Traub R, Wisseman CL Jr, 1974. The ecology of chigger-borne rickettsiosis (scrub typhus). J Med Entomol 11: 237–303.
Roberts LW, Rapmund G, Cadigan FC Jr, 1977. Sex ratios in Rickettsia tsutsugamushi-infected and noninfected colonies of Leptotrombidium (Acari:Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol 14: 89–92.
Roberts LW, Muul I, Robinson DM, 1977. Numbers of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliense (Acarina: trombiculidae) and prevalence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in adjacent habitats of peninsular Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 8: 207–213.
Traub R, Wisseman CL Jr, Jones MR, O'Keefe JJ, 1975. The acquisition of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by chiggers (trombiculid mites) during the feeding process. Ann N Y Acad Sci 266: 91–114.
Walker JS, Chan CT, Manikumaran C, Elisberg BL, 1975. Attempts to infect and demonstrate transovarial transmission of R. tsutsugamushi in three species of Leptotrombidium mites. Ann N Y Acad Sci 266: 80–90.
Takahashi M, Murata M, Machida K, Hori E, Kawamura A Jr, Tanaka H, 1990. Aggregated distribution of infective spots composed of Leptotrombidium pallidum, highly prevalent with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, demonstrated by sentinel voles, Microtus montebelli, on the ground. Jpn J Exp Med 60: 325–335.
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, 2000. Transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent for scrub typhus, to co-feeding mites. Parasitology 120: 601–607.
Urakami H, Takahashi M, Murata M, Tamura A, 1994. Electron microscopic study of the distribution and the vertical transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium pallidum. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 47: 127–139.
Nakayama K, Kurokawa K, Fukuhara M, Urakami H, Yamamoto S, Yamazaki K, Ogura Y, Ooka T, Hayashi T, 2010. Genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains. DNA Res 17: 281–291.
Rosenburg R, 1997. Drug-resistant scrub typhus: paradigm and paradox. Parasitol Today 13: 131–132.
Watt G, Parola P, 2003. Scrub typhus and tropical rickettsioses. Curr Opin Infect Dis 16: 429–436.
Rapmund G, 1984. Rickettsial diseases of the Far East: new perspectives. J Infect Dis 149: 330–338.
Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, Ching WM, Richards AL, 2009. Scrub typhus: the geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Clin Infect Dis 48 (Suppl 3): S203–S230.
Osuga K, Kimura M, Goto H, Shimada K, Suto T, 1991. A case of Tsutsugamushi disease probably contracted in Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 10: 95–96.
Ghorbani RP, Ghorbani AJ, Jain MK, Walker DH, 1997. A case of scrub typhus probably acquired in Africa. Clin Infect Dis 25: 1473–1474.
Izzard L, Fuller A, Blacksell SD, Paris DH, Richards AL, Aukkanit N, Nguyen C, Jiang J, Fenwick S, Day NP, Graves S, Stenos J, 2010. Isolation of a novel Orientia species (O. chuto sp. nov.) from a patient infected in Dubai. J Clin Microbiol 8: 4404–4409.
Balcells ME, Rabagliati R, García P, Poggi H, Oddó D, Concha M, Abarca K, Jiang J, Kelly DJ, Richards AL, Fuerst PA, 2011. Endemic scrub typhus-like illness, Chile. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1659–1663.
Manosroi J, Chutipongvivate S, Auwanit W, Manosroi A, 2006. Determination and geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi serotypes in Thailand by nested polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 55: 185–190.
Phongmany S, Rolain JM, Phetsouvanh R, Blacksell SD, Soukkhaseum V, Rasachack B, Phiasakha K, Soukkhaseum S, Frichithavong K, Chu V, Keolouangkhot V, Martinez-Aussel B, Chang K, Darasavath C, Rattanavong O, Sisouphone S, Mayxay M, Vidamaly S, Parola P, Thammavong C, Heuangvongsy M, Syhavong B, Raoult D, White NJ, Newton PN, 2006. Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 256–262.
Brown GW, Robinson DM, Huxsoll DL, Ng TS, Lim KJ, 1976. Scrub typhus: a common cause of illness in indigenous populations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 70: 444–448.
Brown GW, Robinson DM, Huxsoll DL, 1978. Serological evidence for a high incidence of transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in two Orang Asli settlements in Peninsular Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27: 121–123.
Chanyasanha C, Kaeburong K, Chenchittikul M, Sujirarat D, 1998. Seroprevalence of scrub typhus infection in patients with pyrexia at some malaria clinics in three western provinces of Thailand. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 16: 119–125.
Corwin A, Soderquist R, Suwanabun N, Sattabongkot J, Martin L, Kelly D, Beecham J, 1999. Scrub typhus and military operations in Indochina. Clin Infect Dis 29: 940–941.
World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, 1999. WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards, Vol 2. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Spicer PE, Taufa T, Benjamin AL, 2007. Scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), spotted fever (Rickettsia australis) and dengue fever as possible causes of mysterious deaths in the Strickland Gorge area of Southern Highlands and West Sepik Provinces of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 50: 172–183.
Mathai E, Rolain JM, Verghese L, Mathai M, Jasper P, Verghese G, Raoult D, 2003. Case reports: scrub typhus during pregnancy in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 570–572.
Lewis MD, Yousuf AA, Lerdthusnee K, Razee A, Chandranoi K, Jones JW, 2003. Scrub typhus reemergence in the Maldives. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1638–1641.
Premaratna R, Loftis AD, Chandrasena TG, Dasch GA, de Silva HJ, 2008. Rickettsial infections and their clinical presentations in the Western Province of Sri Lanka: a hospital-based study. Int J Infect Dis 12: 198–202.
Chong Y, 1989. Application of serologic diagnosis of Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Korea where the disease was recently recognized to be endemic. Yonsei Med J 30: 111–117.
Chang WH, Kang JS, Lee WK, Choi MS, Lee JH, 1990. Serological classification by monoclonal antibodies of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 28: 685–688.
Liu YX, Jia N, Suo JJ, Xing YB, Liu G, Xiao HJ, Jia N, Zhao ZT, Min JS, Feng PT, Ma SB, Richardus JH, Cao WC, 2009. Characteristics of pediatric scrub typhus in a new endemic region of northern China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28: 1111–1114.
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Authors' addresses: Daniel H. Paris and Nicholas P. Day, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mails: parigi@tropmedres.ac and nickd@tropmedres.ac. Thomas R. Shelite and David H. Walker, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mails: trshelit@utmb.edu and dwalker@utmb.edu.
Traub R, Wisseman CL Jr, 1974. The ecology of chigger-borne rickettsiosis (scrub typhus). J Med Entomol 11: 237–303.
Roberts LW, Rapmund G, Cadigan FC Jr, 1977. Sex ratios in Rickettsia tsutsugamushi-infected and noninfected colonies of Leptotrombidium (Acari:Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol 14: 89–92.
Roberts LW, Muul I, Robinson DM, 1977. Numbers of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliense (Acarina: trombiculidae) and prevalence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in adjacent habitats of peninsular Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 8: 207–213.
Traub R, Wisseman CL Jr, Jones MR, O'Keefe JJ, 1975. The acquisition of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by chiggers (trombiculid mites) during the feeding process. Ann N Y Acad Sci 266: 91–114.
Walker JS, Chan CT, Manikumaran C, Elisberg BL, 1975. Attempts to infect and demonstrate transovarial transmission of R. tsutsugamushi in three species of Leptotrombidium mites. Ann N Y Acad Sci 266: 80–90.
Takahashi M, Murata M, Machida K, Hori E, Kawamura A Jr, Tanaka H, 1990. Aggregated distribution of infective spots composed of Leptotrombidium pallidum, highly prevalent with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, demonstrated by sentinel voles, Microtus montebelli, on the ground. Jpn J Exp Med 60: 325–335.
Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, 2000. Transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent for scrub typhus, to co-feeding mites. Parasitology 120: 601–607.
Urakami H, Takahashi M, Murata M, Tamura A, 1994. Electron microscopic study of the distribution and the vertical transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium pallidum. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 47: 127–139.
Nakayama K, Kurokawa K, Fukuhara M, Urakami H, Yamamoto S, Yamazaki K, Ogura Y, Ooka T, Hayashi T, 2010. Genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains. DNA Res 17: 281–291.
Rosenburg R, 1997. Drug-resistant scrub typhus: paradigm and paradox. Parasitol Today 13: 131–132.
Watt G, Parola P, 2003. Scrub typhus and tropical rickettsioses. Curr Opin Infect Dis 16: 429–436.
Rapmund G, 1984. Rickettsial diseases of the Far East: new perspectives. J Infect Dis 149: 330–338.
Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, Ching WM, Richards AL, 2009. Scrub typhus: the geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi. Clin Infect Dis 48 (Suppl 3): S203–S230.
Osuga K, Kimura M, Goto H, Shimada K, Suto T, 1991. A case of Tsutsugamushi disease probably contracted in Africa. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 10: 95–96.
Ghorbani RP, Ghorbani AJ, Jain MK, Walker DH, 1997. A case of scrub typhus probably acquired in Africa. Clin Infect Dis 25: 1473–1474.
Izzard L, Fuller A, Blacksell SD, Paris DH, Richards AL, Aukkanit N, Nguyen C, Jiang J, Fenwick S, Day NP, Graves S, Stenos J, 2010. Isolation of a novel Orientia species (O. chuto sp. nov.) from a patient infected in Dubai. J Clin Microbiol 8: 4404–4409.
Balcells ME, Rabagliati R, García P, Poggi H, Oddó D, Concha M, Abarca K, Jiang J, Kelly DJ, Richards AL, Fuerst PA, 2011. Endemic scrub typhus-like illness, Chile. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1659–1663.
Manosroi J, Chutipongvivate S, Auwanit W, Manosroi A, 2006. Determination and geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi serotypes in Thailand by nested polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 55: 185–190.
Phongmany S, Rolain JM, Phetsouvanh R, Blacksell SD, Soukkhaseum V, Rasachack B, Phiasakha K, Soukkhaseum S, Frichithavong K, Chu V, Keolouangkhot V, Martinez-Aussel B, Chang K, Darasavath C, Rattanavong O, Sisouphone S, Mayxay M, Vidamaly S, Parola P, Thammavong C, Heuangvongsy M, Syhavong B, Raoult D, White NJ, Newton PN, 2006. Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 256–262.
Brown GW, Robinson DM, Huxsoll DL, Ng TS, Lim KJ, 1976. Scrub typhus: a common cause of illness in indigenous populations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 70: 444–448.
Brown GW, Robinson DM, Huxsoll DL, 1978. Serological evidence for a high incidence of transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in two Orang Asli settlements in Peninsular Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27: 121–123.
Chanyasanha C, Kaeburong K, Chenchittikul M, Sujirarat D, 1998. Seroprevalence of scrub typhus infection in patients with pyrexia at some malaria clinics in three western provinces of Thailand. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 16: 119–125.
Corwin A, Soderquist R, Suwanabun N, Sattabongkot J, Martin L, Kelly D, Beecham J, 1999. Scrub typhus and military operations in Indochina. Clin Infect Dis 29: 940–941.
World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, 1999. WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards, Vol 2. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Spicer PE, Taufa T, Benjamin AL, 2007. Scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), spotted fever (Rickettsia australis) and dengue fever as possible causes of mysterious deaths in the Strickland Gorge area of Southern Highlands and West Sepik Provinces of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 50: 172–183.
Mathai E, Rolain JM, Verghese L, Mathai M, Jasper P, Verghese G, Raoult D, 2003. Case reports: scrub typhus during pregnancy in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 570–572.
Lewis MD, Yousuf AA, Lerdthusnee K, Razee A, Chandranoi K, Jones JW, 2003. Scrub typhus reemergence in the Maldives. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1638–1641.
Premaratna R, Loftis AD, Chandrasena TG, Dasch GA, de Silva HJ, 2008. Rickettsial infections and their clinical presentations in the Western Province of Sri Lanka: a hospital-based study. Int J Infect Dis 12: 198–202.
Chong Y, 1989. Application of serologic diagnosis of Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Korea where the disease was recently recognized to be endemic. Yonsei Med J 30: 111–117.
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