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Wang Z, Zhang X, Li C, Zhang Y, Xing D, Wu Y, Zhao T, 2012. Vector competence of five common mosquito species in the People's Republic of China for western equine encephalitis virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 605–608.
Wong J, Stoddard ST, Astete H, Morrison AC, Scott TW, 2011. Oviposition site selection by the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and its implications for dengue control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1015.
Wanji S, Mafo FF, Tendongfor N, Tanga MC, Tchuente F, Bilong Bilong CF, Njine T, 2009. Spatial distribution, environmental and physicochemical characterization of Anopheles breeding sites in the Mount Cameroon region. J Vector Borne Dis 46: 75–80.
Stein M, Luduena-Almeida F, Willener JA, Almiron WR, 2011. Classification of immature mosquito species according to characteristics of the larval habitat in the subtropical province of Chaco, Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 106: 400–407.
de Little SC, Bowman DM, Whelan PI, Brook BW, Bradshaw CJ, 2009. Quantifying the drivers of larval density patterns in two tropical mosquito species to maximize control efficiency. Environ Entomol 38: 1013–1021.
Grillet ME, Barrera R, Martínez JE, Berti J, Fortin MJ, 2010. Disentangling the effect of local and global spatial variation on a mosquito-borne infection in a neotropical heterogeneous environment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 194–201.
Loiola CC, da Silva CJ, Tauil PL, 2002. Malaria control in Brazil: 1965 to 2001. Rev Panam Salud Publica 11: 235–244.
da Silva NS, da Silva-Nunes M, Malafronte RS, Menezes MJ, D'Arcadia RR, Komatsu NT, Scopel KK, Braga EM, Cavasini CE, Cordeiro JA, Ferreira MU, 2010. Epidemiology and control of frontier malaria in Brazil: lessons from community-based studies in rural Amazonia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 343–350.
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Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Wilkerson RC, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Monteiro FA, 2006. Molecular confirmation of the specific status of Anopheles halophylus (Diptera: Culicidae) and evidence of a new cryptic species within An. triannulatus in central Brazil. J Med Entomol 43: 455–459.
Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Pitaluga LD, Peixoto AA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, 2011. Molecular divergence in the timeless and cpr genes among three sympatric cryptic species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 106: 218–222.
Gutiérrez LA, González JJ, Gómez GF, Castro MI, Rosero DA, Luckhart S, Conn JE, Correa MM, 2009. Species composition and natural infectivity of anthropophilic Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in the states of Córdoba and Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104: 1117–1124.
Brochero H, Pareja PX, Ortiz G, Olano VA, 2006. Breeding places and biting activity of Anopheles species in the municipality of Cimitarra, Santander, Colombia. Biomedica 26: 269–277.
de Barros FSM, de Aguiar DB, Rosa-Freitas MG, Luitgards-Moura JF, da Costa Gurgel H, Honorio NA, de Arruda ME, Tsouris P, Vasconcelos SD, 2007. Distribution summaries of malaria vectors in the northern Brazilian Amazon. J Vector Ecol 32: 161–167.
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Calado DC, Foster PG, Bergo ES, Dos Santos CL, Galardo AK, Sallum MA, 2008. Resurrection of Anopheles goeldii from synonymy with Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera, Culicidae) and a new record for Anopheles dunhami in the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 103: 791–799.
Scarpassa VM, Conn JE, 2011. MtDNA tracks a complex evolutionary history with pleistocene divergence for the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari sensu lato. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 857–867.
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Nagm L, Luitgards-Moura JF, de Souza C, Monteiro-de-Barros FS, Honório NA, Tsouris P, Rosa-Freitas MG, 2007. Affinity and diversity indices for anopheline immature forms. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 49: 309–316.
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Seventy-six sites characterized in Amazonian Brazil revealed distinct habitat diversification by examining the environmental factors associated with the distribution and abundance of five anopheline species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. These included three members of the Albitarsis Complex, Anopheles oryzalimnetes, Anopheles marajoara, Anopheles janconnae; Anopheles triannulatus, and Anopheles goeldii. Anopheles janconnae abundance had a positive correlation to water flow and a negative relationship to sun exposure. Abundance of An. oryzalimentes was associated with water chemistry. Anopheles goeldii larvae were abundant in shaded, more saline waters. Anopheles marajoara and An. triannulatus were negatively associated with available resources, although An. marajoara also showed several local correlations. These analyses suggest An. triannulatus is a habitat generalist, An. oryzalimentes and An. janconnae are specialists, and An. marajoara and An. goeldii could not be easily classified either way. Correlations described herein provide testable hypotheses for future research and identifying habitats for vector control.
Financial support: Funding for this study was provided by Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil and NIH grants 1T32AI05532901A1, “Training in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease” and NIH R01 A154139 to JEC.
Authors' addresses: Sascha N. McKeon, Blue Mountain Community College, Pendleton, OR, E-mail: sascha.mckeon@bluecc.edu. Carl D. Schlichting, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, E-mail: schlicht@uconn.edu. Marinete M. Povoa, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil, E-mail: marinetepovoa@iec.pa.gov.br. Jan E. Conn, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, and Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, E-mail: jconn@wadsworth.org.
Pfaehler O, Oulo DO, Gouagna LC, Githure J, Guerin PM, 2006. Influence of soil quality in the larval habitat on development of Anopheles gambiae Giles. J Vector Ecol 31: 400–405.
Lutomiah JL, Koka H, Mutisya J, Yalwala S, Muthoni M, Makio A, Limbaso S, Musila L, Clark JW, Turell MJ, Kioko E, Schnabel D, Sang RC, 2011. Ability of selected Kenyan mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species to transmit West Nile virus under laboratory conditions. J Med Entomol 48: 1197–1201.
Wang Z, Zhang X, Li C, Zhang Y, Xing D, Wu Y, Zhao T, 2012. Vector competence of five common mosquito species in the People's Republic of China for western equine encephalitis virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 605–608.
Wong J, Stoddard ST, Astete H, Morrison AC, Scott TW, 2011. Oviposition site selection by the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and its implications for dengue control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1015.
Wanji S, Mafo FF, Tendongfor N, Tanga MC, Tchuente F, Bilong Bilong CF, Njine T, 2009. Spatial distribution, environmental and physicochemical characterization of Anopheles breeding sites in the Mount Cameroon region. J Vector Borne Dis 46: 75–80.
Stein M, Luduena-Almeida F, Willener JA, Almiron WR, 2011. Classification of immature mosquito species according to characteristics of the larval habitat in the subtropical province of Chaco, Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 106: 400–407.
de Little SC, Bowman DM, Whelan PI, Brook BW, Bradshaw CJ, 2009. Quantifying the drivers of larval density patterns in two tropical mosquito species to maximize control efficiency. Environ Entomol 38: 1013–1021.
Grillet ME, Barrera R, Martínez JE, Berti J, Fortin MJ, 2010. Disentangling the effect of local and global spatial variation on a mosquito-borne infection in a neotropical heterogeneous environment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 194–201.
Loiola CC, da Silva CJ, Tauil PL, 2002. Malaria control in Brazil: 1965 to 2001. Rev Panam Salud Publica 11: 235–244.
da Silva NS, da Silva-Nunes M, Malafronte RS, Menezes MJ, D'Arcadia RR, Komatsu NT, Scopel KK, Braga EM, Cavasini CE, Cordeiro JA, Ferreira MU, 2010. Epidemiology and control of frontier malaria in Brazil: lessons from community-based studies in rural Amazonia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 343–350.
Tauil P, Daniel-Ribeiro C, 1998. Some aspects of epidemiology and control of malaria in Brazil. Res Rev Parasitol 58: 163–167.
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Lacerda MV, Brasil P, Ladislau JL, Tauil PL, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, 2010. Malaria in Brazil: an overview. Malar J 9: 115.
Papavero N, Guimarães JH, 2000. The taxonomy of Brazilian insects vectors of transmissible diseases (1900–2000): then and now. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95: 109–118.
Marrelli MT, Sallum MAM, Marinotti O, 2006. The second internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA as a tool for Latin American anopheline taxonomy—A critical review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101: 817–832.
Rubio-Palis Y, 1994. Variation of the vectorial capacity of some anophelines in western Venezuela. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50: 420–424.
Galardo AKR, Arruda M, D'Almeida Couto AA, Lounibos LP, Zimmerman RH, 2007. Malaria vector incrimination in three rural riverine villages in the Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 461–469.
Póvoa MM, Wirtz RA, Lacerda RNL, Miles MA, Warhurst D, 2001. Malaria vectors in the municipality of Serra do Navio, state of Amapá, Amazon Region, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96: 179–184.
Conn JE, Wilkerson RC, Segura MN, de-Souza-Raimundo TL, Schlichting CD, Wirtz RA, Povoa MM, 2002. Emergence of a new Neotropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 18–22.
Povoa MM, de Souza RT, Lacerda RN, Rosa ES, Galiza D, de Souza JR, Wirtz RA, Schlichting CD, Conn JE, 2006. The importance of Anopheles albitarsis E and An. darlingi in human malaria transmission in Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101: 163–168.
Faran ME, Linthicum KJ, 1981. A handbook of the Amazonian species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst 13: 1–81.
Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, 2002. Anopheles halophylus, a new species of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 801–811.
Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Wilkerson RC, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Monteiro FA, 2006. Molecular confirmation of the specific status of Anopheles halophylus (Diptera: Culicidae) and evidence of a new cryptic species within An. triannulatus in central Brazil. J Med Entomol 43: 455–459.
Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Pitaluga LD, Peixoto AA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, 2011. Molecular divergence in the timeless and cpr genes among three sympatric cryptic species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 106: 218–222.
Gutiérrez LA, González JJ, Gómez GF, Castro MI, Rosero DA, Luckhart S, Conn JE, Correa MM, 2009. Species composition and natural infectivity of anthropophilic Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in the states of Córdoba and Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104: 1117–1124.
Brochero H, Pareja PX, Ortiz G, Olano VA, 2006. Breeding places and biting activity of Anopheles species in the municipality of Cimitarra, Santander, Colombia. Biomedica 26: 269–277.
de Barros FSM, de Aguiar DB, Rosa-Freitas MG, Luitgards-Moura JF, da Costa Gurgel H, Honorio NA, de Arruda ME, Tsouris P, Vasconcelos SD, 2007. Distribution summaries of malaria vectors in the northern Brazilian Amazon. J Vector Ecol 32: 161–167.
Faran ME, 1980. Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae). XXXIV. A revision of the Albimanus section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles. Contrib Am Entomol Inst 15: 1–215.
Sallum MA, Marrelli MT, Nagaki SS, Laporta GZ, Dos Santos CL, 2008. Insight into Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae) species from Brazil. J Med Entomol 45: 970–981.
Calado DC, Foster PG, Bergo ES, Dos Santos CL, Galardo AK, Sallum MA, 2008. Resurrection of Anopheles goeldii from synonymy with Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera, Culicidae) and a new record for Anopheles dunhami in the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 103: 791–799.
Scarpassa VM, Conn JE, 2011. MtDNA tracks a complex evolutionary history with pleistocene divergence for the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari sensu lato. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 857–867.
Russel PF, Rozeboom LE, Stone A, 1943. Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes of the world with notes on their identification, distribution, biology, and relation to malaria. J Acad Nat Sci Phila 8: 121–131.
Bourke BP, Foster PG, Bergo ES, Calado DC, Sallum MA, 2010. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera, Culicidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Acta Trop 114: 88–96.
Tadei WP, Dutary-Thatcher B, 2000. Malaria vectors in the Brazilian Amazon: Anopheles of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42: 87–94.
da Silva-Vasconcelos A, Neves Kató MY, Neves Mourão E, Lessa de Souza RT, da Luz Lacerda RN, Sibajev A, Tsouris P, Póvoa MM, Momen H, Rosa-Freitas MG, 2002. Biting indices, host-seeking activity and natural infection rates of anopheline species in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil from 1996 to 1998. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 151–161.
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