ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ghimire P, Sakpota D, Manandhar SP, 2004. Cryptosporidiosis: opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients in Nepal. J Trop Med Parasitol 27: 7– 10.
-
2.
Adesiji YO, Lawal RO, Taiwo SS, Fayemiwo SA, Adeyaba OA, 2007. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected patients with diarrhea in Osun State southwestern, Nigeria. European Journal of General Medicine 4: 119– 122.
-
3.
Zaidah AR, Chan YY, Asma HS, Abdulah S, Nurshalindawati AR, Saleh M, 2008. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in HIV-infected patients in Malaysia using a molecular approach. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39: 511– 516.
-
4.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Machado RLD, Omoregie R, Onunu AN, 2010. Cryptosporidiosis among HIV-infected patients with diarrhea in Edo State, midwestern Nigeria. Malaysian J Microbiol 6: 99– 101.
-
5.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, Dearen T, Leon ET, Xiao L, 2010. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in HIV-infected persons in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Fooyin J Health Science 2: 85– 89.
-
6.
Molloy SF, Smith HV, Kirwan P, Nichols RAB, Asaolu SO, Connelly L, Holland CV, 2010. Identification of a high diversity of Cryptosporidium species genotypes and subtypes in a pediatric population in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 608– 613.
-
7.
van Hal SJ, Muthiah K, Matthews G, Harkness J, Stark D, Cooper D, Marriott D, 2007. Declining incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis and reduction in AIDS-related mortality following introduction of HAART in Sydney, Australia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 1096– 1100.
-
8.
Stark D, van Hal S, Barratt J, Ellis J, Marriott D, Harkness J, 2009. Limited genetic diversity among genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi strains isolated from HIV-infected patients from Sydney, Australia. J Med Microbiol 58: 355– 357.
-
9.
Didier ES, Weiss LM, 2006. Microsporidiosis: current status. Curr Opin Infect Dis 19: 485– 492.
-
10.
del Aguila C, Izquierdo F, Navajas R, Pieniazek NJ, Miró G, Alonso AI, Da Silva AJ, Fenoy S, 1999. Enterocytozoon bieneusi in animals: rabbits and dogs as new hosts. J Eukaryot Microbiol 46: 8S– 9S.
-
11.
Lores B, del Aguila C, Arias C, 2002. Enterocytozoon bieneusi (microsporidia) in faecal samples from domestic animals from Galicia, Spain. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 941– 945.
-
12.
Hutin YJF, Sombardier M-N, Liguory O, Sarfati C, Derouin F, Modaï J, Molina JM, 1998. Risk factors for intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case-control study. J Infect Dis 178: 904– 907.
-
13.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, Dearen T, Leon ET, Xiao L, 2012. Molecular epidemiologic characterization of E. bienusi among HIV-infected patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 441– 445.
-
14.
Conteas NC, Berlin WGO, Ash LR, Peruth JS, 2000. Therapy for human gastrointestinal microsporidiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 121– 127.
-
15.
Nobre V, Braga E, Rayes A, Serufo JS, Godoy P, Nunes N, Antunes CM, Lambertucci JR, 2003. Opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS admitted to a university hospital of the southeast of Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45: 69– 74.
-
16.
Willemot P, Klein MB, 2004. Prevention of HIV-associated opportunistic infections and diseases in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2: 521– 532.
-
17.
Derouin F, Lagrange-Xelot M, 2008. Treatment of parasitic diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 6: 337– 349.
-
18.
Endeshaw T, Kebede A, Verweij JJ, Zewide A, Tsige K, Abraham Y, Wolday D, Woldemichael T, Messele T, Polderman AM, Petros B, 2006. Intestinal microsporidiosis in diarrheal patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Jpn J Infect Dis 59: 306– 310.
-
19.
Breton J, Bart-Delabesse E, Biligui S, Carbone A, Seiller X, Okome-Nkoumou M, Nzamba C, Kombila M, Accoceberry I, Thellier M, 2007. New highly divergent rRNA sequence among biodiverse genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi strains isolated from humans in Gabon and Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2580– 2589.
-
20.
Espern A, Morio F, Miegeville M, Illa H, Abdoulaye M, Meyssonnier V, Adehossi E, Lejeune A, Cam PD, Besse B, Gay-Andrieuet F, 2007. Molecular study of microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from two geographical areas: Niamey, Niger, and Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2999– 3002.
-
21.
Sulaiman IM, Fayer R, Lal AA, Trout JM, Schaefer FW, Xiao L, 2003. Molecular characterization of microsporidia indicates that wild mammals harbor host-adapted Enterocytozoon spp. as well as human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 4495– 4501.
-
22.
Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA, 2001. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 183: 492– 497.
-
23.
Cama VA, Ross JM, Crawford S, Kawai V, Chavez-Valdez R, Vargas D, Vivar A, Ticona E, Ñavincopa M, Williamson J, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Caryn Bern C, Xiao L, 2007. Differences in clinical manifestations among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV-infected persons. J Infect Dis 196: 684– 691.
-
24.
Santin M, Fayer R, 2009. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype nomenclature based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence: a consensus. J Eukaryot Microbiol 56: 34– 38.
-
25.
Xiao L, 2010. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol 124: 80– 89.
-
26.
Dworkin MS, Buskin SE, Davidson AJ, Cohn DL, Morse A, Inungu J, Adams MR, Mccombs SB, Jones JI, Moura H, Visvesvara G, Pieniazek NJ, Navin TR, 2007. Prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with diarrhea in major United States cities. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 49: 339– 342.
-
27.
Bachur TPR, Vale JM, Coelho ICB, Sales de Queiroz TRB, Chaves CS, 2008. Enteric parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients before and after the highly active antiretroviral therapy. Braz J Infect Dis 12: 115– 122.
-
28.
Certad G, Arenas-Pinto A, Pocaterra L, Ferrara G, Castro J, Bello A, Núñez L, 2005. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected Venezuelan adults are strongly associated with acute or chronic diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 54– 57.
-
29.
Werneck-Silva AL, Prado IB, 2009. Gastroduodenal opportunistic infections and dyspepsia in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24: 135– 139.
-
30.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, 2010. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among HIV patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Libyan J Med 2010: 5.
-
31.
Cimerman S, Castañeda CG, Iuliano WA, Palacios R, 2002. [Profile of intestinal parasites diagnosed in HIV infected patients in the HAART era at a reference center in Sao Paulo, Brazil.] Parasitol Latinoam 57: 111– 119.
-
32.
Omoregie R, Egbeobauwaye A, Ogefere H, Omokaro EU, Ekeh CC, 2008. Prevalence of antibodies to HAART agents among HIV patients in Benin City, Nigeria. African Journal Biomed ical Research 11: 33– 37.
-
33.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, 2011. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in relation to CD4 counts and anaemia among HIV patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Tanzan J Health Res 13: 10– 16.
-
34.
Ayinmode AB, Ojuromi OT, Xiao L, 2011. Molecular identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi isolates from Nigerian children. J Parasitol Res 2011: 129542.
-
35.
Maikai BV, Umoh JU, Lawal IA, Kudi AC, Ejembi CL, Xiao L, 2012. Molecular characterizations of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Enterocytozoon in humans in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Exp Parasitol 131: 452– 456.
-
36.
Ayinmode AB, Fagbemi BO, Xiao L, 2012. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in children in Oyo State, Nigeria: implication for infection sources. Parasitol Res 110: 479– 481.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1348 | 1244 | 282 |
| Full Text Views | 350 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 79 | 13 | 0 |
Unusual Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes and Cryptosporidium hominis Subtypes in HIV-Infected Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Frederick O. Akinbo
Frederick O. Akinbo
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Christopher E. Okaka
Christopher E. Okaka
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Richard Omoregie
Richard Omoregie
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Haileeyesus Adamu
Haileeyesus Adamu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Lihua Xiao
Lihua Xiao
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons are commonly infected with Cryptosporidium species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in both developed and developing countries, particularly patients with CD4+ cell counts below 200 cells/μL; 285 HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were enrolled in this study, and both stool and blood specimens were collected from participants. The stool specimens were analyzed and typed for E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. CD4 count was analyzed using flow cytometry. E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium were detected in 18 (6.3%) and 4 (1.4%) patients, respectively. The E. bieneusi detected mostly belonged to a new genotype group that, thus far, has only been found in a few humans: genotype Nig4 in 2 patients and two new genotypes related to Nig4 in 12 patients. The Cryptosporidium detected included C. hominis (two patients), C. parvum (one patient), and C. felis (one patient), with the two C. hominis infections belonging to an unusual subtype family. Additional studies are required to determine whether some E. bieneusi genotypes and C. hominis subtypes are more prevalent in HIV patients on HAART.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Frederick O. Akinbo, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, E-mail: fgbengang@yahoo.com. Christopher E. Okaka, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, E-mail: drceokaka@yahoo.com. Richard Omoregie, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, E-mail: richyomos@yahoo.com. Haileeyesus Adamu and Lihua Xiao, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: haile27@ymail.com and lxiao@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Ghimire P, Sakpota D, Manandhar SP, 2004. Cryptosporidiosis: opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients in Nepal. J Trop Med Parasitol 27: 7– 10.
-
2.
Adesiji YO, Lawal RO, Taiwo SS, Fayemiwo SA, Adeyaba OA, 2007. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected patients with diarrhea in Osun State southwestern, Nigeria. European Journal of General Medicine 4: 119– 122.
-
3.
Zaidah AR, Chan YY, Asma HS, Abdulah S, Nurshalindawati AR, Saleh M, 2008. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in HIV-infected patients in Malaysia using a molecular approach. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39: 511– 516.
-
4.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Machado RLD, Omoregie R, Onunu AN, 2010. Cryptosporidiosis among HIV-infected patients with diarrhea in Edo State, midwestern Nigeria. Malaysian J Microbiol 6: 99– 101.
-
5.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, Dearen T, Leon ET, Xiao L, 2010. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in HIV-infected persons in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Fooyin J Health Science 2: 85– 89.
-
6.
Molloy SF, Smith HV, Kirwan P, Nichols RAB, Asaolu SO, Connelly L, Holland CV, 2010. Identification of a high diversity of Cryptosporidium species genotypes and subtypes in a pediatric population in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 608– 613.
-
7.
van Hal SJ, Muthiah K, Matthews G, Harkness J, Stark D, Cooper D, Marriott D, 2007. Declining incidence of intestinal microsporidiosis and reduction in AIDS-related mortality following introduction of HAART in Sydney, Australia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 1096– 1100.
-
8.
Stark D, van Hal S, Barratt J, Ellis J, Marriott D, Harkness J, 2009. Limited genetic diversity among genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi strains isolated from HIV-infected patients from Sydney, Australia. J Med Microbiol 58: 355– 357.
-
9.
Didier ES, Weiss LM, 2006. Microsporidiosis: current status. Curr Opin Infect Dis 19: 485– 492.
-
10.
del Aguila C, Izquierdo F, Navajas R, Pieniazek NJ, Miró G, Alonso AI, Da Silva AJ, Fenoy S, 1999. Enterocytozoon bieneusi in animals: rabbits and dogs as new hosts. J Eukaryot Microbiol 46: 8S– 9S.
-
11.
Lores B, del Aguila C, Arias C, 2002. Enterocytozoon bieneusi (microsporidia) in faecal samples from domestic animals from Galicia, Spain. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 941– 945.
-
12.
Hutin YJF, Sombardier M-N, Liguory O, Sarfati C, Derouin F, Modaï J, Molina JM, 1998. Risk factors for intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case-control study. J Infect Dis 178: 904– 907.
-
13.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, Dearen T, Leon ET, Xiao L, 2012. Molecular epidemiologic characterization of E. bienusi among HIV-infected patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86: 441– 445.
-
14.
Conteas NC, Berlin WGO, Ash LR, Peruth JS, 2000. Therapy for human gastrointestinal microsporidiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 121– 127.
-
15.
Nobre V, Braga E, Rayes A, Serufo JS, Godoy P, Nunes N, Antunes CM, Lambertucci JR, 2003. Opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS admitted to a university hospital of the southeast of Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45: 69– 74.
-
16.
Willemot P, Klein MB, 2004. Prevention of HIV-associated opportunistic infections and diseases in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2: 521– 532.
-
17.
Derouin F, Lagrange-Xelot M, 2008. Treatment of parasitic diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 6: 337– 349.
-
18.
Endeshaw T, Kebede A, Verweij JJ, Zewide A, Tsige K, Abraham Y, Wolday D, Woldemichael T, Messele T, Polderman AM, Petros B, 2006. Intestinal microsporidiosis in diarrheal patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Jpn J Infect Dis 59: 306– 310.
-
19.
Breton J, Bart-Delabesse E, Biligui S, Carbone A, Seiller X, Okome-Nkoumou M, Nzamba C, Kombila M, Accoceberry I, Thellier M, 2007. New highly divergent rRNA sequence among biodiverse genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi strains isolated from humans in Gabon and Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2580– 2589.
-
20.
Espern A, Morio F, Miegeville M, Illa H, Abdoulaye M, Meyssonnier V, Adehossi E, Lejeune A, Cam PD, Besse B, Gay-Andrieuet F, 2007. Molecular study of microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from two geographical areas: Niamey, Niger, and Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2999– 3002.
-
21.
Sulaiman IM, Fayer R, Lal AA, Trout JM, Schaefer FW, Xiao L, 2003. Molecular characterization of microsporidia indicates that wild mammals harbor host-adapted Enterocytozoon spp. as well as human-pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 4495– 4501.
-
22.
Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA, 2001. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis 183: 492– 497.
-
23.
Cama VA, Ross JM, Crawford S, Kawai V, Chavez-Valdez R, Vargas D, Vivar A, Ticona E, Ñavincopa M, Williamson J, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Caryn Bern C, Xiao L, 2007. Differences in clinical manifestations among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV-infected persons. J Infect Dis 196: 684– 691.
-
24.
Santin M, Fayer R, 2009. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype nomenclature based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence: a consensus. J Eukaryot Microbiol 56: 34– 38.
-
25.
Xiao L, 2010. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol 124: 80– 89.
-
26.
Dworkin MS, Buskin SE, Davidson AJ, Cohn DL, Morse A, Inungu J, Adams MR, Mccombs SB, Jones JI, Moura H, Visvesvara G, Pieniazek NJ, Navin TR, 2007. Prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with diarrhea in major United States cities. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 49: 339– 342.
-
27.
Bachur TPR, Vale JM, Coelho ICB, Sales de Queiroz TRB, Chaves CS, 2008. Enteric parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients before and after the highly active antiretroviral therapy. Braz J Infect Dis 12: 115– 122.
-
28.
Certad G, Arenas-Pinto A, Pocaterra L, Ferrara G, Castro J, Bello A, Núñez L, 2005. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected Venezuelan adults are strongly associated with acute or chronic diarrhea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 54– 57.
-
29.
Werneck-Silva AL, Prado IB, 2009. Gastroduodenal opportunistic infections and dyspepsia in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24: 135– 139.
-
30.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, 2010. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among HIV patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Libyan J Med 2010: 5.
-
31.
Cimerman S, Castañeda CG, Iuliano WA, Palacios R, 2002. [Profile of intestinal parasites diagnosed in HIV infected patients in the HAART era at a reference center in Sao Paulo, Brazil.] Parasitol Latinoam 57: 111– 119.
-
32.
Omoregie R, Egbeobauwaye A, Ogefere H, Omokaro EU, Ekeh CC, 2008. Prevalence of antibodies to HAART agents among HIV patients in Benin City, Nigeria. African Journal Biomed ical Research 11: 33– 37.
-
33.
Akinbo FO, Okaka CE, Omoregie R, 2011. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in relation to CD4 counts and anaemia among HIV patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Tanzan J Health Res 13: 10– 16.
-
34.
Ayinmode AB, Ojuromi OT, Xiao L, 2011. Molecular identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi isolates from Nigerian children. J Parasitol Res 2011: 129542.
-
35.
Maikai BV, Umoh JU, Lawal IA, Kudi AC, Ejembi CL, Xiao L, 2012. Molecular characterizations of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Enterocytozoon in humans in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Exp Parasitol 131: 452– 456.
-
36.
Ayinmode AB, Fagbemi BO, Xiao L, 2012. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in children in Oyo State, Nigeria: implication for infection sources. Parasitol Res 110: 479– 481.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1348 | 1244 | 282 |
| Full Text Views | 350 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 79 | 13 | 0 |