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Sergon K, Njuguna C, Kalani R, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Bedno S, Burke H, Dumilla AM, Konde J, Njenga MK, Sang R, Breiman RF, 2008. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on Lamu Island, Kenya, October 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 333–337.
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Yoosuf AA, Shiham I, Mohamed AJ, Ali G, Luna JM, Pandav R, Gongal GN, Nisaluk A, Jarman RG, Gibbons RV, 2009. First report of chikungunya from the Maldives. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 192–196.
Sam IC, Chan YF, Chan SY, Loong SK, Chin HK, Hooi PS, Ganeswrie R, Abubakar S, 2009. Chikungunya virus of Asian and Central/East African genotypes in Malaysia. J Clin Virol 46: 180–183.
AbuBakar S, Sam IC, Wong PF, MatRahim N, Hooi PS, Roslan N, 2007. Reemergence of endemic chikungunya, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 147–149.
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Rianthavorn P, Prianantathavorn K, Wuttirattanakowit N, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, 2010. An outbreak of chikungunya in southern Thailand from 2008 to 2009 caused by African strains with A226V mutation. Int J Infect Dis 14 (Suppl 3): e161–e165.
Yergolkar PN, Tandale BV, Arankalle VA, Sathe PS, Sudeep AB, Gandhe SS, Gokhle MD, Jacob GP, Hundekar SL, Mishra AC, 2006. Chikungunya outbreaks caused by African genotype, India. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1580–1583.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that recently re-emerged in Africa and rapidly spread into countries of the Indian Ocean basin and South-East Asia. The mean viremic blood donation risk for CHIKV on La Réunion reached 1.5% at the height of the 2005–2006 outbreaks, highlighting the need for development of safety measures to prevent transfusion-transmitted infections. We describe successful inactivation of CHIKV in human platelets and plasma using photochemical treatment with amotosalen and long wavelength UVA illumination. Platelet components in additive solution and plasma units were inoculated with two different strains of high titer CHIKV stock (6.0–8.0 logs/mL), and then treated with amotosalen and exposure to 1.0–3.0 J/cm2 UVA. Based on in vitro assays of infectious virus pre- and post-treatment to identify endpoint dilutions where virus was not detectable, mean viral titers could effectively be reduced by > 6.4 ± 0.6 log10 TCID50/mL in platelets and ≥ 7.6 ± 1.4 logs in plasma, indicating this treatment has the capacity to prevent CHIKV transmission in human blood components collected from infected donors in or traveling from areas of CHIKV transmission.
Financial support: Funding for this study was provided by Cerus Corporation.
Authors' addresses: Konstantin A. Tsetsarkin, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Neurotropic Flaviviruses Section, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: tsetsarkinka@niaid.nih.gov. Adam Sampson-Johannes, Lynette Sawyer, and John Kinsey, Cerus Corporation, Concord, CA, E-mails: Dna.3@sbcglobal.net, LSawyer@cerus.com, and shotokando@aol.com. Stephen Higgs, Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, E-mail: shiggs@k-state.edu. Dana L. Vanlandingham, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, E-mail: dlvanlan@vet.k-state.edu.
Petersen LR, Stramer SL, Powers AM, 2010. Chikungunya virus: possible impact on transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 24: 15–21.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. West Nile Virus (WNV) Human Infections Reported to ArboNET by State, United States, 2012 (as of September 18, 2012). Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount12_detailed.htm. Accessed September 20, 2012.
Sergon K, Njuguna C, Kalani R, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Bedno S, Burke H, Dumilla AM, Konde J, Njenga MK, Sang R, Breiman RF, 2008. Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection on Lamu Island, Kenya, October 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 333–337.
Kariuki Njenga M, Nderitu L, Ledermann JP, Ndirangu A, Logue CH, Kelly CH, Sang R, Sergon K, Breiman R, Powers AM, 2008. Tracking epidemic chikungunya virus into the Indian Ocean from East Africa. J Gen Virol 89: 2754–2760.
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International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2010. CHIKUNGUNYA, (04): MADAGASCAR (FIANARANTSOA). Archive number 2010026.0639. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed September 25, 2012.
Kularatne SA, Gihan MC, Weerasinghe SC, Gunasena S, 2009. Concurrent outbreaks of chikungunya and dengue fever in Kandy, Sri Lanka, 2006–07: a comparative analysis of clinical and laboratory features. Postgrad Med J 85: 342–346.
Yoosuf AA, Shiham I, Mohamed AJ, Ali G, Luna JM, Pandav R, Gongal GN, Nisaluk A, Jarman RG, Gibbons RV, 2009. First report of chikungunya from the Maldives. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 192–196.
Sam IC, Chan YF, Chan SY, Loong SK, Chin HK, Hooi PS, Ganeswrie R, Abubakar S, 2009. Chikungunya virus of Asian and Central/East African genotypes in Malaysia. J Clin Virol 46: 180–183.
AbuBakar S, Sam IC, Wong PF, MatRahim N, Hooi PS, Roslan N, 2007. Reemergence of endemic chikungunya, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 147–149.
Ng LC, Tan LK, Tan CH, Tan SS, Hapuarachchi HC, Pok KY, Lai YL, Lam-Phua SG, Bucht G, Lin RT, Leo YS, Tan BH, Han HK, Ooi PL, James L, Khoo SP, 2009. Entomologic and virologic investigation of chikungunya, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1243–1249.
Rianthavorn P, Prianantathavorn K, Wuttirattanakowit N, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, 2010. An outbreak of chikungunya in southern Thailand from 2008 to 2009 caused by African strains with A226V mutation. Int J Infect Dis 14 (Suppl 3): e161–e165.
Yergolkar PN, Tandale BV, Arankalle VA, Sathe PS, Sudeep AB, Gandhe SS, Gokhle MD, Jacob GP, Hundekar SL, Mishra AC, 2006. Chikungunya outbreaks caused by African genotype, India. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1580–1583.
International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2010. CHIKUNGUNYA, (30) CHINA (GUANGDONG), REUNION. Archive number 20101008.3661. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org. Accessed September 25, 2012.
Angelini R, Finarelli AC, Angelini P, Po C, Petropulacos K, Silvi G, Macini P, Fortuna C, Venturi G, Magurano F, Fiorentini C, Marchi A, Benedetti E, Bucci P, Boros S, Romi R, Majori G, Ciufolini MG, Nicoletti L, Rezza G, Cassone A, 2007. Chikungunya in north-eastern Italy: a summing up of the outbreak. Euro Surveill 12: E071122.2.
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Grandadam M, Caro V, Plumet S, Thiberge JM, Souares Y, Failloux AB, Tolou HJ, Budelot M, Cosserat D, Leparc-Goffart I, Despres P, 2011. Chikungunya virus, southeastern France. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 910–913.
Schwartz O, Albert ML, 2010. Biology and pathogenesis of chikungunya virus. Nat Rev Microbiol 8: 491–500.
Mavalankar D, Shastri P, Bandyopadhyay T, Parmar J, Ramani KV, 2008. Increased mortality rate associated with chikungunya epidemic, Ahmedabad, India. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 412–415.
Casolari S, Briganti E, Zanotti M, Zauli T, Nicoletti L, Magurano F, Fortuna C, Fiorentini C, Grazia Ciufolini M, Rezza G, 2008. A fatal case of encephalitis associated with chikungunya virus infection. Scand J Infect Dis 40: 995–996.
Ganesan K, Diwan A, Shankar SK, Desai SB, Sainani GS, Katrak SM, 2008. Chikungunya encephalomyeloradiculitis: report of 2 cases with neuroimaging and 1 case with autopsy findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29: 1636–1637.
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