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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1.
Lindstrom SE, Cox NJ, Klimov A, 2004. Genetic analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses, 1957–1972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events. Virology 328: 101–119.
-
2.
Webster RG, 1998. Influenza: an emerging disease. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 436–441.
-
3.
Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y, 1992. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56: 152–179.
-
4.
Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ, Gubareva LV, Xu X, Bridges CB, Uyeki TM, 2009. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 18: 2605–2615.
-
5.
Palese P, Wang TT, 2011. Why do influenza subtypes die out? A hypothesis. mBio 2: pii: e00150–11.
-
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. Outbreak of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection–Mexico, March–April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58: 467–470.
-
7.
Blyth CC, Kelso A, McPhie KA, Ratnamohan VM, Catton M, Druce JD, Smith DW, Williams SH, Huang QS, Lopez L, Schoub BD, Venter M, Dwyer DE, 2010. The impact of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus on seasonal influenza A viruses in the southern hemisphere, 2009. Euro Surveill 15.
-
8.
Broor S, Krishnan A, Roy DS, Dhakad S, Kaushik S, Mir MA, Singh Y, Moen A, Chadha M, Mishra AC, Lal RB, 2012. Dynamic patterns of circulating seasonal and pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses from 2007–2010 in and around Delhi, India. PLoS ONE 7: e29129.
-
9.
Broor S, Gupta S, Mohapatra S, Kaushik S, Mir MA, Jain P, Dar L, Lal RB, 2011. Emergence of 2009A/H1N1 cases in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 5: e552–e557.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2011. Influenza Transmission Zones. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/surveillance_monitoring/updates/EN_GIP_Influenza_transmission_zones.pdf. Accessed July 10, 2012.
-
11.
Bulimo WD, Mukunzi S, Achilla R, Opot BH, Osuna F, Majanja J, Wadegu M, Wurapa EK, 2012. Were the WHO-recommended human influenza vaccine formulations appropriate for Kenya during the 2010–2011 season? Inferences from the HA1 gene analysis. Afr J Pharmacol Ther 1: 46–54.
-
12.
Laguna-Torres VA, Gomez J, Aguilar PV, Ampuero JS, Munayco C, Ocana V, Perez J, Gamero ME, Arrasco JC, Paz I, Chavez E, Cruz R, Chavez J, Mendocilla S, Gomez E, Antigoni J, Gonzalez S, Tejada C, Chowell G, Kochel TJ; Peru Influenza Working Group, 2010. Changes in the viral distribution pattern after the appearance of the novel influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) virus in influenza-like illness patients in Peru. PloS One 5: e11719.
-
13.
Tang JW, Lee CK, Lee HK, Loh TP, Chiu L, Tambyah PA, Koay ES, 2010. Tracking the emergence of pandemic Influenza A/H1N1/2009 and its interaction with seasonal influenza viruses in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 39: 291–294.
-
14.
Bulimo WD, Gachara G, Opot BH, Murage MW, Wurapa EK, 2012. Evidence in Kenya of reassortment between seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 to yield A(H3N2) variants with the matrix gene segment of A(H1N1)pdm09. Afr J Pharmacol Ther 1: 1–7.
-
15.
Nishiura H, Castillo-Chavez C, Safan M, Chowell G, 2009. Transmission potential of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus and its age-specificity in Japan. Euro Surveill 14.
-
16.
Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Cauchemez S, Hanage WP, Van Kerkhove MD, Hollingsworth TD, Griffin J, Baggaley RF, Jenkins HE, Lyons EJ, Jombart T, Hinsley WR, Grassly NC, Balloux F, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Lopez-Gatell H, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Chapela IB, Zavala EP, Guevara DM, Checchi F, Garcia E, Hugonnet S, Roth C; WHO Rapid Pandemic Assessment Collaboration, 2009. Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings. Science 324: 1557–1561.
-
17.
Chowell G, Miller MA, Viboud C, 2008. Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control. Epidemiol Infect 136: 852–864.
-
18.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. Introduction and transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) Virus–Kenya, June–July 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58: 1143–1146.
-
19.
Othieno N, 2006. Inequality in Kenya's health sector. Nairobi, Kenya: Society for International Development. Regional Office for Eastern Africa. Readings on Inequality in Kenya: Sectoral Dynamics and Perspectives, 97–155.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 2011. Recommended Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in the 2012 Southern Hemisphere Influenza Season. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2011_09_recommendationpdf2011.
-
21.
World Health Organization, 2012. Influenza, FluNet Charts. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/flunet/charts/en/index.html.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 986 | 871 | 483 |
| Full Text Views | 348 | 11 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 109 | 10 | 0 |
Impact of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus on Circulation Dynamics of Seasonal Influenza Strains in Kenya
Janet Majanja
Janet Majanja
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rose N. Njoroge
Rose N. Njoroge
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rachel Achilla
Rachel Achilla
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Eyako K. Wurapa
Eyako K. Wurapa
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Meshack Wadegu
Meshack Wadegu
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Silvanos Mukunzi
Silvanos Mukunzi
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Josephat Mwangi
Josephat Mwangi
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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James Njiri
James Njiri
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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George Gachara
George Gachara
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Wallace Bulimo
Wallace Bulimo
U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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We describe virus variations from patients with influenza-like illness before and after the appearance of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Kenya during January 2008–July 2011. A total of 11,592 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from consenting patients. Seasonal influenza B, A/H1N1, A/H3N2, A/H5N1, and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were detected by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Of patients enrolled, 2073 (17.9%) had influenza. A total of 1,524 (73.4%) of 2,073 samples were positive for influenza A virus and 549 (26.6%) were positive for influenza B virus. Influenza B virus predominated in 2008 and seasonal A(H1N1) virus predominated in the first half of 2009. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus predominated in the second half of 2009. Influenza A/H3N2 virus predominated in 2010, and co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and influenza B virus predominated the first half of 2011. The reduction and displacement of seasonal A(H1N1) virus was the most obvious effect of the arrival of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The decision of the World Health Organization to replace seasonal A(H1N1) virus with the pandemic virus strain for the southern hemisphere vaccine was appropriate for Kenya.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by a U.S. Department of Defense, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center (DoD-AFHSC) grant.
Authors' addresses: Janet Majanja, Rose N. Njoroge, Rachel Achilla, Eyako K. Wurapa, Meshack Wadegu, Silvanos Mukunzi, Josephat Mwangi, James Njiri, and Wallace Bulimo, U.S. Army Medical Research Unit–Kenya, U.S. Embassy, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: janet.majanja@usamru-k.org, rose.njoroge@usamru-k.org, rachel.achilla@usamru-k.org, eyako.wurapa@usamru-k.org, meshack.wadegu@usamru-k.org, silvanos.mukunzi@usamru-k.org, josephat.mwangi@usamru-k.org, james.njiri@usamru-k.org, and wallace.bulimo@usamru-k.org. George Gachara, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: ggachara@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lindstrom SE, Cox NJ, Klimov A, 2004. Genetic analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses, 1957–1972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events. Virology 328: 101–119.
-
2.
Webster RG, 1998. Influenza: an emerging disease. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 436–441.
-
3.
Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y, 1992. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56: 152–179.
-
4.
Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ, Gubareva LV, Xu X, Bridges CB, Uyeki TM, 2009. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med 18: 2605–2615.
-
5.
Palese P, Wang TT, 2011. Why do influenza subtypes die out? A hypothesis. mBio 2: pii: e00150–11.
-
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. Outbreak of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection–Mexico, March–April 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58: 467–470.
-
7.
Blyth CC, Kelso A, McPhie KA, Ratnamohan VM, Catton M, Druce JD, Smith DW, Williams SH, Huang QS, Lopez L, Schoub BD, Venter M, Dwyer DE, 2010. The impact of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus on seasonal influenza A viruses in the southern hemisphere, 2009. Euro Surveill 15.
-
8.
Broor S, Krishnan A, Roy DS, Dhakad S, Kaushik S, Mir MA, Singh Y, Moen A, Chadha M, Mishra AC, Lal RB, 2012. Dynamic patterns of circulating seasonal and pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses from 2007–2010 in and around Delhi, India. PLoS ONE 7: e29129.
-
9.
Broor S, Gupta S, Mohapatra S, Kaushik S, Mir MA, Jain P, Dar L, Lal RB, 2011. Emergence of 2009A/H1N1 cases in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 5: e552–e557.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2011. Influenza Transmission Zones. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/surveillance_monitoring/updates/EN_GIP_Influenza_transmission_zones.pdf. Accessed July 10, 2012.
-
11.
Bulimo WD, Mukunzi S, Achilla R, Opot BH, Osuna F, Majanja J, Wadegu M, Wurapa EK, 2012. Were the WHO-recommended human influenza vaccine formulations appropriate for Kenya during the 2010–2011 season? Inferences from the HA1 gene analysis. Afr J Pharmacol Ther 1: 46–54.
-
12.
Laguna-Torres VA, Gomez J, Aguilar PV, Ampuero JS, Munayco C, Ocana V, Perez J, Gamero ME, Arrasco JC, Paz I, Chavez E, Cruz R, Chavez J, Mendocilla S, Gomez E, Antigoni J, Gonzalez S, Tejada C, Chowell G, Kochel TJ; Peru Influenza Working Group, 2010. Changes in the viral distribution pattern after the appearance of the novel influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) virus in influenza-like illness patients in Peru. PloS One 5: e11719.
-
13.
Tang JW, Lee CK, Lee HK, Loh TP, Chiu L, Tambyah PA, Koay ES, 2010. Tracking the emergence of pandemic Influenza A/H1N1/2009 and its interaction with seasonal influenza viruses in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 39: 291–294.
-
14.
Bulimo WD, Gachara G, Opot BH, Murage MW, Wurapa EK, 2012. Evidence in Kenya of reassortment between seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 to yield A(H3N2) variants with the matrix gene segment of A(H1N1)pdm09. Afr J Pharmacol Ther 1: 1–7.
-
15.
Nishiura H, Castillo-Chavez C, Safan M, Chowell G, 2009. Transmission potential of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus and its age-specificity in Japan. Euro Surveill 14.
-
16.
Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Cauchemez S, Hanage WP, Van Kerkhove MD, Hollingsworth TD, Griffin J, Baggaley RF, Jenkins HE, Lyons EJ, Jombart T, Hinsley WR, Grassly NC, Balloux F, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Lopez-Gatell H, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Chapela IB, Zavala EP, Guevara DM, Checchi F, Garcia E, Hugonnet S, Roth C; WHO Rapid Pandemic Assessment Collaboration, 2009. Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings. Science 324: 1557–1561.
-
17.
Chowell G, Miller MA, Viboud C, 2008. Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control. Epidemiol Infect 136: 852–864.
-
18.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. Introduction and transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) Virus–Kenya, June–July 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58: 1143–1146.
-
19.
Othieno N, 2006. Inequality in Kenya's health sector. Nairobi, Kenya: Society for International Development. Regional Office for Eastern Africa. Readings on Inequality in Kenya: Sectoral Dynamics and Perspectives, 97–155.
-
20.
World Health Organization, 2011. Recommended Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in the 2012 Southern Hemisphere Influenza Season. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2011_09_recommendationpdf2011.
-
21.
World Health Organization, 2012. Influenza, FluNet Charts. Available at: http://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/flunet/charts/en/index.html.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 986 | 871 | 483 |
| Full Text Views | 348 | 11 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 109 | 10 | 0 |