatients in Malawi. Bull World Health Organ 73: 223–227.
-
32.
Ssekabira U, Bukirwa H, Hopkins H, Namagembe A, Weaver MR, Sebuyira LM, Quick L, Staedke S, Yeka A, Kiggundu M, Schneider G, McAdam K, Wabwire-Mangen F, Dorsey G, 2008. Improved malaria case management after integrated team-based training of health care workers in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 826–833.
-
33.
Msellem MI, Martensson A, Rotllant G, Bhattarai A, Stromberg J, Kahigwa E, Garcia M, Petzold M, Olumese P, Ali A, Bjorkman A, 2009. Influence of rapid malaria diagnostic tests on treatment and health outcome in fever patients, Zanzibar: a crossover validation study. PLoS Med 28.6: e1000070.
-
34.
World Health Organization, 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
35.
World Health Organization, 2011. Universal Access to Malaria Diagnostic Testing: An Operational Manual. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
36.
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
37.
Lynch M, Korenromp E, Eisele T, Newby H, Steketee R, Kachur SP, Nahlen B, Bhattarai A, Yoon S, MacArthur J, Newman R, Cibulskis R, 2012. New global estimates of malaria deaths. Lancet 380: 559.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 23 | 23 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 275 | 81 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 52 | 17 | 0 |
Factoring Quality Laboratory Diagnosis into the Malaria Control Agenda for Sub-Saharan Africa
Michael Aidoo
Michael Aidoo
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Current site
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PubMed
Recent progress in malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa has been achieved primarily through provision of insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and antimalarial drugs. Although these interventions are important, proper case identification and accurate measurement of their impact depend on quality diagnostic testing. Current availability of diagnostic testing for malaria in sub-Saharan Africa is inadequate to support disease management, prevention programs, and surveillance needs. Challenges faced include a dearth of skilled workforce, inadequate health systems infrastructure, and lack of political will. A coordinated approach to providing pre-service clinical and laboratory training together with systems that support a scale-up of laboratory services could provide means not only for effective malaria case management but also, management of non-malaria febrile illnesses, disease surveillance, and accurate control program evaluation. A synthesis of the challenges faced in ensuring quality malaria testing and how to include this information in the malaria control and elimination agenda are presented.
Author Notes
Author's address: Michael Aidoo, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: maidoo@cdc.gov.
- Introduction
- Emphasizing Pre-service Training
- Support for Rapid Diagnostic Test Rollout and Use
- Adherence to Laboratory Test Results
- Subsidized Malaria Case Management
- Accurate Malaria Diagnosis in Changing Malaria Epidemiology Settings
- Integrated Fever Management
- Private Sector Healthcare and Malaria Diagnosis
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2012. World Malaria Report, 2012. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Bouyou-Akotet MK, Mawili-Mboumba DP, Kendjo E, Mabika-Mamfoumbi M, Ngoungou EB, Dzeing-Ella A, Pemba-Mihindou M, Ibinga E, Efame-Eya E, Planche T, Kremsner PG, Kombila M, 2009. Evidence of decline of malaria in the general hospital of Libreville, Gabon from 2000 to 2008. Malar J 8: 300.
-
3.
Zhou G, Githeko AK, Minakawa N, Yan G, 2010. Community-wide benefits of targeted indoor residual spray for malaria control in the Western Kenya Highland. Malar J 9: 67.
-
4.
Barnes KI, Chanda P, Ab BG, 2009. Impact of the large-scale deployment of artemether/lumefantrine on the malaria disease burden in Africa: case studies of South Africa, Zambia and Ethiopia. Malar J 8 (Suppl 1): S8.
-
5.
Ishengoma DR, Rwegoshora RT, Mdira KY, Kamugisha ML, Anga EO, Bygbjerg IC, Ronn AM, Magesa SM, 2009. Health laboratories in the Tanga region of Tanzania: the quality of diagnostic services for malaria and other communicable diseases. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 441–453.
-
6.
Hamer DH, Ndhlovu M, Zurovac D, Fox M, Yeboah-Antwi K, Chanda P, Sipilinyambe N, Simon JL, Snow RW, 2007. Improved diagnostic testing and malaria treatment practices in Zambia. JAMA 297: 2227–2231.
-
7.
Reyburn H, Mbatia R, Drakeley C, Carneiro I, Mwakasungula E, Mwerinde O, Saganda K, Shao J, Kitua A, Olomi R, Greenwood BM, Whitty CJ, 2004. Overdiagnosis of malaria in patients with severe febrile illness in Tanzania: a prospective study. BMJ 329: 1212.
-
8.
Reyburn H, Mbakilwa H, Mwangi R, Mwerinde O, Olomi R, Drakeley C, Whitty CJ, 2007. Rapid diagnostic tests compared with malaria microscopy for guiding outpatient treatment of febrile illness in Tanzania: randomised trial. BMJ 334: 403.
-
9.
Nankabirwa J, Zurovac D, Njogu JN, Rwakimari JB, Counihan H, Snow RW, Tibenderana JK, 2009. Malaria misdiagnosis in Uganda—implications for policy change. Malar J 8: 66.
-
10.
Rowe AK, de Leon GF, Mihigo J, Santelli AC, Miller NP, Van-Dunem P, 2009. Quality of malaria case management at outpatient health facilities in Angola. Malar J 8: 275.
-
11.
Nomhwange TI, Whitty CJ, 2009. Diagnosis of malaria in children's outpatient departments in Abuja, Nigeria. Trop Doct 39: 90–92.
-
12.
Ansah EK, Narh-Bana S, Epokor M, Akanpigbiam S, Quartey AA, Gyapong J, Whitty CJ, 2010. Rapid testing for malaria in settings where microscopy is available and peripheral clinics where only presumptive treatment is available: a randomised controlled trial in Ghana. BMJ 340: c930.
-
13.
Chanda P, Hamainza B, Mulenga S, Chalwe V, Msiska C, Chizema-Kawesha E, 2009. Early results of integrated malaria control and implications for the management of fever in under-five children at a peripheral health facility: a case study of Chongwe rural health centre in Zambia. Malar J 8: 49.
-
14.
Otten M, Aregawi M, Were W, Karema C, Medin A, Bekele W, Jima D, Gausi K, Komatsu R, Korenromp E, Low-Beer D, Grabowsky M, 2009. Initial evidence of reduction of malaria cases and deaths in Rwanda and Ethiopia due to rapid scale-up of malaria prevention and treatment. Malar J 8: 14.
-
15.
Jensen TP, Bukirwa H, Njama-Meya D, Francis D, Kamya MR, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2009. Use of the slide positivity rate to estimate changes in malaria incidence in a cohort of Ugandan children. Malar J 8: 213.
-
16.
Okech BA, Mwobobia IK, Kamau A, Muiruri S, Mutiso N, Nyambura J, Mwatele C, Amano T, Mwandawiro CS, 2008. Use of integrated malaria management reduces malaria in Kenya. PLoS One 3: e4050.
-
17.
Eastman RT, Fidock DA, 2009. Artemisinin-based combination therapies: a vital tool in efforts to eliminate malaria. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 864–874.
-
18.
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K, Imwong M, Chotivanich K, Lim P, Herdman T, An SS, Yeung S, Singhasivanon P, Day NP, Lindegardh N, Socheat D, White NJ, 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 361: 455–467.
-
19.
Lim P, Wongsrichanalai C, Chim P, Khim N, Kim S, Chy S, Sem R, Nhem S, Yi P, Duong S, Bouth DM, Genton B, Beck HP, Gobert JG, Rogers WO, Coppee JY, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Ringwald P, Le Bras J, Ariey F, 2010. Decreased in vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates to artesunate, mefloquine, chloroquine, and quinine in Cambodia from 2001 to 2007. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 2135–2142.
-
20.
Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M, Snow RW, 2006. Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 432–440.
-
21.
McMorrow ML, Masanja MI, Abdulla SM, Kahigwa E, Kachur SP, 2008. Challenges in routine implementation and quality control of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria—Rufiji District, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 385–390.
-
22.
Harvey SA, Jennings L, Chinyama M, Masaninga F, Mulholland K, Bell DR, 2008. Improving community health worker use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Zambia: package instructions, job aid and job aid-plus-training. Malar J 7: 160.
-
23.
McMorrow ML, Masanja MI, Kahigwa E, Abdulla SM, Kachur SP, 2010. Quality assurance of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in routine patient care in rural Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 151–155.
-
24.
World Health Organization, 2012. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance: Results of WHO Product Testing of Malaria RDTs: Round 4. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
25.
Thiam S, Thior M, Faye B, Ndiop M, Diouf ML, Diouf MB, Diallo I, Fall FB, Ndiaye JL, Albertini A, Lee E, Jorgensen P, Gaye O, Bell D, 2011. Major reduction in anti-malarial drug consumption in Senegal after nation-wide introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One 6: e18419.
-
26.
Pfeiffer K, Some F, Muller O, Sie A, Kouyate B, Haefeli WE, Zoungrana A, Gustafsson LL, Tomson G, Sauerborn R, 2008. Clinical diagnosis of malaria and the risk of chloroquine self-medication in rural health centres in Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health 13: 418–426.
-
27.
Okiro EA, Hay SI, Gikandi PW, Sharif SK, Noor AM, Peshu N, Marsh K, Snow RW, 2007. The decline in paediatric malaria admissions on the coast of Kenya. Malar J 6: 151.
-
28.
Ceesay SJ, Casals-Pascual C, Erskine J, Anya SE, Duah NO, Fulford AJ, Sesay SS, Abubakar I, Dunyo S, Sey O, Palmer A, Fofana M, Corrah T, Bojang KA, Whittle HC, Greenwood BM, Conway DJ, 2008. Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet 372: 1545–1554.
-
29.
Ghani AC, Sutherland CJ, Riley EM, Drakeley CJ, Griffin JT, Gosling RD, Filipe JA, 2009. Loss of population levels of immunity to malaria as a result of exposure-reducing interventions: consequences for interpretation of disease trends. PLoS One 4: e4383.
-
30.
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349: 1650–1654.
-
31.
Jonkman A, Chibwe RA, Khoromana CO, Liabunya UL, Chaponda ME, Kandiero GE, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE, 1995. Cost-saving through microscopy-based versus presumptive diagnosis of malaria in adult outpatients in Malawi. Bull World Health Organ 73: 223–227.
-
32.
Ssekabira U, Bukirwa H, Hopkins H, Namagembe A, Weaver MR, Sebuyira LM, Quick L, Staedke S, Yeka A, Kiggundu M, Schneider G, McAdam K, Wabwire-Mangen F, Dorsey G, 2008. Improved malaria case management after integrated team-based training of health care workers in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 826–833.
-
33.
Msellem MI, Martensson A, Rotllant G, Bhattarai A, Stromberg J, Kahigwa E, Garcia M, Petzold M, Olumese P, Ali A, Bjorkman A, 2009. Influence of rapid malaria diagnostic tests on treatment and health outcome in fever patients, Zanzibar: a crossover validation study. PLoS Med 28.6: e1000070.
-
34.
World Health Organization, 2010. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
35.
World Health Organization, 2011. Universal Access to Malaria Diagnostic Testing: An Operational Manual. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
36.
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Lopez AD, 2012. Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet 379: 413–431.
-
37.
Lynch M, Korenromp E, Eisele T, Newby H, Steketee R, Kachur SP, Nahlen B, Bhattarai A, Yoon S, MacArthur J, Newman R, Cibulskis R, 2012. New global estimates of malaria deaths. Lancet 380: 559.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 23 | 23 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 275 | 81 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 52 | 17 | 0 |