- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Blood samples and serum collection.
- DNA extraction and construction of recombinant expression plasmid.
- Expression of recombinant pkMSP-133.
- Optimization of recombinant pkMSP-133 expression conditions.
- Purification of recombinant pkMSP-133.
- SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
- Quantitation of concentration of recombinant pkMSP-133.
- Evaluation of recombinant pkMSP-133 in Western blot assays.
- Evaluation of recombinant pkMSP-133 in ELISA.
- Statistical analysis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Richards JS, Beeson JG, 2009. The future for blood-stage vaccines against malaria. Immunol Cell Biol 87: 377–390.
-
2.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434: 214–217.
-
3.
Bronner U, Divis PC, Farnert A, Singh B, 2009. Swedish traveller with Plasmodium knowlesi malaria after visiting Malaysian Borneo. Malar J 8: 15.
-
4.
Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SS, Cox-Singh J, Thomas A, Conway DJ, 2004. A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet 363: 1017–1024.
-
5.
Jiang N, Chang Q, Sun X, Lu H, Yin J, Zhang Z, Wahlgren M, Chen Q, 2010. Co-infections with Plasmodium knowlesi and other malaria parasites, Myanmar. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1476–1478.
-
6.
Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H, 2004. Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2211–2213.
-
7.
Luchavez J, Espino F, Curameng P, Espina R, Bell D, Chiodini P, Nolder D, Sutherland C, Lee KS, Singh B, 2008. Human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 811–813.
-
8.
Ng OT, Ooi EE, Lee CC, Lee PJ, Ng LC, Pei SW, Tu TM, Loh JP, Leo YS, 2008. Naturally acquired human Plasmodium knowlesi infection, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 814–816.
-
9.
Cox-Singh J, 2009. Knowlesi malaria in Vietnam. Malar J 8: 269.
-
10.
Van den Eede P, Van HN, Van Overmeir C, Vythilingam I, Duc TN, Hung le X, Manh HN, Anne J, D'Alessandro U, Erhart A, 2009. Human Plasmodium knowlesi infections in young children in central Vietnam. Malar J 8: 249.
-
11.
Barber BE, William T, Jikal M, Jilip J, Dhararaj P, Menon J, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, 2011. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in children. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 814–820.
-
12.
Cox-Singh J, Davis TM, Lee KS, Shamsul SS, Matusop A, Ratnam S, Rahman HA, Conway DJ, Singh B, 2008. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening. Clin Infect Dis 46: 165–171.
-
13.
Daneshvar C, Davis TM, Cox-Singh J, Rafa'ee MZ, Zakaria SK, Divis PC, Singh B, 2009. Clinical and laboratory features of human Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Clin Infect Dis 49: 852–860.
-
14.
Lee KS, Cox-Singh J, Singh B, 2009. Morphological features and differential counts of Plasmodium knowlesi parasites in naturally acquired human infections. Malar J 8: 73.
-
15.
Holder AA, Blackman MJ, Burghaus PA, Chappel JA, Ling IT, McCallum-Deighton N, Shai S, 1992. A malaria merozoite surface protein (MSP1)-structure, processing and function. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3): 37–42.
-
16.
Good MF, 2001. Towards a blood-stage vaccine for malaria: are we following all the leads? Nat Rev Immunol 1: 117–125.
-
17.
Holder AA, Freeman RR, 1982. Biosynthesis and processing of a Plasmodium falciparum schizont antigen recognized by immune serum and a monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 156: 1528–1538.
-
18.
McBride JS, Heidrich HG, 1987. Fragments of the polymorphic Mr 185,000 glycoprotein from the surface of isolated Plasmodium falciparum merozoites form an antigenic complex. Mol Biochem Parasitol 23: 71–84.
-
19.
Blackman MJ, Whittle H, Holder AA, 1991. Processing of the Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein-1: identification of a 33-kilodalton secondary processing product which is shed prior to erythrocyte invasion. Mol Biochem Parasitol 49: 35–44.
-
20.
Blackman MJ, 1994. Purification of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites for analysis of the processing of merozoite surface protein-1. Methods Cell Biol 45: 213–220.
-
21.
Blackman MJ, Ling IT, Nicholls SC, Holder AA, 1991. Proteolytic processing of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 produces a membrane-bound fragment containing two epidermal growth factor-like domains. Mol Biochem Parasitol 49: 29–33.
-
22.
Quin SJ, Langhorne J, 2001. Different regions of the malaria merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium chabaudi elicit distinct T-cell and antibody isotype responses. Infect Immun 69: 2245–2251.
-
23.
Wipasa J, Hirunpetcharat C, Mahakunkijcharoen Y, Xu H, Elliott S, Good MF, 2002. Identification of T cell epitopes on the 33-kDa fragment of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 and their antibody-independent protective role in immunity to blood stage malaria. J Immunol 169: 944–951.
-
24.
Draper SJ, Goodman AL, Biswas S, Forbes EK, Moore AC, Gilbert SC, Hill AV, 2009. Recombinant viral vaccines expressing merozoite surface protein-1 induce antibody- and T cell-mediated multistage protection against malaria. Cell Host Microbe 5: 95–105.
-
25.
Kawabata Y, Udono H, Honma K, Ueda M, Mukae H, Kadota J, Kohno S, Yui K, 2002. Merozoite surface protein 1-specific immune response is protective against exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium yoelii. Infect Immun 70: 6075–6082.
-
26.
Egan A, Waterfall M, Pinder M, Holder A, Riley E, 1997. Characterization of human T- and B-cell epitopes in the C terminus of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1: evidence for poor T-cell recognition of polypeptides with numerous disulfide bonds. Infect Immun 65: 3024–3031.
-
27.
Malkin E, Long CA, Stowers AW, Zou L, Singh S, MacDonald NJ, Narum DL, Miles AP, Orcutt AC, Muratova O, Moretz SE, Zhou H, Diouf A, Fay M, Tierney E, Leese P, Mahanty S, Miller LH, Saul A, Martin LB, 2007. Phase 1 study of two merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1(42)) vaccines for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS Clin Trials 2: e12.
-
28.
Sheehy SH, Duncan CJ, Elias SC, Collins KA, Ewer KJ, Spencer AJ, Williams AR, Halstead FD, Moretz SE, Miura K, Epp C, Dicks MD, Poulton ID, Lawrie AM, Berrie E, Moyle S, Long CA, Colloca S, Cortese R, Gilbert SC, Nicosia A, Hill AV, Draper SJ, 2011. Phase Ia clinical evaluation of the Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigen MSP1 in ChAd63 and MVA vaccine vectors. Mol Ther 19: 2269–2276.
-
29.
Udhayakumar V, Anyona D, Kariuki S, Shi YP, Bloland PB, Branch OH, Weiss W, Nahlen BL, Kaslow DC, Lal AA, 1995. Identification of T and B cell epitopes recognized by humans in the C-terminal 42-kDa domain of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1. J Immunol 154: 6022–6030.
-
30.
Epp C, Kauth CW, Bujard H, Lutz R, 2003. Expression and purification of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1(42): a malaria vaccine candidate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 786: 61–72.
-
31.
Pan W, Ravot E, Tolle R, Frank R, Mosbach R, Turbachova I, Bujard H, 1999. Vaccine candidate MSP-1 from Plasmodium falciparum: a redesigned 4917 bp polynucleotide enables synthesis and isolation of full-length protein from Escherichia coli and mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 27: 1094–1103.
-
32.
Suchankova A, Ritterova L, Krcmar M, Krchnak V, Vagner J, Jochmus I, Gissmann L, Kanka J, Vonka V, 1991. Comparison of ELISA and Western blotting for human papillomavirus type 16 E7 antibody determination. J Gen Virol 72: 2577–2581.
-
33.
Valderrama-Aguirre A, Quintero G, Gomez A, Castellanos A, Perez Y, Mendez F, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S, 2005. Antigenicity, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of Plasmodium vivax MSP1 PV200l: a potential malaria vaccine subunit. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 16–24.
-
34.
Dutta S, Kaushal DC, Ware LA, Puri SK, Kaushal NA, Narula A, Upadhyaya DS, Lanar DE, 2005. Merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium vivax induces a protective response against Plasmodium cynomolgi challenge in rhesus monkeys. Infect Immun 73: 5936–5944.
-
35.
Kamboj KK, Barnwell JW, Nussenzweig RS, Cochrane AH, 1988. Characterization of cross-reactive blood-stage antigens of the Plasmodium cynomolgi complex using anti-Plasmodium vivax monoclonal antibodies. J Parasitol 74: 403–408.
-
36.
Yang C, Collins WE, Millet P, 1994. Immunologic characterization of Plasmodium vivax antigens using Plasmodium cynomolgi liver stage-primed immune sera. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 365–371.
-
37.
Haghi AM, Khoramizade MR, Nateghpour M, Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Eshraghian MR, Sepehrizadeh Z, 2012. A recombinant Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen-1 to detect human infection in Iran. Korean J Parasitol 50: 15–21.
-
38.
Wipasa J, Suphavilai C, Okell LC, Cook J, Corran PH, Thaikla K, Liewsaree W, Riley EM, Hafalla JC, 2010. Long-lived antibody and B cell memory responses to the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000770.
-
39.
Son ES, Kim TS, Nam HW, 2001. Western blot diagnosis of vivax malaria with multiple stage-specific antigens of the parasite. Korean J Parasitol 39: 171–176.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 977 | 869 | 238 |
| Full Text Views | 370 | 17 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 105 | 11 | 0 |
Evaluation of Recombinant Plasmodium knowlesi Merozoite Surface Protein-133 for Detection of Human Malaria
Fei Wen Cheong
Fei Wen Cheong
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Yee Ling Lau
Yee Ling Lau
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mun Yik Fong
Mun Yik Fong
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rohela Mahmud
Rohela Mahmud
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Plasmodium knowlesi is now known as the fifth Plasmodium species that can cause human malaria. The Plasmodium merozoite surface protein (MSP) has been reported to be potential target for vaccination and diagnosis of malaria. MSP-133 has been shown to be immunogenic and its T cell epitopes could mediate cellular immune protection. However, limited studies have focused on P. knowlesi MSP-133. In this study, an approximately 28-kDa recombinant P. knowlesi MSP-133 (pkMSP-133) was expressed by using an Escherichia coli system. The purified pkMSP-133 reacted with serum samples of patients infected with P. knowlesi (31 of 31, 100%) and non-P. knowlesi malaria (27 of 28, 96.43%) by Western blotting. The pkMSP-133 also reacted with P. knowlesi (25 of 31, 80.65%) and non-P. knowlesi malaria sera (20 of 28, 71.43%) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Most of the non-malarial infection (49 of 52 in by Western blotting and 46 of 52 in the ELISA) and healthy donor serum samples (65 of 65 by Western blotting and ELISA) did not react with recombinant pkMSP-133.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 503 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: The study was supported by UM High Impact Research Grant UM-MOHE UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/MED/09 from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia and UM Post-graduate Research Grant (PV030/2011A).
Authors' addresses: Fei Wen Cheong, Yee Ling Lau, Mun Yik Fong, and Rohela Mahmud, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia, E-mails: fwcheong18@hotmail.com, lauyeeling@um.edu.my, fongmy@um.edu.my, and rohela@um.edu.my.
- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Blood samples and serum collection.
- DNA extraction and construction of recombinant expression plasmid.
- Expression of recombinant pkMSP-133.
- Optimization of recombinant pkMSP-133 expression conditions.
- Purification of recombinant pkMSP-133.
- SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
- Quantitation of concentration of recombinant pkMSP-133.
- Evaluation of recombinant pkMSP-133 in Western blot assays.
- Evaluation of recombinant pkMSP-133 in ELISA.
- Statistical analysis.
- Results
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Richards JS, Beeson JG, 2009. The future for blood-stage vaccines against malaria. Immunol Cell Biol 87: 377–390.
-
2.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434: 214–217.
-
3.
Bronner U, Divis PC, Farnert A, Singh B, 2009. Swedish traveller with Plasmodium knowlesi malaria after visiting Malaysian Borneo. Malar J 8: 15.
-
4.
Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SS, Cox-Singh J, Thomas A, Conway DJ, 2004. A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet 363: 1017–1024.
-
5.
Jiang N, Chang Q, Sun X, Lu H, Yin J, Zhang Z, Wahlgren M, Chen Q, 2010. Co-infections with Plasmodium knowlesi and other malaria parasites, Myanmar. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 1476–1478.
-
6.
Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H, 2004. Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 2211–2213.
-
7.
Luchavez J, Espino F, Curameng P, Espina R, Bell D, Chiodini P, Nolder D, Sutherland C, Lee KS, Singh B, 2008. Human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 811–813.
-
8.
Ng OT, Ooi EE, Lee CC, Lee PJ, Ng LC, Pei SW, Tu TM, Loh JP, Leo YS, 2008. Naturally acquired human Plasmodium knowlesi infection, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 814–816.
-
9.
Cox-Singh J, 2009. Knowlesi malaria in Vietnam. Malar J 8: 269.
-
10.
Van den Eede P, Van HN, Van Overmeir C, Vythilingam I, Duc TN, Hung le X, Manh HN, Anne J, D'Alessandro U, Erhart A, 2009. Human Plasmodium knowlesi infections in young children in central Vietnam. Malar J 8: 249.
-
11.
Barber BE, William T, Jikal M, Jilip J, Dhararaj P, Menon J, Yeo TW, Anstey NM, 2011. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in children. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 814–820.
-
12.
Cox-Singh J, Davis TM, Lee KS, Shamsul SS, Matusop A, Ratnam S, Rahman HA, Conway DJ, Singh B, 2008. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and potentially life threatening. Clin Infect Dis 46: 165–171.
-
13.
Daneshvar C, Davis TM, Cox-Singh J, Rafa'ee MZ, Zakaria SK, Divis PC, Singh B, 2009. Clinical and laboratory features of human Plasmodium knowlesi infection. Clin Infect Dis 49: 852–860.
-
14.
Lee KS, Cox-Singh J, Singh B, 2009. Morphological features and differential counts of Plasmodium knowlesi parasites in naturally acquired human infections. Malar J 8: 73.
-
15.
Holder AA, Blackman MJ, Burghaus PA, Chappel JA, Ling IT, McCallum-Deighton N, Shai S, 1992. A malaria merozoite surface protein (MSP1)-structure, processing and function. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87 (Suppl 3): 37–42.
-
16.
Good MF, 2001. Towards a blood-stage vaccine for malaria: are we following all the leads? Nat Rev Immunol 1: 117–125.
-
17.
Holder AA, Freeman RR, 1982. Biosynthesis and processing of a Plasmodium falciparum schizont antigen recognized by immune serum and a monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med 156: 1528–1538.
-
18.
McBride JS, Heidrich HG, 1987. Fragments of the polymorphic Mr 185,000 glycoprotein from the surface of isolated Plasmodium falciparum merozoites form an antigenic complex. Mol Biochem Parasitol 23: 71–84.
-
19.
Blackman MJ, Whittle H, Holder AA, 1991. Processing of the Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein-1: identification of a 33-kilodalton secondary processing product which is shed prior to erythrocyte invasion. Mol Biochem Parasitol 49: 35–44.
-
20.
Blackman MJ, 1994. Purification of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites for analysis of the processing of merozoite surface protein-1. Methods Cell Biol 45: 213–220.
-
21.
Blackman MJ, Ling IT, Nicholls SC, Holder AA, 1991. Proteolytic processing of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 produces a membrane-bound fragment containing two epidermal growth factor-like domains. Mol Biochem Parasitol 49: 29–33.
-
22.
Quin SJ, Langhorne J, 2001. Different regions of the malaria merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium chabaudi elicit distinct T-cell and antibody isotype responses. Infect Immun 69: 2245–2251.
-
23.
Wipasa J, Hirunpetcharat C, Mahakunkijcharoen Y, Xu H, Elliott S, Good MF, 2002. Identification of T cell epitopes on the 33-kDa fragment of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 and their antibody-independent protective role in immunity to blood stage malaria. J Immunol 169: 944–951.
-
24.
Draper SJ, Goodman AL, Biswas S, Forbes EK, Moore AC, Gilbert SC, Hill AV, 2009. Recombinant viral vaccines expressing merozoite surface protein-1 induce antibody- and T cell-mediated multistage protection against malaria. Cell Host Microbe 5: 95–105.
-
25.
Kawabata Y, Udono H, Honma K, Ueda M, Mukae H, Kadota J, Kohno S, Yui K, 2002. Merozoite surface protein 1-specific immune response is protective against exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium yoelii. Infect Immun 70: 6075–6082.
-
26.
Egan A, Waterfall M, Pinder M, Holder A, Riley E, 1997. Characterization of human T- and B-cell epitopes in the C terminus of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1: evidence for poor T-cell recognition of polypeptides with numerous disulfide bonds. Infect Immun 65: 3024–3031.
-
27.
Malkin E, Long CA, Stowers AW, Zou L, Singh S, MacDonald NJ, Narum DL, Miles AP, Orcutt AC, Muratova O, Moretz SE, Zhou H, Diouf A, Fay M, Tierney E, Leese P, Mahanty S, Miller LH, Saul A, Martin LB, 2007. Phase 1 study of two merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1(42)) vaccines for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS Clin Trials 2: e12.
-
28.
Sheehy SH, Duncan CJ, Elias SC, Collins KA, Ewer KJ, Spencer AJ, Williams AR, Halstead FD, Moretz SE, Miura K, Epp C, Dicks MD, Poulton ID, Lawrie AM, Berrie E, Moyle S, Long CA, Colloca S, Cortese R, Gilbert SC, Nicosia A, Hill AV, Draper SJ, 2011. Phase Ia clinical evaluation of the Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigen MSP1 in ChAd63 and MVA vaccine vectors. Mol Ther 19: 2269–2276.
-
29.
Udhayakumar V, Anyona D, Kariuki S, Shi YP, Bloland PB, Branch OH, Weiss W, Nahlen BL, Kaslow DC, Lal AA, 1995. Identification of T and B cell epitopes recognized by humans in the C-terminal 42-kDa domain of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1. J Immunol 154: 6022–6030.
-
30.
Epp C, Kauth CW, Bujard H, Lutz R, 2003. Expression and purification of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1(42): a malaria vaccine candidate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 786: 61–72.
-
31.
Pan W, Ravot E, Tolle R, Frank R, Mosbach R, Turbachova I, Bujard H, 1999. Vaccine candidate MSP-1 from Plasmodium falciparum: a redesigned 4917 bp polynucleotide enables synthesis and isolation of full-length protein from Escherichia coli and mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 27: 1094–1103.
-
32.
Suchankova A, Ritterova L, Krcmar M, Krchnak V, Vagner J, Jochmus I, Gissmann L, Kanka J, Vonka V, 1991. Comparison of ELISA and Western blotting for human papillomavirus type 16 E7 antibody determination. J Gen Virol 72: 2577–2581.
-
33.
Valderrama-Aguirre A, Quintero G, Gomez A, Castellanos A, Perez Y, Mendez F, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S, 2005. Antigenicity, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of Plasmodium vivax MSP1 PV200l: a potential malaria vaccine subunit. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 16–24.
-
34.
Dutta S, Kaushal DC, Ware LA, Puri SK, Kaushal NA, Narula A, Upadhyaya DS, Lanar DE, 2005. Merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium vivax induces a protective response against Plasmodium cynomolgi challenge in rhesus monkeys. Infect Immun 73: 5936–5944.
-
35.
Kamboj KK, Barnwell JW, Nussenzweig RS, Cochrane AH, 1988. Characterization of cross-reactive blood-stage antigens of the Plasmodium cynomolgi complex using anti-Plasmodium vivax monoclonal antibodies. J Parasitol 74: 403–408.
-
36.
Yang C, Collins WE, Millet P, 1994. Immunologic characterization of Plasmodium vivax antigens using Plasmodium cynomolgi liver stage-primed immune sera. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 365–371.
-
37.
Haghi AM, Khoramizade MR, Nateghpour M, Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Eshraghian MR, Sepehrizadeh Z, 2012. A recombinant Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen-1 to detect human infection in Iran. Korean J Parasitol 50: 15–21.
-
38.
Wipasa J, Suphavilai C, Okell LC, Cook J, Corran PH, Thaikla K, Liewsaree W, Riley EM, Hafalla JC, 2010. Long-lived antibody and B cell memory responses to the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000770.
-
39.
Son ES, Kim TS, Nam HW, 2001. Western blot diagnosis of vivax malaria with multiple stage-specific antigens of the parasite. Korean J Parasitol 39: 171–176.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 977 | 869 | 238 |
| Full Text Views | 370 | 17 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 105 | 11 | 0 |