ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Tan KS, 2008. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 639–665.
-
2.
Boorom KF, Smith H, Nimri L, Viscogliosi E, Spanakos G, Parkar U, Li LH, Zhou XN, Ok UZ, Leelayoova S, Jones MS, 2008. Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection. Parasit Vectors 1: 40.
-
3.
Katsarou-Katsari A, Vassalos CM, Tzanetou K, Spanakos G, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N, 2008. Acute urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3. Acta Derm Venereol 88: 80–81.
-
4.
Stensvold CR, Nielsen HV, Molbak K, Smith HV, 2009. Pursuing the clinical significance of Blastocystis – diagnostic limitations. Trends Parasitol 25: 23–29.
-
5.
Tan KS, Mirza H, Teo JD, Wu B, MacAry PA, 2010. Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Curr Infect Dis Rep 12: 28–35.
-
6.
Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Vivarès CP, Delbac F, El Alaoui H, 2012. New insights into Blastocystis spp.: a potential link with irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002545.
-
7.
Denoeud F, Roussel M, Noël B, Wawrzyniak I, Da Silva C, Diogon M, Viscogliosi E, Brochier-Armamet C, Couloux A, Poulain J, Segurans B, Anthouard V, Texier C, Blot N, Poirier P, Ng GC, Tan KS, Antiguenave F, Jaillon O, Aury J, Delbac F, Wincker P, Vivarès CP, El Alaoui H, 2011. Genome sequence of the stramenopile Blastocystis, a human anaerobic parasite. Genome Biol 12: R29.
-
8.
Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS, Thompson RC, Traub RJ, Viscogliosi E, Yoshikawa H, Clark CG, 2007. Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes-a consensus. Trends Parasitol 23: 93–96.
-
9.
Stensvold CR, Alfellani MA, Nørskov-Lauritsen S, Prip K, Victory EL, Maddox C, Nielsen HV, Clark CG, 2009. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals and identification of a new subtype. Int J Parasitol 39: 473–479.
-
10.
Parkar U, Traub RJ, Vitali S, Elliot A, Levecke B, Robertson I, Geurden T, Steele J, Drake B, Thompson RC, 2010. Molecular characterization of Blastocystis isolates from zoo animals and their animal-keepers. Vet Parasitol 169: 8–17.
-
11.
Noël C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D, Edgcomb VP, Delgado-Viscogliosi P, Ho LC, Singh M, Wintjens R, Sogin ML, Capron M, Pierce R, Zenner L, Viscogliosi E, 2005. Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. J Clin Microbiol 43: 348–355.
-
12.
Scanlan PD, 2012. Blastocystis: past pitfalls and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol 28: 327–334.
-
13.
Stensvold CR, Lewis HC, Hammerum AM, Porsbo LJ, Nielsen SS, Olsen KE, Arendrup MC, Nielsen HV, Molbak K, 2009. Blastocystis: unraveling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite. Epidemiol Infect 137: 1655–1663.
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14.
Scicluna SM, Tawari B, Clark CG, 2006. DNA barcoding of Blastocystis. Protist 157: 77–85.
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Stensvold CR, Arendrup MC, Jespersgaard C, Molbak K, Nielsen HV, 2007. Detecting Blastocystis using parasitologic and DNA-based methods: a comparative study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 59: 303–307.
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16.
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Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Albert A, El Alaoui H, Delbac F, Livrelli V, 2011. Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Blastocystis parasites in human stool samples: prospective study of patients with hematological malignancies. J Clin Microbiol 49: 975–983.
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Molecular Epidemiology of Blastocystis in Lebanon and Correlation between Subtype 1 and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Dima El Safadi
Dima El Safadi
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Dionigia Meloni
Dionigia Meloni
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Philippe Poirier
Philippe Poirier
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Marwan Osman
Marwan Osman
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Amandine Cian
Amandine Cian
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Lobna Gaayeb
Lobna Gaayeb
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Ivan Wawrzyniak
Ivan Wawrzyniak
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Frederic Delbac
Frederic Delbac
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Hicham El Alaoui
Hicham El Alaoui
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Laurence Delhaes
Laurence Delhaes
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Eduardo Dei-Cas
Eduardo Dei-Cas
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Hassan Mallat
Hassan Mallat
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Fouad Dabboussi
Fouad Dabboussi
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Monzer Hamze
Monzer Hamze
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Eric Viscogliosi
Eric Viscogliosi
Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université Lille Nord de France, EA4547, Lille, France; Centre AZM pour la Recherche en Biotechnologie et ses Applications, Laboratoire Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS UMR 6023, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
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Blastocystis is the most common eukaryotic parasite in the intestinal tract of humans. Because of its potential impact in public health, we acquired the first data concerning the prevalence of this parasite and the frequency of the Blastocystis subtypes (STs) in the Lebanese population. In this study, fecal samples from 220 Lebanese symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were collected and a total of 42 patients (19%) were identified as positive for this parasite by direct-light microscopy of smears. Among these, 36 Blastocystis isolates were genotyped using partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The ST distribution in the present Lebanese population was as follows: ST3 (33.3%), ST2 (33.3%), ST1 (30.6%), and ST4 (2.8%). These data were compared with those available in other Middle Eastern and neighboring countries. Finally, ST1 was significantly more prevalent among symptomatic patients of this Lebanese population.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by grants from the Programme Orientations Stratégiques from the University of Lille 2, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and the Institut Pasteur of Lille. DES and MO were both supported by PhD fellowships from the Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique and the Azm & Saade Association from Lebanon, and DM by a PhD fellowship from the Regione Autonoma della Sardegna.
Authors' addresses: Dima El Safadi, Marwan Osman, Hassan Mallat, Fouad Dabboussi, and Monzer Hamze, Centre AZM - Microbiologie, Santé et Environnement, Tripoli, Lebanon, E-mails: dima.elsafadi@hotmail.com, hmallat.dr@gmail.com, rexujo@hotmail.com, fdaboussi@hotmail.com, and mhamze@monzerhamze.com. Dionigia Meloni, Amandine Cian, Lobna Gaayeb, Laurence Delhaes, Eduardo Dei-Cas, and Eric Viscogliosi, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France, E-mails: dionigia09@hotmail.it, amandine_2906@hotmail.fr, lobna.gaayeb@gmail.com, laurence.delhaes@pasteur-lille.fr, eduardo.dei-cas@pasteur-lille.fr, and eric.viscogliosi@pasteur-lille.fr. Philippe Poirier, Ivan Wawrzyniak, Frederic Delbac, and Hicham El Alaoui, Université Blaise Pascal - Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France, E-mails: philippe_poirier@hotmail.fr, ivan.wawrzyniak@univ-bpclermont.fr, frederic.delbac@univ-bpclermont.fr, and hicham.el_alaoui@univ-bpclermont.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Tan KS, 2008. New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 639–665.
-
2.
Boorom KF, Smith H, Nimri L, Viscogliosi E, Spanakos G, Parkar U, Li LH, Zhou XN, Ok UZ, Leelayoova S, Jones MS, 2008. Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection. Parasit Vectors 1: 40.
-
3.
Katsarou-Katsari A, Vassalos CM, Tzanetou K, Spanakos G, Papadopoulou C, Vakalis N, 2008. Acute urticaria associated with amoeboid forms of Blastocystis sp. subtype 3. Acta Derm Venereol 88: 80–81.
-
4.
Stensvold CR, Nielsen HV, Molbak K, Smith HV, 2009. Pursuing the clinical significance of Blastocystis – diagnostic limitations. Trends Parasitol 25: 23–29.
-
5.
Tan KS, Mirza H, Teo JD, Wu B, MacAry PA, 2010. Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. Curr Infect Dis Rep 12: 28–35.
-
6.
Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Vivarès CP, Delbac F, El Alaoui H, 2012. New insights into Blastocystis spp.: a potential link with irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002545.
-
7.
Denoeud F, Roussel M, Noël B, Wawrzyniak I, Da Silva C, Diogon M, Viscogliosi E, Brochier-Armamet C, Couloux A, Poulain J, Segurans B, Anthouard V, Texier C, Blot N, Poirier P, Ng GC, Tan KS, Antiguenave F, Jaillon O, Aury J, Delbac F, Wincker P, Vivarès CP, El Alaoui H, 2011. Genome sequence of the stramenopile Blastocystis, a human anaerobic parasite. Genome Biol 12: R29.
-
8.
Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS, Thompson RC, Traub RJ, Viscogliosi E, Yoshikawa H, Clark CG, 2007. Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes-a consensus. Trends Parasitol 23: 93–96.
-
9.
Stensvold CR, Alfellani MA, Nørskov-Lauritsen S, Prip K, Victory EL, Maddox C, Nielsen HV, Clark CG, 2009. Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals and identification of a new subtype. Int J Parasitol 39: 473–479.
-
10.
Parkar U, Traub RJ, Vitali S, Elliot A, Levecke B, Robertson I, Geurden T, Steele J, Drake B, Thompson RC, 2010. Molecular characterization of Blastocystis isolates from zoo animals and their animal-keepers. Vet Parasitol 169: 8–17.
-
11.
Noël C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D, Edgcomb VP, Delgado-Viscogliosi P, Ho LC, Singh M, Wintjens R, Sogin ML, Capron M, Pierce R, Zenner L, Viscogliosi E, 2005. Molecular phylogenies of Blastocystis isolates from different hosts: implications for genetic diversity, identification of species, and zoonosis. J Clin Microbiol 43: 348–355.
-
12.
Scanlan PD, 2012. Blastocystis: past pitfalls and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol 28: 327–334.
-
13.
Stensvold CR, Lewis HC, Hammerum AM, Porsbo LJ, Nielsen SS, Olsen KE, Arendrup MC, Nielsen HV, Molbak K, 2009. Blastocystis: unraveling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite. Epidemiol Infect 137: 1655–1663.
-
14.
Scicluna SM, Tawari B, Clark CG, 2006. DNA barcoding of Blastocystis. Protist 157: 77–85.
-
15.
Stensvold CR, Arendrup MC, Jespersgaard C, Molbak K, Nielsen HV, 2007. Detecting Blastocystis using parasitologic and DNA-based methods: a comparative study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 59: 303–307.
-
16.
Souppart L, Sanciu G, Cian A, Wawrzyniak I, Delbac F, Capron M, Dei-Cas E, Boorom K, Delhaes L, Viscogliosi E, 2009. Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis isolates in France. Parasitol Res 105: 413–421.
-
17.
Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Albert A, El Alaoui H, Delbac F, Livrelli V, 2011. Development and evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Blastocystis parasites in human stool samples: prospective study of patients with hematological malignancies. J Clin Microbiol 49: 975–983.
-
18.
Rayan HL, Ismail OA, El Gayar EK, 2007. Prevalence and clinical features of Dientamoeba fragilis infections in patients suspected to have intestinal parasite infection. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 37: 599–608.
-
19.
Moosavi A, Haghighi A, Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E, Zayeri F, Alebouyeh M, Khazan H, Kazemi B, Zali MR, 2012. Genetic variability of Blastocystis sp. isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Iran. Parasitol Res 111: 2311–2315.
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20.
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