Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Cutler SJ, Abdissa A, Trape JF, 2009. New concepts for the old challenge of African relapsing fever borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 15: 400–406.
-
2.
Ministére de la Guerre, Direction du Service de Santé, 1931. L'œuvre du Service de Santé Militaire en Algérie 1830–1930. Charles Lavauzelle, Paris, 246–289.
-
3.
Obermeier O, 1873. Vorkommen, feinster eine Eigenbewegung zeigender Fäden im Blute von Recurrenskranken. Zentralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften 11: 145–147.
-
4.
Cook AR, 1904. Relapsing fever in Uganda. J Trop Med Lond 7: 24–26.
-
5.
Dutton JE, Todd JL, 1905. The Nature of Human Tick Fever in the Eastern Part of Congo Free State. Liverpool, England: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
-
6.
Mackie FP, 1907. The part played by Pediculus corporis in the transmission of relapsing fever. BMJ 2: 1706–1709.
-
7.
Nicolle C, Blaizot L, Conseil E, 1913. Etude sur la fièvre récurrente. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 8: 1–93.
-
8.
Davis GE, 1942. Species unity or plurality of the relapsing fever spirochetes. American Association for the Advancement of Science, ed. A Symposium on Relapsing Fever in the Americas. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 41–47.
-
9.
Kelly RT, 1984. Borrelia. Krieg NR, Hott JG, eds. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 57–62.
-
10.
Cutler SJ, Akintunde CO, Moss J, Fukunaga M, Kurtenbach K, Talbert A, Zhang H, Wright DJ, Warrell DA, 1999. Successful in vitro cultivation of Borrelia duttonii and its comparison with Borrelia recurrentis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 1793–1799.
-
11.
Cutler SJ, Fekade D, Hussein K, Knox KA, Melka A, Cann K, Emilianus AR, Warrell DA, Wright DJ, 1994. Successful in-vitro cultivation of Borrelia recurrentis. Lancet 343: 242.
-
12.
Leger A, 1917. Spirochete de la musaraigne (Crocidura stampflii). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 10: 280–281.
-
13.
van Dam AP, van Gool T, Wetsteyn JC, Dankert J, 1999. Tick-borne relapsing fever imported from West Africa: diagnosis by quantitative buffy coat analysis and in vitro culture of Borrelia crocidurae. J Clin Microbiol 37: 2027–2030.
-
14.
Safdie G, Farrah IY, Yahia R, Marva E, Wilamowski A, Sawalha SS, Wald N, Schmiedel J, Moter A, Göbel UB, Bercovier H, Abdeen Z, Assous MV, Fishman Y, 2010. Molecular characterization of Borrelia persica, the agent of tick borne relapsing fever in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. PLoS ONE 5: e14105.
-
15.
Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Benafshi O, Rafinejad J, Ashraf H, 2009. Tick-borne relapsing fever in a new highland endemic focus of western Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 529–537.
-
16.
Colin de Verdiere N, Hamane S, Assous MV, Sertour N, Ferquel E, Cornet M, 2011. Tickborne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia persica, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1325–1327.
-
17.
Naddaf SR, Ghazinezhad B, Bahramali G, Cutler SJ, 2012. Phylogenetic analysis of the spirochete Borrelia microti, a potential agent of relapsing fever in Iran. J Clin Microbiol 50: 2873–2876.
-
18.
Lescot M, Audic S, Robert C, Nguyen TT, Blanc G, Cutler SJ, Wincker P, Couloux A, Claverie JM, Raoult D, Drancourt M, 2008. The genome of Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of deadly louse-borne relapsing fever, is a degraded subset of tick-borne Borrelia duttonii. PLoS Genet 4: e1000185.
-
19.
Elbir H, Gimenez G, Robert C, Bergström S, Cutler SJ, Raoult D, Drancourt M, 2012. Complete genome sequence of Borrelia crocidurae. J Bacteriol 194: 3723–3724.
-
20.
Vial L, Diatta G, Tall A, Ba el H, Bouganali H, Durand P, Sokhna C, Rogier C, Renaud F, Trape JF, 2006. Incidence of tick-borne relapsing fever in West Africa: longitudinal study. Lancet 368: 37–43.
-
21.
Trape JF, Duplantier JM, Bouganali H, Godeluck B, Legros F, Cornet JP, Camicas JL, 1991. Tick-borne borreliosis in West Africa. Lancet 23: 473–475.
-
22.
Parola P, Diatta G, Socolovschi C, Mediannikov O, Tall A, Bassene H, Trape JF, Raoult D, 2011. Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliosis, rural Senegal. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 883–885.
-
23.
Mayegga E, Ljøstad U, Mygland A, Monstad P, 2005. Absence of focal neurological involvement in tick-borne relapsing fever in northern Tanzania. Eur J Neurol 12: 449–452.
-
24.
Dupont HT, La Scola B, Williams R, Raoult D, 1997. A focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in southern Zaire. Clin Infect Dis 25: 139–144.
-
25.
Jongen VH, van Roosmalen J, Tiems J, van Holten J, Wetsteyn JC, 1997. Tick-borne relapsing fever and pregnancy outcome in rural Tanzania. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76: 834–838.
-
26.
Sarih M, Garnier M, Boudebouch N, Bouattour A, Rihani A, Hassar M, Gern L, Postic D, Cornet M, 2009. Borrelia hispanica relapsing fever, Morocco. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1626–1629.
-
27.
Ramos JM, Malmierca E, Reyes F, Tesfamariam A, 2008. Results of a 10-year survey of louse-borne relapsing fever in southern Ethiopia: a decline in endemicity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 467–469.
-
28.
Bryceson AD, Parry EH, Perine PL, Warrell DA, Vukotich D, Leithead CS, 1970. Louse-borne relapsing fever. Q J Med 39: 129–170.
-
29.
Warrell DA, Pope HM, Parry EH, Perine PL, Bryceson AD, 1970. Cardiorespiratory disturbances associated with infective fever in man: studies of Ethiopian louse-borne relapsing fever. Clin Sci 39: 123–145.
-
30.
Cooper PJ, Fekade D, Remick DG, Grint P, Wherry J, Griffin GE, 2000. Recombinant human interleukin-10 fails to alter proinflammatory cytokine production or physiologic changes associated with the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. J Infect Dis 181: 203–209.
-
31.
Fekade D, Knox K, Hussein K, Melka A, Lalloo DG, Coxon RE, Warrell DA, 1996. Prevention of Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl J Med 335: 311–315.
-
32.
Coxon RE, Fekade D, Knox K, Hussein K, Melka A, Daniel A, Griffin GG, Warrell DA, 1997. The effect of antibody against TNF alpha on cytokine response in Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions of louse-borne relapsing fever. QJM 90: 213–221.
-
33.
Larsson C, Lundqvist J, Bergström S, 2008. Residual brain infection in murine relapsing fever borreliosis can be successfully treated with ceftriaxone. Microb Pathog 44: 262–264.
-
34.
Barbour AG, Hayes SF, 1986. Biology of Borrelia species. Microbiol Rev 50: 381–400.
-
35.
Nordstrand A, Bunikis I, Larsson C, Tsogbe K, Schwan TG, Nilsson M, Bergström S, 2007. Tickborne relapsing fever diagnosis obscured by malaria, Togo. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 117–123.
-
36.
Diatta G, Souidi Y, Granjon L, Arnathau C, Durand P, Chauvancy G, Mané Y, Sarih M, Belghyti D, Renaud F, Trape JF, 2012. Epidemiology of tick-borne borreliosi in Morocco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1810.
-
37.
Kelly R, 1971. Cultivation of Borrelia hermsii. Science 173: 443–444.
-
38.
Djelouadji Z, Roux V, Raoult D, Kodjo A, Drancourt M, 2012. Rapid MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification of Leptospira organisms. Vet Microbiol 158: 142–146.
-
39.
Bouattour A, Garnier M, M'Ghirbi Y, Sarih M, Gern L, Ferquel E, Postic D, Cornet M, 2010. Borrelia crocidurae infection of Ornithodoros erraticus (Lucas, 1849) ticks in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 825–830.
-
40.
Cutler SJ, Bonilla EM, Singh RJ, 2010. Population structure of East African relapsing fever Borrelia spp. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1076–1080.
-
41.
Ras NM, La Scola B, Postic D, Cutler SJ, Rodhain F, Baranton G, Raoult D, 1996. Phylogenesis of relapsing fever Borrelia spp. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46: 859–865.
-
42.
Elbir H, Gimenez G, Sokhna C, Bilcha KD, Ali J, Barker SC, Cutler SJ, Raoult D, Drancourt M, 2012. Multispacer sequence typing relapsing fever borreliae in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1652.
-
43.
Cutler SJ, Abdissa A, Adamu H, Tolosa T, Gashaw A, 2012. Borrelia in Ethiopian ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 3: 14–17.
-
44.
Scott JC, Wright DJ, Cutler SJ, 2005. Typing African relapsing fever spirochetes. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1722–1729.
-
45.
Yabsley MJ, Parsons NJ, Horne EC, Shock BC, Purdee M, 2012. Novel relapsing fever Borrelia detected in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted to two rehabilitation centers in South Africa. Parasitol Res 110: 1125–1130.
-
46.
Reller ME, Clemens EG, Schachterle SE, Mtove GA, Sullivan DJ, Dumler JS, 2011. Multiplex 5′ nuclease-quantitative PCR for diagnosis of relapsing fever in a large Tanzanian cohort. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3245–3249.
-
47.
Poirier P, Lebuisson A, Menager C, Moulin F, Dupouy Camet J, 2008. Fever in a 7-year-old girl returning from Mali. Clin Infect Dis 47: 1490–1491.
-
48.
Million M, Cazorla C, Doudier B, La Scola B, Parola P, Drancourt M, Brouqui P, 2009. Molecular identification of Borrelia crocidurae in a patient returning from Senegal. BMJ Case Rep doi:pii: bcr06.2008.0298.
-
49.
Tordini G, Giaccherini R, Corbisiero R, Zanelli G, 2006. Relapsing fever in a traveller from Senegal: determination of Borrelia species using molecular methods. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 992–994.
-
50.
Cobey FC, Goldbarg SH, Levine RA, Patton CL, 2001. Short report: detection of Borrelia (relapsing fever) in rural Ethiopia by means of the quantitative buffy coat technique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 164–165.
-
51.
De Jong J, Wilkinson RJ, Schaeffers P, Sondorp HE, Davidson RN, 1995. Louse-borne relapsing fever in southern Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 621.
-
52.
Mitani H, Talbert A, Fukunaga M, 2004. New World relapsing fever Borrelia found in Ornithodoros porcinus ticks in central Tanzania. Microbiol Immunol 48: 501–505.
-
53.
Takano A, Muto M, Sakata A, Ogasawara Y, Ando S, Hanaoka N, Tsurumi M, Sato F, Nakamura N, Fujita H, Watanabe H, Kawabata H, 2009. Relapsing fever spirochete in seabird tick, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1528–1530.
-
54.
Mediannikov O, Abdissa A, Socolovschi C, Diatta G, Trape JF, Raoult D, 2013. Detection of a new Borrelia species in ticks taken from cattle in southwest Ethiopia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 266–269.
-
55.
Reye AL, Arinola OG, Hübschen JM, Muller CP, 2012. Pathogen prevalence in ticks collected from the vegetation and livestock in Nigeria. Appl Environ Microbiol 78: 2562–2568.
-
56.
Cutler SJ, Rinky IJ, Bonilla EM, 2011. Does RecA have a role in Borrelia recurrentis? Clin Microbiol Infect 17: 195–197.
-
57.
Cheikh S, Mediannikov O, Fenollar F, Bassene H, Diatta G, Tall A, Trape JF, Drancourt M, Raoult R, 2013. Point-of-Care laboratory of pathogen diagnosis in rural Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1999.
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Relapsing Fever Borreliae in Africa
Haitham Elbir
Haitham Elbir
Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63 CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
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Didier Raoult
Didier Raoult
Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63 CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
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Michel Drancourt
Michel Drancourt
Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63 CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
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The study of relapsing fever borreliae in Africa has long suffered from the use of non-specific laboratory tools for the direct detection of these spirochetes in clinical and vector specimens. Accordingly, Borrelia hispanica, Borrelia crocidurae, Borrelia duttonii, and Borrelia recurrentis have traditionally been distinguished on the basis of geography and vector and the unproven hypothesis that each species was exclusive to one vector. The recent sequencing of three relapsing fever Borrelia genomes in our laboratory prompted the development of more specific tools and a reappraisal of the epidemiology in Africa. Five additional potential species still need to be cultured from clinical and vector sources in East Africa to further assess their uniqueness. Here, we review the molecular evidence of relapsing fever borreliae in hosts and ectoparasites in Africa and explore the diversity, geographical distribution, and vector association of these pathogens for Africans and travelers to Africa.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by a 2008 grant from the French National Research Agency (ANR) for the project ANR-08-MIEN-000 BORETIC.
Authors' addresses: Haitham Elbir, Didier Raoult, and Michel Drancourt, Aix Marseile Université - URMITE UMR63 CNRS 7872, IRD 198 Inserm 1095, Marseille, France, E-mails: haythamalbur@hotmail.com, didier.raoult@gmail.com, and michel.drancourt@univ-amu.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Cutler SJ, Abdissa A, Trape JF, 2009. New concepts for the old challenge of African relapsing fever borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 15: 400–406.
-
2.
Ministére de la Guerre, Direction du Service de Santé, 1931. L'œuvre du Service de Santé Militaire en Algérie 1830–1930. Charles Lavauzelle, Paris, 246–289.
-
3.
Obermeier O, 1873. Vorkommen, feinster eine Eigenbewegung zeigender Fäden im Blute von Recurrenskranken. Zentralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften 11: 145–147.
-
4.
Cook AR, 1904. Relapsing fever in Uganda. J Trop Med Lond 7: 24–26.
-
5.
Dutton JE, Todd JL, 1905. The Nature of Human Tick Fever in the Eastern Part of Congo Free State. Liverpool, England: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
-
6.
Mackie FP, 1907. The part played by Pediculus corporis in the transmission of relapsing fever. BMJ 2: 1706–1709.
-
7.
Nicolle C, Blaizot L, Conseil E, 1913. Etude sur la fièvre récurrente. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 8: 1–93.
-
8.
Davis GE, 1942. Species unity or plurality of the relapsing fever spirochetes. American Association for the Advancement of Science, ed. A Symposium on Relapsing Fever in the Americas. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 41–47.
-
9.
Kelly RT, 1984. Borrelia. Krieg NR, Hott JG, eds. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 57–62.
-
10.
Cutler SJ, Akintunde CO, Moss J, Fukunaga M, Kurtenbach K, Talbert A, Zhang H, Wright DJ, Warrell DA, 1999. Successful in vitro cultivation of Borrelia duttonii and its comparison with Borrelia recurrentis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 1793–1799.
-
11.
Cutler SJ, Fekade D, Hussein K, Knox KA, Melka A, Cann K, Emilianus AR, Warrell DA, Wright DJ, 1994. Successful in-vitro cultivation of Borrelia recurrentis. Lancet 343: 242.
-
12.
Leger A, 1917. Spirochete de la musaraigne (Crocidura stampflii). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 10: 280–281.
-
13.
van Dam AP, van Gool T, Wetsteyn JC, Dankert J, 1999. Tick-borne relapsing fever imported from West Africa: diagnosis by quantitative buffy coat analysis and in vitro culture of Borrelia crocidurae. J Clin Microbiol 37: 2027–2030.
-
14.
Safdie G, Farrah IY, Yahia R, Marva E, Wilamowski A, Sawalha SS, Wald N, Schmiedel J, Moter A, Göbel UB, Bercovier H, Abdeen Z, Assous MV, Fishman Y, 2010. Molecular characterization of Borrelia persica, the agent of tick borne relapsing fever in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. PLoS ONE 5: e14105.
-
15.
Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Benafshi O, Rafinejad J, Ashraf H, 2009. Tick-borne relapsing fever in a new highland endemic focus of western Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 529–537.
-
16.
Colin de Verdiere N, Hamane S, Assous MV, Sertour N, Ferquel E, Cornet M, 2011. Tickborne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia persica, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1325–1327.
-
17.
Naddaf SR, Ghazinezhad B, Bahramali G, Cutler SJ, 2012. Phylogenetic analysis of the spirochete Borrelia microti, a potential agent of relapsing fever in Iran. J Clin Microbiol 50: 2873–2876.
-
18.
Lescot M, Audic S, Robert C, Nguyen TT, Blanc G, Cutler SJ, Wincker P, Couloux A, Claverie JM, Raoult D, Drancourt M, 2008. The genome of Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of deadly louse-borne relapsing fever, is a degraded subset of tick-borne Borrelia duttonii. PLoS Genet 4: e1000185.
-
19.
Elbir H, Gimenez G, Robert C, Bergström S, Cutler SJ, Raoult D, Drancourt M, 2012. Complete genome sequence of Borrelia crocidurae. J Bacteriol 194: 3723–3724.
-
20.
Vial L, Diatta G, Tall A, Ba el H, Bouganali H, Durand P, Sokhna C, Rogier C, Renaud F, Trape JF, 2006. Incidence of tick-borne relapsing fever in West Africa: longitudinal study. Lancet 368: 37–43.
-
21.
Trape JF, Duplantier JM, Bouganali H, Godeluck B, Legros F, Cornet JP, Camicas JL, 1991. Tick-borne borreliosis in West Africa. Lancet 23: 473–475.
-
22.
Parola P, Diatta G, Socolovschi C, Mediannikov O, Tall A, Bassene H, Trape JF, Raoult D, 2011. Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliosis, rural Senegal. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 883–885.
-
23.
Mayegga E, Ljøstad U, Mygland A, Monstad P, 2005. Absence of focal neurological involvement in tick-borne relapsing fever in northern Tanzania. Eur J Neurol 12: 449–452.
-
24.
Dupont HT, La Scola B, Williams R, Raoult D, 1997. A focus of tick-borne relapsing fever in southern Zaire. Clin Infect Dis 25: 139–144.
-
25.
Jongen VH, van Roosmalen J, Tiems J, van Holten J, Wetsteyn JC, 1997. Tick-borne relapsing fever and pregnancy outcome in rural Tanzania. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76: 834–838.
-
26.
Sarih M, Garnier M, Boudebouch N, Bouattour A, Rihani A, Hassar M, Gern L, Postic D, Cornet M, 2009. Borrelia hispanica relapsing fever, Morocco. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1626–1629.
-
27.
Ramos JM, Malmierca E, Reyes F, Tesfamariam A, 2008. Results of a 10-year survey of louse-borne relapsing fever in southern Ethiopia: a decline in endemicity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 467–469.
-
28.
Bryceson AD, Parry EH, Perine PL, Warrell DA, Vukotich D, Leithead CS, 1970. Louse-borne relapsing fever. Q J Med 39: 129–170.
-
29.
Warrell DA, Pope HM, Parry EH, Perine PL, Bryceson AD, 1970. Cardiorespiratory disturbances associated with infective fever in man: studies of Ethiopian louse-borne relapsing fever. Clin Sci 39: 123–145.
-
30.
Cooper PJ, Fekade D, Remick DG, Grint P, Wherry J, Griffin GE, 2000. Recombinant human interleukin-10 fails to alter proinflammatory cytokine production or physiologic changes associated with the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. J Infect Dis 181: 203–209.
-
31.
Fekade D, Knox K, Hussein K, Melka A, Lalloo DG, Coxon RE, Warrell DA, 1996. Prevention of Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl J Med 335: 311–315.
-
32.
Coxon RE, Fekade D, Knox K, Hussein K, Melka A, Daniel A, Griffin GG, Warrell DA, 1997. The effect of antibody against TNF alpha on cytokine response in Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions of louse-borne relapsing fever. QJM 90: 213–221.
-
33.
Larsson C, Lundqvist J, Bergström S, 2008. Residual brain infection in murine relapsing fever borreliosis can be successfully treated with ceftriaxone. Microb Pathog 44: 262–264.
-
34.
Barbour AG, Hayes SF, 1986. Biology of Borrelia species. Microbiol Rev 50: 381–400.
-
35.
Nordstrand A, Bunikis I, Larsson C, Tsogbe K, Schwan TG, Nilsson M, Bergström S, 2007. Tickborne relapsing fever diagnosis obscured by malaria, Togo. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 117–123.
-
36.
Diatta G, Souidi Y, Granjon L, Arnathau C, Durand P, Chauvancy G, Mané Y, Sarih M, Belghyti D, Renaud F, Trape JF, 2012. Epidemiology of tick-borne borreliosi in Morocco. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1810.
-
37.
Kelly R, 1971. Cultivation of Borrelia hermsii. Science 173: 443–444.
-
38.
Djelouadji Z, Roux V, Raoult D, Kodjo A, Drancourt M, 2012. Rapid MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification of Leptospira organisms. Vet Microbiol 158: 142–146.
-
39.
Bouattour A, Garnier M, M'Ghirbi Y, Sarih M, Gern L, Ferquel E, Postic D, Cornet M, 2010. Borrelia crocidurae infection of Ornithodoros erraticus (Lucas, 1849) ticks in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 825–830.
-
40.
Cutler SJ, Bonilla EM, Singh RJ, 2010. Population structure of East African relapsing fever Borrelia spp. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1076–1080.
-
41.
Ras NM, La Scola B, Postic D, Cutler SJ, Rodhain F, Baranton G, Raoult D, 1996. Phylogenesis of relapsing fever Borrelia spp. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46: 859–865.
-
42.
Elbir H, Gimenez G, Sokhna C, Bilcha KD, Ali J, Barker SC, Cutler SJ, Raoult D, Drancourt M, 2012. Multispacer sequence typing relapsing fever borreliae in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1652.
-
43.
Cutler SJ, Abdissa A, Adamu H, Tolosa T, Gashaw A, 2012. Borrelia in Ethiopian ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 3: 14–17.
-
44.
Scott JC, Wright DJ, Cutler SJ, 2005. Typing African relapsing fever spirochetes. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1722–1729.
-
45.
Yabsley MJ, Parsons NJ, Horne EC, Shock BC, Purdee M, 2012. Novel relapsing fever Borrelia detected in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) admitted to two rehabilitation centers in South Africa. Parasitol Res 110: 1125–1130.
-
46.
Reller ME, Clemens EG, Schachterle SE, Mtove GA, Sullivan DJ, Dumler JS, 2011. Multiplex 5′ nuclease-quantitative PCR for diagnosis of relapsing fever in a large Tanzanian cohort. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3245–3249.
-
47.
Poirier P, Lebuisson A, Menager C, Moulin F, Dupouy Camet J, 2008. Fever in a 7-year-old girl returning from Mali. Clin Infect Dis 47: 1490–1491.
-
48.
Million M, Cazorla C, Doudier B, La Scola B, Parola P, Drancourt M, Brouqui P, 2009. Molecular identification of Borrelia crocidurae in a patient returning from Senegal. BMJ Case Rep doi:pii: bcr06.2008.0298.
-
49.
Tordini G, Giaccherini R, Corbisiero R, Zanelli G, 2006. Relapsing fever in a traveller from Senegal: determination of Borrelia species using molecular methods. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 992–994.
-
50.
Cobey FC, Goldbarg SH, Levine RA, Patton CL, 2001. Short report: detection of Borrelia (relapsing fever) in rural Ethiopia by means of the quantitative buffy coat technique. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 164–165.
-
51.
De Jong J, Wilkinson RJ, Schaeffers P, Sondorp HE, Davidson RN, 1995. Louse-borne relapsing fever in southern Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89: 621.
-
52.
Mitani H, Talbert A, Fukunaga M, 2004. New World relapsing fever Borrelia found in Ornithodoros porcinus ticks in central Tanzania. Microbiol Immunol 48: 501–505.
-
53.
Takano A, Muto M, Sakata A, Ogasawara Y, Ando S, Hanaoka N, Tsurumi M, Sato F, Nakamura N, Fujita H, Watanabe H, Kawabata H, 2009. Relapsing fever spirochete in seabird tick, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1528–1530.
-
54.
Mediannikov O, Abdissa A, Socolovschi C, Diatta G, Trape JF, Raoult D, 2013. Detection of a new Borrelia species in ticks taken from cattle in southwest Ethiopia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 13: 266–269.
-
55.
Reye AL, Arinola OG, Hübschen JM, Muller CP, 2012. Pathogen prevalence in ticks collected from the vegetation and livestock in Nigeria. Appl Environ Microbiol 78: 2562–2568.
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