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-
1.
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naudé B, Deitsch KW, Su XY, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6: 861.
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2.
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu OC, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176: 1590–1596.
-
3.
Foote SJ, Galatis D, Cowman AF, 1990. Amino acids in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum involved in cycloguanil resistance differ from those involved in pyrimethamine resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3014.
-
4.
Srivastava IK, Morrisey JM, Darrouzet E, Daldal F, Vaidya AB, 1999. Resistance mutations reveal the atovaquone-binding domain of cytochrome b in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol 33: 704–711.
-
5.
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184: 770–776.
-
6.
Chen N, Russell B, Staley J, Kotecka B, Nasveld P, Cheng Q, 2001. Sequence polymorphisms in pfcrt are strongly associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 183: 1543–1545.
-
7.
Reed MB, Saliba KJ, Caruana SR, Kirk K, Cowman AF, 2000. Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 403: 906–909.
-
8.
Duraisingh MT, Cowman AF, 2005. Contribution of the pfmdr1 gene to antimalarial drug-resistance. Acta Trop 94: 181–190.
-
9.
Pickard AL, Wongsrichanalai C, Purfield A, Kamwendo D, Emery K, Zalewski C, Kawamoto F, Miller RS, Meshnick SR, 2003. Resistance to antimalarials in Southeast Asia and genetic polymorphisms in pfmdr1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 2418–2423.
-
10.
Anderson TJC, Nair S, Qin H, Singlam S, Brockman A, Paiphun L, Nosten F, 2005. Are transporter genes other than the chloroquine resistance locus (pfcrt) and multidrug resistance gene (pfmdr) associated with antimalarial drug resistance? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 2180–2188.
-
11.
Price RN, Cassar C, Brockman A, Duraisingh M, van Vugt M, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S, 1999. The pfmdr1 gene is associated with a multidrug-resistant phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum from the western border of Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43: 2943.
-
12.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A, McGready R, Ashley E, Phaipun L, Patel R, Laing K, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S, 2004. Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene copy number. Lancet 364: 438–447.
-
13.
Sidhu ABS, Uhlemann A, Valderramos SG, Valderramos J, Krishna S, Fidock DA, 2006. Decreasing pfmdr1 copy number in Plasmodium falciparum malaria heightens susceptibility to mefloquine, lumefantrine, halofantrine, quinine, and artemisinin. J Infect Dis 194: 528–535.
-
14.
Nelson AL, Purfield A, Mcdaniel P, Uthaimongkol N, Buathong N, Sriwichai S, Miller RS, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR, 2005. pfmdr1 genotyping and in vivo mefloquine resistance on the Thai-Myanmar border. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 586–592.
-
15.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, Nash D, Singhasivanon P, Anderson TJC, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1570–1577.
-
16.
Oostburg BF, 1973. Chloroquin-resistant tropical malaria in South Suriname. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 117: 693–694.
-
17.
Kublin JG, Cortese JF, Njunju EM, Mukadam RA, Wirima JJ, Kazembe PN, Djimdé AA, Kouriba B, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2003. Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi. J Infect Dis 187: 1870–1875.
-
18.
Calvosa VS, Adagu IS, Póvoa MM, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum: emerging mefloquine resistance in vitro in Para State, north Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 330–331.
-
19.
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K, Imwong M, Chotivanich K, Lim P, Herdman T, An SS, Yeung S, Singhasivanon P, Day NPJ, Lindegardh N, Socheat D, White NJ, 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 361: 455–467.
-
20.
ABS, 2005. Census Office 7th General Population and Housing Census in Suriname. Suriname in Cijfers (no.213-2005/02), Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek, Paramaribo.
-
21.
Fischer A, Lejczak C, Lambert C, Servais J, Makombe N, Rusine J, Staub T, Hemmer R, Schneider F, Schmit JC, Arendt V, 2004. Simple DNA extraction method for dried blood spots and comparison of two PCR assays for diagnosis of vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in Rwanda. J Clin Microbiol 42: 16–20.
-
22.
Djimdé A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourté Y, Coulibaly D, Dicko A, Su X, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344: 257–263.
-
23.
Plummer WB, Pereira LMP, Carrington CV, 2004. Pfcrt and pfmdr1 alleles associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum from Guyana, South America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 389–392.
-
24.
Zalis MG, Pang L, Silveira MS, Milhous WK, Wirth DF, 1998. Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum isolated from the Amazon region of Brazil: evidence for quinine resistance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 630–637.
-
25.
Liu DQ, Liu RJ, Ren DX, Gao DQ, Zhang CY, Qui CP, Cai XZ, Ling CF, Song AH, Tang X, 1995. Changes in the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Hainan, China. Bull World Health Organ 73: 483.
-
26.
Schwenke A, Brandts C, Philipps J, Winkler S, Wernsdorfer WH, Kremsner PG, 2001. Declining chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Lambaréné, Gabon from 1992 to 1998. Wien Klin Wochenschr 113: 63–64.
-
27.
Cortese JF, Caraballo A, Contreras CE, Plowe CV, 2002. Origin and dissemination of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance mutations in South America. J Infect Dis 186: 999–1006.
-
28.
Pillai DR, Labbé AC, Vanisaveth V, Hongvangthong B, Pomphida S, Inkathone S, Zhong K, Kain KC, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Laos: chloroquine treatment outcome and predictive value of molecular markers. J Infect Dis 183: 789–795.
-
29.
Huaman MC, Roncal N, Nakazawa S, Long TTA, Gerena L, Garcia C, Solari L, Magill AJ, Kanbara H, 2004. Polymorphism of the Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance and chloroquine resistance transporter genes and in vitro susceptibility to aminoquinolines in isolates from the Peruvian amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 461–466.
-
30.
Jelinek T, Aida AO, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Jordan S, Mayor A, Heuschkel C, el Valy AO, von Sonnenburg F, Christophel EM, 2002. Diagnostic value of molecular markers in chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Southern Mauritania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 449–453.
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Huaman MC, Yoshinaga K, Suryanatha A, Suarsana N, Kanbara H, 2004. Short report: polymorphisms in the chloroquine resistance transporter gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Lombok, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 40–42.
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Ojurongbe O, Ogungbamigbe T, Fagbenro-Beyioku A, Fendel R, Kremsner P, Kun J, 2007. Rapid detection of Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates by FRET and in vivo response to chloroquine among children from Osogbo, Nigeria. Malar J 6: 41.
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Fancony C, Gamboa D, Sebastiao Y, Hallett R, Sutherland C, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Nery SV, 2012. Various pfcrt and pfmdr1 Genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum Cocirculate with P. malariae, P. ovale spp., and P. vivax in northern Angola. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 5271–5277.
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Mawili-Mboumba DP, Kun JFJ, Lell B, Kremsner PG, Ntoumi F, 2002. Pfmdr1 alleles and response to ultralow-dose mefloquine treatment in Gabonese patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46: 166–170.
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Molecular Surveillance as Monitoring Tool for Drug-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Suriname
Malti R. Adhin
Malti R. Adhin
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname; Prof. Dr. Paul C. Flu Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Paramaribo, Suriname; Pan American Health Organization–Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Mergiory Labadie-Bracho
Mergiory Labadie-Bracho
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname; Prof. Dr. Paul C. Flu Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Paramaribo, Suriname; Pan American Health Organization–Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Gustavo Bretas
Gustavo Bretas
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname; Prof. Dr. Paul C. Flu Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Paramaribo, Suriname; Pan American Health Organization–Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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The aim of this translational study was to show the use of molecular surveillance for polymorphisms and copy number as a monitoring tool to track the emergence and dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance. A molecular baseline for Suriname was established in 2005, with P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) and P. falciparum multidrug resistance (pfmdr1) markers and copy number in 40 samples. The baseline results revealed the existence of a uniformly distributed mutated genotype corresponding with the fully mefloquine-sensitive 7G8-like genotype (Y184F, S1034C, N1042D, and D1246Y) and a fixed pfmdr1 N86 haplotype. All samples harbored the pivotal pfcrtK76T mutation, showing that chloroquine reintroduction should not yet be contemplated in Suriname. After 5 years, 40 samples were assessed to trace temporal changes in the status of pfmdr1 polymorphisms and copy number and showed minor genetic alterations in the pfmdr1 gene and no significant changes in copy number, thus providing scientific support for prolongation of the current drug policy in Suriname.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by Pan American Health Organization's Amazon Network for the Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance (RAVREDA) in cooperation with the US Agency for International Development (USAID)'s Amazon Malaria Initiative SU/CNT/0600030.001, SU/CNT/0700015.001, and SU/CNT/1100012.001.
Authors' addresses: Malti R. Adhin, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname, E-mail: m.adhin@uvs.edu. Mergiory Labadie-Bracho, Prof. Dr. Paul C. Flu Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Paramaribo, Suriname, E-mail: mergiorybracho@yahoo.com. Gustavo Bretas, Pan American Health Organization–Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador, E-mail: bretasg@ecu.ops-oms.org.
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naudé B, Deitsch KW, Su XY, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE, 2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6: 861.
-
2.
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu OC, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176: 1590–1596.
-
3.
Foote SJ, Galatis D, Cowman AF, 1990. Amino acids in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum involved in cycloguanil resistance differ from those involved in pyrimethamine resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3014.
-
4.
Srivastava IK, Morrisey JM, Darrouzet E, Daldal F, Vaidya AB, 1999. Resistance mutations reveal the atovaquone-binding domain of cytochrome b in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol 33: 704–711.
-
5.
Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184: 770–776.
-
6.
Chen N, Russell B, Staley J, Kotecka B, Nasveld P, Cheng Q, 2001. Sequence polymorphisms in pfcrt are strongly associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 183: 1543–1545.
-
7.
Reed MB, Saliba KJ, Caruana SR, Kirk K, Cowman AF, 2000. Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 403: 906–909.
-
8.
Duraisingh MT, Cowman AF, 2005. Contribution of the pfmdr1 gene to antimalarial drug-resistance. Acta Trop 94: 181–190.
-
9.
Pickard AL, Wongsrichanalai C, Purfield A, Kamwendo D, Emery K, Zalewski C, Kawamoto F, Miller RS, Meshnick SR, 2003. Resistance to antimalarials in Southeast Asia and genetic polymorphisms in pfmdr1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 2418–2423.
-
10.
Anderson TJC, Nair S, Qin H, Singlam S, Brockman A, Paiphun L, Nosten F, 2005. Are transporter genes other than the chloroquine resistance locus (pfcrt) and multidrug resistance gene (pfmdr) associated with antimalarial drug resistance? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 2180–2188.
-
11.
Price RN, Cassar C, Brockman A, Duraisingh M, van Vugt M, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S, 1999. The pfmdr1 gene is associated with a multidrug-resistant phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum from the western border of Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43: 2943.
-
12.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A, McGready R, Ashley E, Phaipun L, Patel R, Laing K, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S, 2004. Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene copy number. Lancet 364: 438–447.
-
13.
Sidhu ABS, Uhlemann A, Valderramos SG, Valderramos J, Krishna S, Fidock DA, 2006. Decreasing pfmdr1 copy number in Plasmodium falciparum malaria heightens susceptibility to mefloquine, lumefantrine, halofantrine, quinine, and artemisinin. J Infect Dis 194: 528–535.
-
14.
Nelson AL, Purfield A, Mcdaniel P, Uthaimongkol N, Buathong N, Sriwichai S, Miller RS, Wongsrichanalai C, Meshnick SR, 2005. pfmdr1 genotyping and in vivo mefloquine resistance on the Thai-Myanmar border. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 586–592.
-
15.
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, Nash D, Singhasivanon P, Anderson TJC, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1570–1577.
-
16.
Oostburg BF, 1973. Chloroquin-resistant tropical malaria in South Suriname. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 117: 693–694.
-
17.
Kublin JG, Cortese JF, Njunju EM, Mukadam RA, Wirima JJ, Kazembe PN, Djimdé AA, Kouriba B, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2003. Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi. J Infect Dis 187: 1870–1875.
-
18.
Calvosa VS, Adagu IS, Póvoa MM, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum: emerging mefloquine resistance in vitro in Para State, north Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 330–331.
-
19.
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K, Imwong M, Chotivanich K, Lim P, Herdman T, An SS, Yeung S, Singhasivanon P, Day NPJ, Lindegardh N, Socheat D, White NJ, 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 361: 455–467.
-
20.
ABS, 2005. Census Office 7th General Population and Housing Census in Suriname. Suriname in Cijfers (no.213-2005/02), Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek, Paramaribo.
-
21.
Fischer A, Lejczak C, Lambert C, Servais J, Makombe N, Rusine J, Staub T, Hemmer R, Schneider F, Schmit JC, Arendt V, 2004. Simple DNA extraction method for dried blood spots and comparison of two PCR assays for diagnosis of vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in Rwanda. J Clin Microbiol 42: 16–20.
-
22.
Djimdé A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourté Y, Coulibaly D, Dicko A, Su X, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV, 2001. A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344: 257–263.
-
23.
Plummer WB, Pereira LMP, Carrington CV, 2004. Pfcrt and pfmdr1 alleles associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum from Guyana, South America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 99: 389–392.
-
24.
Zalis MG, Pang L, Silveira MS, Milhous WK, Wirth DF, 1998. Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum isolated from the Amazon region of Brazil: evidence for quinine resistance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 630–637.
-
25.
Liu DQ, Liu RJ, Ren DX, Gao DQ, Zhang CY, Qui CP, Cai XZ, Ling CF, Song AH, Tang X, 1995. Changes in the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Hainan, China. Bull World Health Organ 73: 483.
-
26.
Schwenke A, Brandts C, Philipps J, Winkler S, Wernsdorfer WH, Kremsner PG, 2001. Declining chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Lambaréné, Gabon from 1992 to 1998. Wien Klin Wochenschr 113: 63–64.
-
27.
Cortese JF, Caraballo A, Contreras CE, Plowe CV, 2002. Origin and dissemination of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance mutations in South America. J Infect Dis 186: 999–1006.
-
28.
Pillai DR, Labbé AC, Vanisaveth V, Hongvangthong B, Pomphida S, Inkathone S, Zhong K, Kain KC, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Laos: chloroquine treatment outcome and predictive value of molecular markers. J Infect Dis 183: 789–795.
-
29.
Huaman MC, Roncal N, Nakazawa S, Long TTA, Gerena L, Garcia C, Solari L, Magill AJ, Kanbara H, 2004. Polymorphism of the Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance and chloroquine resistance transporter genes and in vitro susceptibility to aminoquinolines in isolates from the Peruvian amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 461–466.
-
30.
Jelinek T, Aida AO, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Jordan S, Mayor A, Heuschkel C, el Valy AO, von Sonnenburg F, Christophel EM, 2002. Diagnostic value of molecular markers in chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Southern Mauritania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 449–453.
-
31.
Huaman MC, Yoshinaga K, Suryanatha A, Suarsana N, Kanbara H, 2004. Short report: polymorphisms in the chloroquine resistance transporter gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Lombok, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 40–42.
-
32.
Ojurongbe O, Ogungbamigbe T, Fagbenro-Beyioku A, Fendel R, Kremsner P, Kun J, 2007. Rapid detection of Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates by FRET and in vivo response to chloroquine among children from Osogbo, Nigeria. Malar J 6: 41.
-
33.
Basco LK, Bras JL, Rhoades Z, Wilson CM, 1995. Analysis of pfmdr1 and drug susceptibility in fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from subsaharan Africa. Mol Biochem Parasitol 74: 157–166.
-
34.
Fancony C, Gamboa D, Sebastiao Y, Hallett R, Sutherland C, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Nery SV, 2012. Various pfcrt and pfmdr1 Genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum Cocirculate with P. malariae, P. ovale spp., and P. vivax in northern Angola. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 5271–5277.
-
35.
Mawili-Mboumba DP, Kun JFJ, Lell B, Kremsner PG, Ntoumi F, 2002. Pfmdr1 alleles and response to ultralow-dose mefloquine treatment in Gabonese patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46: 166–170.
-
36.
Wootton JC, Feng X, Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Baruch DI, Magill AJ, Su X, 2002. Genetic diversity and chloroquine selective sweeps in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 418: 320–323.
-
37.
Roper C, Pearce R, Nair S, Sharp B, Nosten F, Anderson T, 2004. Intercontinental spread of pyrimethamine-resistant malaria. Science 305: 1124.
-
38.
Adhin MR, Labadie-Bracho M, Vreden SG, 2012. Status of potential PfATP6 molecular markers for artemisinin resistance in Suriname. Malar J 11: 322.
-
39.
Humphreys GS, Merinopoulos I, Ahmed J, Whitty CJM, Mutabingwa TK, Sutherland CJ, Hallett RL, 2007. Amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine select distinct alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum mdr1 gene in Tanzanian children treated for uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 991–997.
-
40.
Dokomajilar C, Nsobya SL, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2006. Selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 alleles following therapy with artemether-lumefantrine in an area of Uganda where malaria is highly endemic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 1893–1895.
-
41.
Labadie-Bracho M, Adhin MR, 2013. Increased pfmdr1 copy number in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Suriname. Trop Med Int Health 18: 796–799.
-
42.
Rogers WO, Sem R, Tero T, Chim P, Lim P, Muth S, Socheat D, Ariey F, Wongsrichanalai C, 2009. Failure of artesunate-mefloquine combination therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in southern Cambodia. Malar J 8: 10.
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