Risk Factors for the Presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Domestic Water-Holding Containers in Areas Impacted by the Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project, Laos

Alexandra Hiscox Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Angela Kaye Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Khamsing Vongphayloth Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Ian Banks Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Michele Piffer Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Phasouk Khammanithong Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Pany Sananikhom Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Surinder Kaul Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Nigel Hill Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Steven W. Lindsay Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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Paul T. Brey Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek, Laos; Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Vientiane, Laos; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom

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We assessed risk factors for vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses near a new hydroelectric project, Nam Theun 2, in Laos. Immature stages of Aedes aegypti were found only in sites within 40 km of the urban provincial capital, but Aedes albopictus was found throughout. Aedes aegypti pupae were most common in water storage jars (odds ratio [OR] = 4.72) and tires (OR = 2.99), and Ae. albopictus pupae were associated with tires in 2009 (OR = 10.87) and drums, tires, and jars in 2010 (drums OR = 3.05; tires OR = 3.45, jars OR = 6.59). Compared with water storage vessels, containers used for hygiene, cooking, and drinking were 80% less likely to harbor Ae. albopictus pupae in 2010 (OR = 0.20), and discarded waste was associated with a 3.64 increased odds of infestation. Vector control efforts should focus on source reduction of water storage containers, particularly concrete jars and tires.

Author Notes

* Address correspondence to Alexandra Hiscox, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands. E-mail: alexandra.hiscox@wur.nl
† Deceased.

Financial support: This study was supported by the Fondation EDF Diversiterre. Steven W. Lindsay was supported by the Research and Policy for Infectious Disease Dynamics Program of the Science and Technology Directory, Department of Homeland Security, and Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health.

Authors' addresses: Alexandra Hiscox, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, E-mail: alexandra.hiscox@wur.nl. Angela Kaye and Ian Banks, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, E-mails: angela.kaye@lshtm.ac.uk and ian.banks@lshtm.ac.uk. Khamsing Vongphayloth, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Sisattnanak District, Vientiane, Laos, E-mail: khamsing-v@live.com. Michele Piffer, Department of Economics, London School of Economics, London, UK, E-mail: m.piffer@lse.ac.uk. Phasouk Khammanithong, Khammouane Provincial Health Office, Thakhek City, Khammouane Province, Laos, E-mail: pphaso@yahoo.com. Pany Sananikhom and Surinder Kaul, Nam Theun 2 Power Company, Nongbone Village, Vientiane, Laos, E-mails pany@namtheun2.com and surinder@namtheun2.com. Steven W. Lindsay, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK, E-mail: s.w.lindsay@durham.ac.uk. Paul T. Brey, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Sisattnanak District, Vientiane, Laos, E-mail: paul.brey@pasteur.fr.

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