ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
McManus DP, Loukas A, 2008. Current status of vaccine for schistosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 21: 225–242.
-
2.
Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L, 2006. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 368: 1106–1118.
-
3.
Feldmeier H, Poggensee G, 1993. Diagnostic techniques in schistosomiasis control: a review. Acta Tropica 52: 205–220.
-
4.
Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 2002. Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosorniasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull World Health Organ 80: 235–242.
-
5.
ten Hove RJ, Verweij JJ, Vereecken K, Polman K, Dieye L, van Lieshout L, 2008. Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infection in stool samples collected in northern Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 179–185.
-
6.
van Dam GJ, Wichers JH, Ferreira TM, Ghati D, van Amerongen A, Deelder AM, 2004. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis by reagent strip test for detection of circulating cathodic antigen. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5458–5461.
-
7.
Stothard JR, Kabatereine N, Tukahebwa EM, Kazibwe F, Rollinson D, Mathieson W, Webster JP, Fenwick A, 2006. Use of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) dipsticks for detection of intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 97: 219–228.
-
8.
Verweij JJ, Brienen EA, Ziem J, Yelifari L, Polderman AM, van Lieshout L, 2007a. Simultaneous detection and quantification of Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Oesophagostomum bifurcum in fecal samples using multiplex real-time PCR. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 685–690.
-
9.
Verweij JJ, Ten Hove R, Brienen EA, van Lieshout L, 2007b. Multiplex detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in fecal samples using real-time PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57: 163–167.
-
10.
Barber KE, Mkoji GM, Loker ES, 2000. PCR-RFLP analysis of The ITS2 region to identify Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis from Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 434–440.
-
11.
Abbasi I, King CH, Sturrock RF, Kariuki C, Muchiri E, Hamburger J, 2007. Differentiation of Schistosoma haematobium from related schistosomes by PCR amplifying an inter-repeat sequence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 950–955.
-
12.
Espy MJ, Uhl JR, Sloan LM, Buckwalter SP, Jones MF, Vetter EA, Yao JDC, Wengenack NL, Rosenblatt JE, Cockerill FR, Smith TF, 2006. Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: applications for routine laboratory testing. Clinical Microbiology 19: 165–256.
-
13.
Klein D, 2002. Quantification using real-time PCR technology: applications and limitations. Trends Mol Med 8: 257–260.
-
14.
Verweij JJ, Blange RA, Templeton K, Schinkel J, Brienen EA, van Rooyen MA, van Lieshout L, Polderman AM, 2004. Simultaneous detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples using multiplex real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 3: 1220–1223.
-
15.
Obeng BB, Aryeetey YA, de Dood CJ, Amoah AS, Larbi IA, Deelder AM, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hartgers FC, Boakye DA, Verweij JJ, van Dam GJ, van Lieshout L, 2008. Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102: 625–633.
-
16.
Ibironke OA, Phillips AE, Garba A, Lamine SM, Shiff C, 2011. Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium by detection of specific DNA fragments from filtered urine samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 998–1001.
-
17.
Ibironke O, Koukounari A, Asaolu S, Moustaki I, Shiff C, 2012. Validation of a new test for Schistosoma haematobium based on detection of Dra1 DNA fragments in urine: evaluation through latent class analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: 1464.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 594 | 277 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 218 | 65 | 3 |
Molecular Diagnosis of Schistosoma Infections in Urine Samples of School Children in Ghana
Recent studies using an internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Schistosoma DNA in urine samples has shown high sensitivity and specificity when performed on controls and known microscopy-positive samples. In this study, using 730 urine samples collected from children in five primary schools from different communities in the Greater Accra region of Ghana, specific detection of Schistosoma DNA showed excellent sensitivity of 100% and 85.2% in urines with > 50 eggs/10 mL urine and ≤ 50 eggs/10 mL of urine, respectively. Additionally, Schistosoma-specific DNA was amplified in 102 of 673 samples in which Schistosoma eggs could not be detected with microscopy. Taking microscopy and/or PCR-positive samples as true positives, the negative predictive value calculated was 94.6–100% for each school sampled as compared with 54.3–95.7% using microscopy. This ITS-based real-time PCR proves to be a powerful tool in epidemiological surveys of schistosomiasis providing more precise and sensitive results than microscopy.
Author Notes
Financial support: European Research Council FP6 (TRANCHI, GLOFAL, and COINFECT), FP7 (SCHISTOVAC), and the Prof. Dr. P.C. Flu Foundation.
Authors' addresses: Yvonne A. Aryeetey, Irene A. Larbi, Kwaku Ahmed, Abena S. Amoah, Benedicta B. Obeng, and Daniel A. Boakye, Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, E-mails: yaryeetey@noguchi.mimcom.org, i.larbi@lancaster.ac.uk, kahmed@noguchi.mimcom.org, a.s.Amoah@lumc.nl, baffoah@yahoo.com, and DBoakye@noguchi.mimcom.org. Samuel Essien-Baidoo, Department of Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana, E-mail: sbessien@yahoo.com. Lisette van Lieshout and Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, E-mails: lvanlieshout@lumc.nl and m.yazdanbakhsh@lumc.nl. Jaco J. Verweij, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands, E-mail: j.verweij@elisabeth.nl.