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1.
Stefanski W, 1954. Rhabditis gingivalis sp. n. parasite trouve dans un granulome de la gencive chez un cheval. Acta Parasitol 1: 329–334.
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2.
Anderson RC, Linder KE, Peregrine AS, 1998. Halicephalobus gingivalis (Stefanski, 1954) from a fatal infection in a horse in Ontario, Canada with comments on the validity of H. deletrix and a review of the genus. Parasite 5: 255–261.
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3.
Bryant UK, Lyons ET, Bain FT, Hong CB, 2006. Halicephalobus gingivalis-associated meningoencephalitis in a thoroughbred foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 18: 612–615.
-
4.
Hermosilla C, Coumbe KM, Habershon-Butcher J, Schöniger S, 2011. Fatal equine meningoencephalitis in the United Kingdom caused by the panagrolaimid nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis: case report and review of the literature. Equine Vet J 43: 759–763.
-
5.
Ferguson R, van Dreumel T, Keystone JS, Manning A, Malatestinic A, Caswell JL, Peregrine AS, 2008. Unsuccessful treatment of a horse with mandibular granulomatous osteomyelitis due to Halicephalobus gingivalis. Can Vet J 49: 1099–1103.
-
6.
Isaza R, Schiller CA, Stover J, Smith PJ, Greiner EC, 2000. Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda) infection in a Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi). J Zoo Wildl Med 31: 77–81.
-
7.
Hoogstraten J, Young WG, 1975. Meningo-encephalomyelitis due to the saprophagous nematode, Micronema deletrix. Can J Neurol Sci 2: 121–126.
-
8.
Gardiner CH, Koh DS, Cardella TA, 1981. Micronema in man: third fatal infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 586–589.
-
9.
Ondrejka SL, Procop GW, Lai KK, Prayson RA, 2010. Fatal parasitic meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Halicephalobus deletrix: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134: 625–629.
-
10.
Dunn DG, Gardiner CH, Dralle KR, Thilsted JP, 1993. Nodular granulomatous posthitis caused by Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) sp. in a horse. Vet Pathol 30: 207–208.
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11.
Pearce SG, Boure LP, Taylor JA, Peregrine AS, 2001. Treatment of a granuloma caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219: 1735–1738.
-
12.
Segarra-Newnham M, 2007. Manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Ann Pharmacother 41: 1992–2001.
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13.
Nishimura K, Hung T, 1997. Current views on geographic distribution and modes of infection of neurohelminthic diseases. J Neurol Sci 145: 5–14.
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Halicephalobus gingivalis: A Rare Cause of Fatal Meningoencephalomyelitis in Humans
Bhavesh Papadi
Bhavesh Papadi
University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Carole Boudreaux
Carole Boudreaux
University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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J. Allan Tucker
J. Allan Tucker
University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Blaine Mathison
Blaine Mathison
University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Henry Bishop
Henry Bishop
University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Mark E. Eberhard
Mark E. Eberhard
University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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The genus Halicephalobus consists of eight species of free-living nematodes. Only one species (H. gingivalis) has been reported to infect vertebrates. Human infection is extremely rare, and only four cases have been reported in the literature. These nematodes seem to exhibit neurotropism, but their life cycle, mode of infection, and risk factors are poorly understood. Neurohelminthiases are not commonly recognized in the United States and when they do occur, pose great diagnostic challenges because of lack of appropriate non-invasive screening and/or confirmatory tests. We report a challenging case of meningoencephalomyelitis caused by a Halicephalobus sp., in which the patient had a rapidly deteriorating clinical course. The case did not raise any clinical suspicion of neurohelminthiases, although increased eosinophils were present in the cerebrospinal fluid. This case presents an opportunity to highlight the importance of considering parasitic infection in meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis presenting atypically.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Bhavesh Papadi, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: bhavesh2papadi@yahoo.com. Carole Boudreaux and J. Allan Tucker, Pathology Department, University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, AL, E-mails: cboudrea@usouthal.edu and atucker@usouthal.edu. Blaine Mathison, Henry Bishop, and Mark E. Eberhard, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: gqa4@cdc.gov, hsb2@cdc.gov, and mle1@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Stefanski W, 1954. Rhabditis gingivalis sp. n. parasite trouve dans un granulome de la gencive chez un cheval. Acta Parasitol 1: 329–334.
-
2.
Anderson RC, Linder KE, Peregrine AS, 1998. Halicephalobus gingivalis (Stefanski, 1954) from a fatal infection in a horse in Ontario, Canada with comments on the validity of H. deletrix and a review of the genus. Parasite 5: 255–261.
-
3.
Bryant UK, Lyons ET, Bain FT, Hong CB, 2006. Halicephalobus gingivalis-associated meningoencephalitis in a thoroughbred foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 18: 612–615.
-
4.
Hermosilla C, Coumbe KM, Habershon-Butcher J, Schöniger S, 2011. Fatal equine meningoencephalitis in the United Kingdom caused by the panagrolaimid nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis: case report and review of the literature. Equine Vet J 43: 759–763.
-
5.
Ferguson R, van Dreumel T, Keystone JS, Manning A, Malatestinic A, Caswell JL, Peregrine AS, 2008. Unsuccessful treatment of a horse with mandibular granulomatous osteomyelitis due to Halicephalobus gingivalis. Can Vet J 49: 1099–1103.
-
6.
Isaza R, Schiller CA, Stover J, Smith PJ, Greiner EC, 2000. Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda) infection in a Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi). J Zoo Wildl Med 31: 77–81.
-
7.
Hoogstraten J, Young WG, 1975. Meningo-encephalomyelitis due to the saprophagous nematode, Micronema deletrix. Can J Neurol Sci 2: 121–126.
-
8.
Gardiner CH, Koh DS, Cardella TA, 1981. Micronema in man: third fatal infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 586–589.
-
9.
Ondrejka SL, Procop GW, Lai KK, Prayson RA, 2010. Fatal parasitic meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Halicephalobus deletrix: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 134: 625–629.
-
10.
Dunn DG, Gardiner CH, Dralle KR, Thilsted JP, 1993. Nodular granulomatous posthitis caused by Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) sp. in a horse. Vet Pathol 30: 207–208.
-
11.
Pearce SG, Boure LP, Taylor JA, Peregrine AS, 2001. Treatment of a granuloma caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219: 1735–1738.
-
12.
Segarra-Newnham M, 2007. Manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Ann Pharmacother 41: 1992–2001.
-
13.
Nishimura K, Hung T, 1997. Current views on geographic distribution and modes of infection of neurohelminthic diseases. J Neurol Sci 145: 5–14.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2088 | 1800 | 84 |
| Full Text Views | 661 | 13 | 4 |
| PDF Downloads | 376 | 8 | 2 |