Author:
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Human sera.
- Parasites, total RNA isolation, and synthesis of cDNA encoding MMP-like protein.
- DNA sequencing and analysis.
- Expression, purification, and cleavage of the recombinant MMP-like protein.
- Antigenicity of the purified recombinant MMP-like protein by immunoblotting.
- Evaluation of the purified fusion-tagged recombinant MMP-like protein as a diagnostic antigen for human gnathostomiasis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Miyazaki I, 1960. On the genus Gnathostoma and human gnathostomiasis, with special reference to Japan. Exp Parasitol 9: 338–370.
-
2.
Daengsvang S, 1981. Gnathostomiasis in southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 12: 319–332.
-
3.
León-Règagnon V, Osorio-Sarabia D, García-Prieto L, Akahane H, Lamothe-Argumedo R, Koga M, Messina-Robles M, Alvarez-Guerrero C, 2002. Study of the ethiological agent of gnathostomosis in Nayarit, Mexico. Parasitol Int 51: 201–204.
-
4.
Waikagul J, Diaz Camacho SP, 2007. Gnathostomiasis. Murrell KD, Fried B, eds. World Class Parasites: Volume 11, Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. New York, NY: Springer, 235–261.
-
5.
Moore DA, McCroddan J, Dekumyoy P, Chiodini PL, 2003. Gnathostomiasis: an emerging imported disease. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 647–650.
-
6.
Katchanov J, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkoi V, Nawa Y, 2011. Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1174–1180.
-
7.
Nawa Y, 1991. Historical review and current status of gnathostomiasis in Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 22: 217–219.
-
8.
Xuan le T, Rojekittikhun W, Punpoowong B, Trang le N, Hien TV, 2002. Case report: intraocular gnathostomiasis in Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33: 485–489.
-
9.
Herman JS, Chiodini PL, 2009. Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 484–492.
-
10.
Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N, Chirachariyavej T, Chuahirun S, Vejjajiva A, 1977. Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci 31: 279–291.
-
11.
Ratanarapee S, Jesadapatarakul S, 1982. A case of gnathostomiasis simulating acute appendicitis. J Med Assoc Thai 65: 443–447.
-
12.
Rusnak JM, Lucey DR, 1993. Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature. Clin Infect Dis 16: 33–50.
-
13.
Suntharasamai P, Desakorn V, Migasena S, Bunnag D, Harinasuta T, 1985. ELISA for immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 16: 274–279.
-
14.
Dharmkrong-at A, Migasena S, Suntharasamai P, Bunnag D, Priwan R, Sirisinha S, 1986. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to Gnathostoma antigen in patients with intermittent cutaneous migratory swelling. J Clin Microbiol 23: 847–851.
-
15.
Maleewong W, Morakote N, Thamasonthi W, Charuchinda K, Tesana S, Khamboonruang C, 1988. Serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 19: 201–205.
-
16.
Diaz Camacho SP, Zazueta Ramos M, Ponce Torrecillas E, Osuna Ramirez I, Castro Velazquez R, Flores Gaxiola A, Baquera Heredia J, Willms K, Akahane H, Ogata K, Nawa Y, 1998. Clinical manifestations and immunodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis in Culiacan, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 908–915.
-
17.
Tapchaisri P, Nopparatana C, Chaicumpa W, Setasuban P, 1991. Specific antigen of Gnathostoma spinigerum for immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Int J Parasitol 21: 315–319.
-
18.
Anantaphruti MT, Nuamtanong S, Dekumyoy P, 2005. Diagnostic values of IgG4 in human gnathostomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1013–1021.
-
19.
Laummaunwai P, Sawanyawisuth K, Intapan PM, Chotmongkol V, Wongkham C, Maleewong W, 2007. Evaluation of human IgG class and subclass antibodies to a 24 kDa antigenic component of Gnathostoma spinigerum for the serodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis. Parasitol Res 101: 703–708.
-
20.
Tuntipopipat S, Chawengkirttikul R, Sirisinha S, 1993. A simplified method for the fractionation of Gnathostoma-specific antigens for serodiagnosis of human gnathostomosis. J Helminthol 67: 297–304.
-
21.
Wongkham C, Maleewong W, Ieamviteevanich K, Intapan PM, Morakote N, 2000. Antigenic components of Gnathostoma spinigerum recognized by infected human sera by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 18: 47–52.
-
22.
Laummaunwai P, Intapan PM, Wongkham C, Lulitanond V, Maleewong W, 2008. Identification of antigenic components of Gnathostoma spinigerum advanced-third stage larvae by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39: 19–25.
-
23.
Uparanukraw P, Morakote N, Harnnoi T, Dantrakool A, 2001. Molecular cloning of a gene encoding matrix metalloproteinase-like protein from Gnathostoma spinigerum. Parasitol Res 87: 751–757.
-
24.
Kongkerd N, Uparanukraw P, Morakote N, Sajid M, McKerrow JH, 2008. Identification and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Gnathostoma spinigerum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 160: 129–137.
-
25.
Laummaunwai P, Intapan PM, Wongkham C, Lulitanond V, Tayapiwatana C, Maleewong W, 2010. Gnathostoma spinigerum: molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the cyclophilin protein. Exp Parasitol 126: 611–616.
-
26.
Elkins DB, Haswell-Elkins M, Anderson RM, 1986. The epidemiology and control of intestinal helminths in the Pulicat Lake region of Southern India. I. Study design and pre- and post-treatment observations on Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 774–792.
-
27.
Punyagupta S, Limtrakul C, Vichipanthu P, Karnchanachetanee C, Nye SW, 1968. Radiculomyeloencephalitis associated with eosinophilic pleocytosis. Report of nine cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17: 551–560.
-
28.
Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N, Chirachariyavej T, Chuahirun S, Vejjajiva A, 1977. Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci 31: 279–291.
-
29.
Intapan PM, Khotsri P, Kanpittaya J, Chotmongkol V, Sawanyawisuth K, Maleewong W, 2010. Immunoblot diagnostic test for neurognathostomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 927–929.
-
30.
Maleewong W, Sithithaworn P, Tesana S, Morakote N, 1988. Scanning electron microscopy of the early third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 19: 643–647.
-
31.
Laemmli UK, 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680–685.
-
32.
Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J, 1979. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 4350–4354.
-
33.
Galen RS, 1980. Predictive value and efficiency of laboratory testing. Pediatr Clin North Am 27: 861–869.
-
34.
Chaicumpa W, 2010. Immunodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis. Siriraj Med J 62: 79–83.
-
35.
Zambrano-Zaragoza JF, Durán-Avelar M de J, Messina-Robles M, Vibanco-Pérez N, 2012. Characterization of the humoral immune response against Gnathostoma binucleatum in patients clinically diagnosed with gnathostomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 988–992.
-
36.
Ishiwata K, Diaz-Camacho SP, Ogata K, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Hiromatsu K, Nawa Y, 2003. Evaluation of the antigenic similarities of adult-worm extracts from three Gnathostoma species, using sera from Mexican and Japanese patients with Gnathostoma infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97: 629–637.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 312 | 96 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 106 | 27 | 0 |
Application of Recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum Matrix Metalloproteinase-Like Protein for Serodiagnosis of Human Gnathostomiasis by Immunoblotting
Penchom Janwan
Penchom Janwan
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Pewpan M. Intapan
Pewpan M. Intapan
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Hiroshi Yamasaki
Hiroshi Yamasaki
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Porntip Laummaunwai
Porntip Laummaunwai
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Kittisak Sawanyawisuth
Kittisak Sawanyawisuth
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Chaisiri Wongkham
Chaisiri Wongkham
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Chatchai Tayapiwatana
Chatchai Tayapiwatana
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Amnat Kitkhuandee
Amnat Kitkhuandee
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Viraphong Lulitanond
Viraphong Lulitanond
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Yukifumi Nawa
Yukifumi Nawa
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Wanchai Maleewong
Wanchai Maleewong
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) is the extracellular zinc-dependent endopeptidase and is secreted for degrading extracellular matrix molecules of host tissues. A cDNA encoding MMP-like protein of Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Total immunoglobulin G class (total IgG) antibody responses to the recombinant MMP-like protein were analyzed by immunoblot diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Serum samples from proven and clinically suspected cases of gnathostomiasis, other parasitic diseases patients, and from healthy volunteers were tested. The immunoblotting gave high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (94.7%). Positive and negative predictive values were 85.4% and 100%, respectively. Recombinant MMP-like protein can be used as a diagnostic antigen and potentially replace native parasite antigens to develop a gnathostomiasis diagnostic kit.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was supported by grants from the Office of the Higher Education Commission, Thailand for supporting by grant fund under the program Strategic Scholarships for Frontier Research Network for the Ph.D. Program Thai Doctoral degree (CHE PhD scholarship); the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, and Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University. PJ was supported by a CHE PhD scholarship. WM was supported by TRF Senior Research Scholar Grant, Thailand Research Fund grant no. RTA5580004. This research was also funded by a grant from the Association for Preventive Medicine of Japan in 2011 and 2012 to Wanchai Maleewong and Hiroshi Yamasaki.
Authors' addresses: Penchom Janwan, Pewpan M. Intapan, Porntip Laummaunwai, and Wanchai Maleewong, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Research, and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mails: pair_wu@yahoo.com, pewpan@kku.ac.th, porlau@kku.ac.th, and wanch_ma@kku.ac.th. Hiroshi Yamasaki, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: hyamasak@nih.go.jp. Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: kittisak@kku.ac.th. Chaisiri Wongkham, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: chaisiri@kku.ac.th. Chatchai Tayapiwatana, Biomedical Technology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, E-mail: asimi002@chiangmai.ac.th. Amnat Kitkhuandee, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: amnaki@kku.ac.th. Viraphong Lulitanond, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: viraphng@kku.ac.th. Yukifumi Nawa, Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, E-mail: yukinawa@kku.ac.th.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Human sera.
- Parasites, total RNA isolation, and synthesis of cDNA encoding MMP-like protein.
- DNA sequencing and analysis.
- Expression, purification, and cleavage of the recombinant MMP-like protein.
- Antigenicity of the purified recombinant MMP-like protein by immunoblotting.
- Evaluation of the purified fusion-tagged recombinant MMP-like protein as a diagnostic antigen for human gnathostomiasis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Miyazaki I, 1960. On the genus Gnathostoma and human gnathostomiasis, with special reference to Japan. Exp Parasitol 9: 338–370.
-
2.
Daengsvang S, 1981. Gnathostomiasis in southeast Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 12: 319–332.
-
3.
León-Règagnon V, Osorio-Sarabia D, García-Prieto L, Akahane H, Lamothe-Argumedo R, Koga M, Messina-Robles M, Alvarez-Guerrero C, 2002. Study of the ethiological agent of gnathostomosis in Nayarit, Mexico. Parasitol Int 51: 201–204.
-
4.
Waikagul J, Diaz Camacho SP, 2007. Gnathostomiasis. Murrell KD, Fried B, eds. World Class Parasites: Volume 11, Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. New York, NY: Springer, 235–261.
-
5.
Moore DA, McCroddan J, Dekumyoy P, Chiodini PL, 2003. Gnathostomiasis: an emerging imported disease. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 647–650.
-
6.
Katchanov J, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkoi V, Nawa Y, 2011. Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1174–1180.
-
7.
Nawa Y, 1991. Historical review and current status of gnathostomiasis in Asia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 22: 217–219.
-
8.
Xuan le T, Rojekittikhun W, Punpoowong B, Trang le N, Hien TV, 2002. Case report: intraocular gnathostomiasis in Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33: 485–489.
-
9.
Herman JS, Chiodini PL, 2009. Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 484–492.
-
10.
Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N, Chirachariyavej T, Chuahirun S, Vejjajiva A, 1977. Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci 31: 279–291.
-
11.
Ratanarapee S, Jesadapatarakul S, 1982. A case of gnathostomiasis simulating acute appendicitis. J Med Assoc Thai 65: 443–447.
-
12.
Rusnak JM, Lucey DR, 1993. Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature. Clin Infect Dis 16: 33–50.
-
13.
Suntharasamai P, Desakorn V, Migasena S, Bunnag D, Harinasuta T, 1985. ELISA for immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 16: 274–279.
-
14.
Dharmkrong-at A, Migasena S, Suntharasamai P, Bunnag D, Priwan R, Sirisinha S, 1986. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to Gnathostoma antigen in patients with intermittent cutaneous migratory swelling. J Clin Microbiol 23: 847–851.
-
15.
Maleewong W, Morakote N, Thamasonthi W, Charuchinda K, Tesana S, Khamboonruang C, 1988. Serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 19: 201–205.
-
16.
Diaz Camacho SP, Zazueta Ramos M, Ponce Torrecillas E, Osuna Ramirez I, Castro Velazquez R, Flores Gaxiola A, Baquera Heredia J, Willms K, Akahane H, Ogata K, Nawa Y, 1998. Clinical manifestations and immunodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis in Culiacan, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59: 908–915.
-
17.
Tapchaisri P, Nopparatana C, Chaicumpa W, Setasuban P, 1991. Specific antigen of Gnathostoma spinigerum for immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Int J Parasitol 21: 315–319.
-
18.
Anantaphruti MT, Nuamtanong S, Dekumyoy P, 2005. Diagnostic values of IgG4 in human gnathostomiasis. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1013–1021.
-
19.
Laummaunwai P, Sawanyawisuth K, Intapan PM, Chotmongkol V, Wongkham C, Maleewong W, 2007. Evaluation of human IgG class and subclass antibodies to a 24 kDa antigenic component of Gnathostoma spinigerum for the serodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis. Parasitol Res 101: 703–708.
-
20.
Tuntipopipat S, Chawengkirttikul R, Sirisinha S, 1993. A simplified method for the fractionation of Gnathostoma-specific antigens for serodiagnosis of human gnathostomosis. J Helminthol 67: 297–304.
-
21.
Wongkham C, Maleewong W, Ieamviteevanich K, Intapan PM, Morakote N, 2000. Antigenic components of Gnathostoma spinigerum recognized by infected human sera by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 18: 47–52.
-
22.
Laummaunwai P, Intapan PM, Wongkham C, Lulitanond V, Maleewong W, 2008. Identification of antigenic components of Gnathostoma spinigerum advanced-third stage larvae by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39: 19–25.
-
23.
Uparanukraw P, Morakote N, Harnnoi T, Dantrakool A, 2001. Molecular cloning of a gene encoding matrix metalloproteinase-like protein from Gnathostoma spinigerum. Parasitol Res 87: 751–757.
-
24.
Kongkerd N, Uparanukraw P, Morakote N, Sajid M, McKerrow JH, 2008. Identification and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Gnathostoma spinigerum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 160: 129–137.
-
25.
Laummaunwai P, Intapan PM, Wongkham C, Lulitanond V, Tayapiwatana C, Maleewong W, 2010. Gnathostoma spinigerum: molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the cyclophilin protein. Exp Parasitol 126: 611–616.
-
26.
Elkins DB, Haswell-Elkins M, Anderson RM, 1986. The epidemiology and control of intestinal helminths in the Pulicat Lake region of Southern India. I. Study design and pre- and post-treatment observations on Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80: 774–792.
-
27.
Punyagupta S, Limtrakul C, Vichipanthu P, Karnchanachetanee C, Nye SW, 1968. Radiculomyeloencephalitis associated with eosinophilic pleocytosis. Report of nine cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17: 551–560.
-
28.
Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N, Chirachariyavej T, Chuahirun S, Vejjajiva A, 1977. Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci 31: 279–291.
-
29.
Intapan PM, Khotsri P, Kanpittaya J, Chotmongkol V, Sawanyawisuth K, Maleewong W, 2010. Immunoblot diagnostic test for neurognathostomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 927–929.
-
30.
Maleewong W, Sithithaworn P, Tesana S, Morakote N, 1988. Scanning electron microscopy of the early third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 19: 643–647.
-
31.
Laemmli UK, 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680–685.
-
32.
Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J, 1979. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 4350–4354.
-
33.
Galen RS, 1980. Predictive value and efficiency of laboratory testing. Pediatr Clin North Am 27: 861–869.
-
34.
Chaicumpa W, 2010. Immunodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis. Siriraj Med J 62: 79–83.
-
35.
Zambrano-Zaragoza JF, Durán-Avelar M de J, Messina-Robles M, Vibanco-Pérez N, 2012. Characterization of the humoral immune response against Gnathostoma binucleatum in patients clinically diagnosed with gnathostomiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 988–992.
-
36.
Ishiwata K, Diaz-Camacho SP, Ogata K, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Hiromatsu K, Nawa Y, 2003. Evaluation of the antigenic similarities of adult-worm extracts from three Gnathostoma species, using sera from Mexican and Japanese patients with Gnathostoma infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97: 629–637.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 312 | 96 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 106 | 27 | 0 |