- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Biting pressure of Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Level of protection of NM in the community.
- Sporozoite rates of Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Malaria prevalence in the communities.
- Community acceptance of NM repellent.
- Adverse effects of NM repellent.
- Community perception of NM repellent.
- Epidemiological efficacy of NM repellent.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Anonymous, 1988. Are insect repellents safe? Lancet 332: 610–611.
-
2.
Gupta RK, Rutledge LC, 1994. Role of repellents in vector control and disease prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50: 82–86.
-
3.
Curtis CF, 1992. Personal protection methods against vectors of disease. Rev Med Vet Entomol 80: 543–551.
-
4.
Rutlege LC, Sofield RK, Moussa MA, 1978. A bibliography of diethyl toulamide. Bull Entomol Soc Am 24: 431–439.
-
5.
Corbel V, Stankiewicz M, Pennetier C, Fournier D, Stojan J, Girard E, Dimitrov M, Molgó J, Hougard J-M, Lapied B, 2009. Evidence for inhibition of cholinesterases in insect and mammalian nervous systems by the insect repellent DEET. BMC Biol 7: 1741–1747.
-
6.
Govindarajan M, Mathivanan T, Elumalai K, Krishnappa K, Anandan A, 2011. Mosquito larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent properties of botanical extracts against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 109: 353–367.
-
7.
Walker TW, Robert LL, Copeland RA, Githeko AK, Wirtz RA, Githure JI, Klein TA, 1996. Field evaluation of arthropod repellents, DEET and a piperidine compound, A13-37220, against Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in western Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12: 172–176.
-
8.
Trigg JK, 1996. Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Anopheles spp. in Tanzania. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12: 243–246.
-
9.
Carroll SP, Loye J, 2006. PMD, a registered botanical mosquito repellent with deet-like efficacy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 22: 507–514.
-
10.
Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. p-Menthane-3, 8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet. Available at: htttp://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_011550.htm. Accessed May 28, 2012.
-
11.
Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Wirtz RA, Nasci RS, Brogdon WG, 2012. Protection against mosquitoes, ticks and other insects and arthropods. CDC Health Information for International Travel (“The Yellow Book”). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
12.
Hill N, Lenglet A, Arnez AM, Cainero I, 2007. Randomized, double-blind control trial of p-menthane diol repellent against malaria in Bolivia. BMJ 335: 1023.
-
13.
Moore SJ, Darling ST, Sihuincha M, Padilla N, Devine GJ, 2007. A low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the Americas: results of two field trials in Guatemala and Peru. Malar J 6: 101.
-
14.
Appawu M, Owusu-Agyei S, Dadzie S, Asoala V, Anto F, Koram K, Rogers W, Nkrumah F, Hoffman SL, Fryauff DJ, 2004. Malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines. Trop Med Int Health 9: 164–170.
-
15.
Koram KA, Owusu-Agyei S, Greg UTZ, Binka FN, Kevin BJ, Hoffman SL, Nkrumah FK, 2000. Severe anemia in young children after high and low malaria transmission seasons in the Kassena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 670–674.
-
16.
Gillies MT, Wilkes TJ, 1970. Range of attraction of single baits for some West-African mosquitoes. Bull Entomol Res 60: 225–235.
-
17.
Gilles MT, De Meillon B, 1968. The anophelinae of Africa south of Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publ S African Instit Med Res 54: 343 pp.
-
18.
Wirtz RD, Burkot TR, Graves PM, 1987. Field evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 24: 433–437.
-
19.
World Health Organization, 1975. Part II. Methods and techniques. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. WHO offset publication. Geneva, 13: 191 pp.
-
20.
Barnard DR, Bernier UR, Posey KH, Xue R, 2002. Repellency of IR3535, KBR3023, para-menthane-3,8-diol, and Deet to black salt marsh mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Everglades National Park. J Med Entomol 39: 895–899.
-
21.
Kiszewski AE, Darling ST, 2010. Estimating a mosquito repellent's potential to reduce malaria in communities. J Vector Borne Dis 47: 217–221.
-
22.
Nedelman J, 1985. Introductory review: some new thoughts about some old malaria models. Math Biosci 73: 159–182.
-
23.
Pull JH, Grab B, 1974. A simple epidemiological model for evaluating the malaria inoculation rate and the risk of infection in infants. Bull World Health Organ 51: 507–516.
-
24.
Maia MF, Moore SJ, 2011. Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing. Malar J 10 (Suppl 1): S11.
-
25.
Hill N, Lenglet A, Arnéz AM, Cainero I, 2007. Randomized, double-blind control trial of p-menthane diol repellent against malaria in Bolivia. BMJ 335: 1023.
-
26.
Hill N, Lenglet A, Arnéz AM, Carneiro I, 2007. Plant-based insect repellent and insecticide treated bed nets to protect against malaria in areas of early evening biting vectors: double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial in the Bolivian Amazon. BMJ 335: 1023.
-
27.
Appawu MA, Dadzie SK, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Wilson MD, 2001. Lymphatic filariasis in Ghana: entomological investigation of transmission dynamics and intensity in communities served by irrigation systems in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 6: 511–516.
-
28.
Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude GH, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah JH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1: 147–154.
-
29.
Oyewole IO, Awolola TS, 2006. Impact of urbanization on bionomics and distribution of malaria vectors in Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 43: 173–178.
-
30.
Pates H, Curtis C, 2005. Mosquito behavior and vector control. Annu Rev Entomol 50: 53–70.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 373 | 312 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 1217 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 144 | 10 | 0 |
A Community-Wide Study of Malaria Reduction: Evaluating Efficacy and User-Acceptance of a Low-Cost Repellent in Northern Ghana
Samuel Dadzie
Samuel Dadzie
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Daniel Boakye
Daniel Boakye
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Victor Asoala
Victor Asoala
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Kwadwo Koram
Kwadwo Koram
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Anthony Kiszewski
Anthony Kiszewski
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Maxwell Appawu
Maxwell Appawu
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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NO MAS (NM) mosquito repellent was evaluated in two farming villages (4 km apart) in the Kassena Nankana district of northern Ghana. We determined its efficacy against local malaria vectors, degree of user acceptance, and its effect on malaria prevalence in households using insecticide-treated bed nets. The average protective efficacy of NM against Anopheles mosquitoes over 9 hours was 89.6%. Controls averaged 86 bites/person/night versus 9 bites/person/night with the use of NM. Use of repellent was associated with a decrease of absolute malaria prevalence by 19.2% in the repellent village and by 6.5% in the control village (45.5 to 26.3, and 29.5 to 23.0, respectively). The user-acceptance rate of NM repellent was 96.1%. Ten percent (10%) of repellent users reported irritation as the main adverse effect during the period. Eighty-five percent (85%) of the users found the odor of NM appealing and 87% reported no inconvenience in applying the repellent daily.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study received financial support from the Del Cielo Project, British Columbia, Canada.
Disclosure: A U.S. patent for the repellent mentioned in this manuscript was awarded to S.T. Darling in 2010. The research that appears here was partly funded by him. All co-authors of this paper gave their services freely to this effort and, therefore, retained their independence from the funder.
Authors' addresses: Samuel Dadzie, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana, E-mail: sdadzie@noguchi.mimcom.org. Daniel Boakye and Maxwell Appawu, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Parasitology, Accra, Ghana, E-mails: dboakye@noguchi.mimcom.org and mappawu@noguchi.mimcom.org. Victor Asoala, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Health, Navrongo, Ghana, E-mail: vasoala@navrongo.mimcom.org. Kwadwo Koram, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Epidemiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, E-mail: kkoram@noguchi.mimcom.org. Anthony Kiszewski, Bentley College, Natural and Applied Sciences, Waltham, MA, E-mail: akiszewski@bentley.edu.
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Biting pressure of Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Level of protection of NM in the community.
- Sporozoite rates of Anopheles mosquitoes.
- Malaria prevalence in the communities.
- Community acceptance of NM repellent.
- Adverse effects of NM repellent.
- Community perception of NM repellent.
- Epidemiological efficacy of NM repellent.
- Discussion
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Anonymous, 1988. Are insect repellents safe? Lancet 332: 610–611.
-
2.
Gupta RK, Rutledge LC, 1994. Role of repellents in vector control and disease prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50: 82–86.
-
3.
Curtis CF, 1992. Personal protection methods against vectors of disease. Rev Med Vet Entomol 80: 543–551.
-
4.
Rutlege LC, Sofield RK, Moussa MA, 1978. A bibliography of diethyl toulamide. Bull Entomol Soc Am 24: 431–439.
-
5.
Corbel V, Stankiewicz M, Pennetier C, Fournier D, Stojan J, Girard E, Dimitrov M, Molgó J, Hougard J-M, Lapied B, 2009. Evidence for inhibition of cholinesterases in insect and mammalian nervous systems by the insect repellent DEET. BMC Biol 7: 1741–1747.
-
6.
Govindarajan M, Mathivanan T, Elumalai K, Krishnappa K, Anandan A, 2011. Mosquito larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent properties of botanical extracts against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 109: 353–367.
-
7.
Walker TW, Robert LL, Copeland RA, Githeko AK, Wirtz RA, Githure JI, Klein TA, 1996. Field evaluation of arthropod repellents, DEET and a piperidine compound, A13-37220, against Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in western Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12: 172–176.
-
8.
Trigg JK, 1996. Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Anopheles spp. in Tanzania. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 12: 243–246.
-
9.
Carroll SP, Loye J, 2006. PMD, a registered botanical mosquito repellent with deet-like efficacy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 22: 507–514.
-
10.
Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. p-Menthane-3, 8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet. Available at: htttp://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_011550.htm. Accessed May 28, 2012.
-
11.
Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Wirtz RA, Nasci RS, Brogdon WG, 2012. Protection against mosquitoes, ticks and other insects and arthropods. CDC Health Information for International Travel (“The Yellow Book”). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
-
12.
Hill N, Lenglet A, Arnez AM, Cainero I, 2007. Randomized, double-blind control trial of p-menthane diol repellent against malaria in Bolivia. BMJ 335: 1023.
-
13.
Moore SJ, Darling ST, Sihuincha M, Padilla N, Devine GJ, 2007. A low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the Americas: results of two field trials in Guatemala and Peru. Malar J 6: 101.
-
14.
Appawu M, Owusu-Agyei S, Dadzie S, Asoala V, Anto F, Koram K, Rogers W, Nkrumah F, Hoffman SL, Fryauff DJ, 2004. Malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines. Trop Med Int Health 9: 164–170.
-
15.
Koram KA, Owusu-Agyei S, Greg UTZ, Binka FN, Kevin BJ, Hoffman SL, Nkrumah FK, 2000. Severe anemia in young children after high and low malaria transmission seasons in the Kassena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 670–674.
-
16.
Gillies MT, Wilkes TJ, 1970. Range of attraction of single baits for some West-African mosquitoes. Bull Entomol Res 60: 225–235.
-
17.
Gilles MT, De Meillon B, 1968. The anophelinae of Africa south of Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publ S African Instit Med Res 54: 343 pp.
-
18.
Wirtz RD, Burkot TR, Graves PM, 1987. Field evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 24: 433–437.
-
19.
World Health Organization, 1975. Part II. Methods and techniques. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. WHO offset publication. Geneva, 13: 191 pp.
-
20.
Barnard DR, Bernier UR, Posey KH, Xue R, 2002. Repellency of IR3535, KBR3023, para-menthane-3,8-diol, and Deet to black salt marsh mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Everglades National Park. J Med Entomol 39: 895–899.
-
21.
Kiszewski AE, Darling ST, 2010. Estimating a mosquito repellent's potential to reduce malaria in communities. J Vector Borne Dis 47: 217–221.
-
22.
Nedelman J, 1985. Introductory review: some new thoughts about some old malaria models. Math Biosci 73: 159–182.
-
23.
Pull JH, Grab B, 1974. A simple epidemiological model for evaluating the malaria inoculation rate and the risk of infection in infants. Bull World Health Organ 51: 507–516.
-
24.
Maia MF, Moore SJ, 2011. Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing. Malar J 10 (Suppl 1): S11.
-
25.
Hill N, Lenglet A, Arnéz AM, Cainero I, 2007. Randomized, double-blind control trial of p-menthane diol repellent against malaria in Bolivia. BMJ 335: 1023.
-
26.
Hill N, Lenglet A, Arnéz AM, Carneiro I, 2007. Plant-based insect repellent and insecticide treated bed nets to protect against malaria in areas of early evening biting vectors: double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial in the Bolivian Amazon. BMJ 335: 1023.
-
27.
Appawu MA, Dadzie SK, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Wilson MD, 2001. Lymphatic filariasis in Ghana: entomological investigation of transmission dynamics and intensity in communities served by irrigation systems in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 6: 511–516.
-
28.
Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude GH, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah JH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1: 147–154.
-
29.
Oyewole IO, Awolola TS, 2006. Impact of urbanization on bionomics and distribution of malaria vectors in Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 43: 173–178.
-
30.
Pates H, Curtis C, 2005. Mosquito behavior and vector control. Annu Rev Entomol 50: 53–70.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 373 | 312 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 1217 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 144 | 10 | 0 |