Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Crump A, Morel CM, Omura S, 2012. The onchocerciasis chronicle: from the beginning to the end? Trends Parasitol 28: 208–288.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2011. African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: meeting of national onchocerciasis task forces. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 541–549.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 1997. Drancunculiasis and onchocerciasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72: 297–301.
-
4.
Abdalla R, Baker EA, 1975. A new focus of onchoceriasis in the Sudan. Trop Geogr Med 27: 365–370.
-
5.
Ghalib H, Mackenzie C, Williams J, Elsheikh H, Kron M, 1987. Severe onchocercal dermatitis in Ethiopian border region of Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81: 405–419.
-
6.
Morgan H, 1958. Onchocerciasis in northern Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 61: 145–147.
-
7.
Williams JF, Abu Yousif AH, Ballard M, Awad R, el Tayeb M, Rasheed M, 1985a. Onchocerciasis in Sudan: the Abu Hamed focus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79: 464–468.
-
8.
Prost A, Hervouet JP, Thylefors B, 1979. Epidemiologic status of onchocerciasis. Bull World Health Organ 57: 655–662.
-
9.
Higazi TB, Katholi CR, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Qubati YA, Unnasch TR, 2001. Onchocerca volvulus: genetic diversity of parasite isolates from Sudan. Exp Parasitol 97: 24–34.
-
10.
Higazi TB, Boakye DA, Wilson MD, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Unnasch TR, 2000. Cytotaxonomic and molecular analysis of Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Abu Hamed, Sudan. J Med Entomol 37: 547–553.
-
11.
Greene BM, Taylor HR, Cupp EW, Murphy RP, White AT, Aziz MA, Schulz-Key H, D'Anna SA, Newland HS, Goldschmidt LP, Auer C, Hanson AP, Freeman SV, Reber EW, Williams PN, 1985. Controlled comparison of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in treatment of human onchocerciasis. N Engl J Med 313: 133–138.
-
12.
Sturchio JL, 2001. The case of ivermectin: lessons and implications for improving access to care and treatment in developing countries. Community Eye Health 14: 22–23.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2012. Progress towards eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas in 2011: interruption of transmission in Guatemala and Mexico. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 87: 309–316.
-
14.
Diawara L, Traoré MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toé L, Tourée S, Remme JH, 2009. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e497.
-
15.
Troare MO, Sarr MD, Badji A, Bissan Y, Diawara L, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konate L, Mounkoro A, Sek AF, Toe L, Toure S, Remme JHF, 2012. Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: 1–14.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–36.
-
17.
Richards FO, Miri ES, Katabarwa M, Eyamba A, Sauerbrey M, Zea-Flores G, Korve K, Mathai W, Homeida MA, Mueller I, Hilyer E, Hopkins DR, 2011. The Carter Center's assistance to river blindness control programs: establishing treatment objectives and goals for monitoring ivermectin delivery systems on two continents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 108–114.
-
18.
Higazi TB, Zarroug I, Mohamed HA, Mohamed WA, Deran TC, Aziz N, Katabarwa M, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Mackenzie CD, Richards F, 2011. Polymerase chain reaction pool screening used to compare prevalence of infective black flies in two onchocerciasis foci in northern Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 753–756.
-
19.
Walsh J, 1983. Sampling Simuliid black flies. Service AY, ed. Pest and Vector Management in the Tropics. London, UK: Longman, 93–99.
-
20.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lilley BG, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Segura-Arenas R, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Mendoza-Herrera A, Reyes-Villanueva F, Unnasch TR, 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
-
21.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2006. Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 1026–1033.
-
22.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Unnasch TR, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Morales-Castro AL, Richards F Jr, Peña-Flores GP, Orozco-Algarra ME, Prado-Velasco G, 2010. Lack of active Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the northern Chiapas focus of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 15–20.
-
23.
Meredith SE, Lando G, Gbakima AA, Zimmerman PA, Unnasch TR, 1991. Onchocerca volvulus: application of the polymerase chain reaction to identification and strain differentiation of the parasite. Exp Parasitol 3: 335–344.
-
24.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
25.
Lobos E, Weiss N, Karam M, Taylor HR, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 25: 1603–1605.
-
26.
Katabarwa MN, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Lakwo TL, Agunyo S, Oguttu DW, Unnasch TR, Unoba D, Byamukama E, Tukesiga E, Ndyomugyenyi R, Richards FO, 2012. Transmission of onchocerciasis in Wadelai focus of northwestern Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. J Parasitol Res 2012: 1–7.
-
27.
Williams JF, Mackenzie CD, Dawood M, 1985b. Current distribution of onchocerciasis in Sudan. Sudan Med J 21: 9–18.
-
28.
Mackenzie CD, Williams JF, O'Day J, Flockhart HA, Ghalal I, Sisley BM, El Sheikh H, 1987. Onchocerciasis in southern Sudan: parasitological and clinical characteristics in the Bahr El Ghazal Province. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 379–382.
-
29.
Murdoch ME, Hay RJ, Mackenzie CD, William JF, Ghalib HW, Cousens S, Abiose A, Jones B, 1993. A clinical classification and grading system of the cutaneous changes in onchocerciasis. Br J Dermatol 129: 260–269.
-
30.
Okoye IC, Onwuliri CO, 2007. Epidemiology and psycho-social aspects of onchocercal skin diseases in northeastern Nigeria. Filaria J 6: 15.
-
31.
Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2006. Important experimental parameters for determining infection rates in arthropod vectors using pool screening approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 779–785.
-
32.
Porter CH, Collins RC, Brandling-Bennett AD, 1988. Vector density, parasite prevalence, and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 567–574.
-
33.
Wada Y, 1982. Theoretical approach to the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in Guatemala. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 35: 183–196.
-
34.
Basanez MG, Collins RC, Porter CH, Little MP, Brandling-Bennett D, 2002. Transmission intensity and the patterns of Onchocerca volvulus infection in human communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 669–679.
-
35.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lutzow-Steiner MA, Segura-Cabrera A, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Sauerbrey M, Richards F Jr, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Hernández-Hernández R, 2008. Rapid suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in two communities of the Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico achieved by quarterly treatments with Mectizan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 239–244.
-
36.
Program Coordinating Committee and OEPA Staff, 2012. Guide to detecting a potential recrudescence of onchocerciasis during the posttreatment surveillance period: the American paradigm. Res Rep Trop Med 3: 21–33.
-
37.
Cupp EW, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, 2011. Elimination of human onchocerciasis: history of progress and current feasibility using ivermectin (Mectizan®) monotherapy. Acta Trop 120S: 100S–108S.
-
38.
Tekle AH, Elhassan E, Isiyaku S, Amazigo UV, Bush S, Noma M, Cousens S, Abiose A, Remme JH, 2012. Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Kaduna State, Nigeria: first evidence of the potential for elimination in the operational area of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Parasit Vectors 5: 28.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 410 | 148 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 100 | 32 | 0 |
Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus Transmission in the Abu Hamed Focus, Sudan
Tarig B. Higazi
Tarig B. Higazi
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Isam M. A. Zarroug
Isam M. A. Zarroug
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Hanan A. Mohamed
Hanan A. Mohamed
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Wigdan A. ElMubark
Wigdan A. ElMubark
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Tong Chor M. Deran
Tong Chor M. Deran
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Nabil Aziz
Nabil Aziz
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Moses Katabarwa
Moses Katabarwa
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Hassan K. Hassan
Hassan K. Hassan
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Thomas R. Unnasch
Thomas R. Unnasch
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Charles D. Mackenzie
Charles D. Mackenzie
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Frank Richards
Frank Richards
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Kamal Hashim
Kamal Hashim
Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio; Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health Infectious Diseases Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Abu Hamed, Sudan, the northernmost location of onchocerciasis in the world, began community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in 1998, with annual treatments enhanced to semiannual in 2007. We assessed the status of the parasite transmission in 2011 entomologically, parasitologically, and serologically. O-150 pool screening showed no parasite DNA in 17,537 black flies collected in 2011 (95% confidence interval upper limit [95% CI UL] = 0.023). Skin microfilariae, nodules, and signs of skin disease were absent in 536 individuals in seven local communities. Similarly, no evidence of Onchocerca volvulus Ov16 antibodies was found in 6,756 school children ≤ 10 years (95% CI UL = 0.03%). Because this assessment of the focus meets the 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for interrupted transmission, treatment was halted in 2012, and a post-treatment surveillance period was initiated in anticipation of declaration of disease elimination in this area. We provide the first evidence in East Africa that long-term CDTI alone can interrupt transmission of onchocerciasis.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Tarig B. Higazi, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, E-mail: higazi@ohio.edu. Isam M. A. Zarroug, Entomology, Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: izarroug@yahoo.com. Hanan A. Mohamed, Wigdan A. ElMubark, and Tong Chor M. Deran, Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mails: hanan.mohamed@gmail.com, wigdanelmubark@hotmail.com, and tong_schewitaak@yahoo.co.uk. Nabil Aziz, The Carter Center—Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: nabilazizm@hotmail.com. Moses Katabarwa, The Carter Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: mkataba@emory.edu. Hassan K. Hassan and Thomas R. Unnasch, Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, E-mails: hhassan@health.usf.edu and tunnasch@health.usf.edu. Charles D. Mackenzie, Pathobiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, E-mail: mackenz8@msu.edu. Frank Richards, Health Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: frich01@emory.edu. Kamal Hashim, Eye Hospital, Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan, E-mail: kamalbinnawi@yahoo.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Crump A, Morel CM, Omura S, 2012. The onchocerciasis chronicle: from the beginning to the end? Trends Parasitol 28: 208–288.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2011. African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: meeting of national onchocerciasis task forces. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 86: 541–549.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 1997. Drancunculiasis and onchocerciasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72: 297–301.
-
4.
Abdalla R, Baker EA, 1975. A new focus of onchoceriasis in the Sudan. Trop Geogr Med 27: 365–370.
-
5.
Ghalib H, Mackenzie C, Williams J, Elsheikh H, Kron M, 1987. Severe onchocercal dermatitis in Ethiopian border region of Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81: 405–419.
-
6.
Morgan H, 1958. Onchocerciasis in northern Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 61: 145–147.
-
7.
Williams JF, Abu Yousif AH, Ballard M, Awad R, el Tayeb M, Rasheed M, 1985a. Onchocerciasis in Sudan: the Abu Hamed focus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79: 464–468.
-
8.
Prost A, Hervouet JP, Thylefors B, 1979. Epidemiologic status of onchocerciasis. Bull World Health Organ 57: 655–662.
-
9.
Higazi TB, Katholi CR, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Qubati YA, Unnasch TR, 2001. Onchocerca volvulus: genetic diversity of parasite isolates from Sudan. Exp Parasitol 97: 24–34.
-
10.
Higazi TB, Boakye DA, Wilson MD, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Unnasch TR, 2000. Cytotaxonomic and molecular analysis of Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Abu Hamed, Sudan. J Med Entomol 37: 547–553.
-
11.
Greene BM, Taylor HR, Cupp EW, Murphy RP, White AT, Aziz MA, Schulz-Key H, D'Anna SA, Newland HS, Goldschmidt LP, Auer C, Hanson AP, Freeman SV, Reber EW, Williams PN, 1985. Controlled comparison of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in treatment of human onchocerciasis. N Engl J Med 313: 133–138.
-
12.
Sturchio JL, 2001. The case of ivermectin: lessons and implications for improving access to care and treatment in developing countries. Community Eye Health 14: 22–23.
-
13.
World Health Organization, 2012. Progress towards eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas in 2011: interruption of transmission in Guatemala and Mexico. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 87: 309–316.
-
14.
Diawara L, Traoré MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toé L, Tourée S, Remme JH, 2009. Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e497.
-
15.
Troare MO, Sarr MD, Badji A, Bissan Y, Diawara L, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konate L, Mounkoro A, Sek AF, Toe L, Toure S, Remme JHF, 2012. Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: 1–14.
-
16.
World Health Organization, 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1–36.
-
17.
Richards FO, Miri ES, Katabarwa M, Eyamba A, Sauerbrey M, Zea-Flores G, Korve K, Mathai W, Homeida MA, Mueller I, Hilyer E, Hopkins DR, 2011. The Carter Center's assistance to river blindness control programs: establishing treatment objectives and goals for monitoring ivermectin delivery systems on two continents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 108–114.
-
18.
Higazi TB, Zarroug I, Mohamed HA, Mohamed WA, Deran TC, Aziz N, Katabarwa M, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Mackenzie CD, Richards F, 2011. Polymerase chain reaction pool screening used to compare prevalence of infective black flies in two onchocerciasis foci in northern Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 753–756.
-
19.
Walsh J, 1983. Sampling Simuliid black flies. Service AY, ed. Pest and Vector Management in the Tropics. London, UK: Longman, 93–99.
-
20.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lilley BG, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Segura-Arenas R, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Mendoza-Herrera A, Reyes-Villanueva F, Unnasch TR, 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
-
21.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Katholi CR, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, 2006. Large-scale entomologic assessment of Onchocerca volvulus transmission by poolscreen PCR in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 1026–1033.
-
22.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Unnasch TR, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Morales-Castro AL, Richards F Jr, Peña-Flores GP, Orozco-Algarra ME, Prado-Velasco G, 2010. Lack of active Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the northern Chiapas focus of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 15–20.
-
23.
Meredith SE, Lando G, Gbakima AA, Zimmerman PA, Unnasch TR, 1991. Onchocerca volvulus: application of the polymerase chain reaction to identification and strain differentiation of the parasite. Exp Parasitol 3: 335–344.
-
24.
Lindblade KA, Arana B, Zea-Flores G, Rizzo N, Porter CH, Dominguez A, Cruz-Ortiz N, Unnasch TR, Punkosdy GA, Richards J, Sauerbrey M, Castro J, Catú E, Oliva O, Richards FO Jr, 2007. Elimination of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Santa Rosa focus of Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 334–341.
-
25.
Lobos E, Weiss N, Karam M, Taylor HR, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB, 1991. An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. Science 25: 1603–1605.
-
26.
Katabarwa MN, Walsh F, Habomugisha P, Lakwo TL, Agunyo S, Oguttu DW, Unnasch TR, Unoba D, Byamukama E, Tukesiga E, Ndyomugyenyi R, Richards FO, 2012. Transmission of onchocerciasis in Wadelai focus of northwestern Uganda has been interrupted and the disease eliminated. J Parasitol Res 2012: 1–7.
-
27.
Williams JF, Mackenzie CD, Dawood M, 1985b. Current distribution of onchocerciasis in Sudan. Sudan Med J 21: 9–18.
-
28.
Mackenzie CD, Williams JF, O'Day J, Flockhart HA, Ghalal I, Sisley BM, El Sheikh H, 1987. Onchocerciasis in southern Sudan: parasitological and clinical characteristics in the Bahr El Ghazal Province. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 379–382.
-
29.
Murdoch ME, Hay RJ, Mackenzie CD, William JF, Ghalib HW, Cousens S, Abiose A, Jones B, 1993. A clinical classification and grading system of the cutaneous changes in onchocerciasis. Br J Dermatol 129: 260–269.
-
30.
Okoye IC, Onwuliri CO, 2007. Epidemiology and psycho-social aspects of onchocercal skin diseases in northeastern Nigeria. Filaria J 6: 15.
-
31.
Katholi CR, Unnasch TR, 2006. Important experimental parameters for determining infection rates in arthropod vectors using pool screening approaches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 779–785.
-
32.
Porter CH, Collins RC, Brandling-Bennett AD, 1988. Vector density, parasite prevalence, and transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 567–574.
-
33.
Wada Y, 1982. Theoretical approach to the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in Guatemala. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 35: 183–196.
-
34.
Basanez MG, Collins RC, Porter CH, Little MP, Brandling-Bennett D, 2002. Transmission intensity and the patterns of Onchocerca volvulus infection in human communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 669–679.
-
35.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Lutzow-Steiner MA, Segura-Cabrera A, Lizarazo-Ortega C, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Sauerbrey M, Richards F Jr, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Hernández-Hernández R, 2008. Rapid suppression of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in two communities of the Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico achieved by quarterly treatments with Mectizan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 239–244.
-
36.
Program Coordinating Committee and OEPA Staff, 2012. Guide to detecting a potential recrudescence of onchocerciasis during the posttreatment surveillance period: the American paradigm. Res Rep Trop Med 3: 21–33.
-
37.
Cupp EW, Sauerbrey M, Richards F, 2011. Elimination of human onchocerciasis: history of progress and current feasibility using ivermectin (Mectizan®) monotherapy. Acta Trop 120S: 100S–108S.
-
38.
Tekle AH, Elhassan E, Isiyaku S, Amazigo UV, Bush S, Noma M, Cousens S, Abiose A, Remme JH, 2012. Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Kaduna State, Nigeria: first evidence of the potential for elimination in the operational area of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Parasit Vectors 5: 28.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 25 | 25 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 410 | 148 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 100 | 32 | 0 |