- Introduction
- Reibergrams.
- Patterns of synthesis of intrathecal immunoglobulins and complement components C3c and C4 in angiostrongyliasis.
- General intrathecal synthesis variants.
- Variant A.
- Variant B.
- Variant C.
- Role of complement intrathecal activation in larval destruction.
- Peculiarities of the immune response in CNS.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Wang QP, Lai DH, Zhu XQ, 2008. Human angiostrongyliasis. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 621–630.
-
2.
Gluckman S, 2001. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in a returned traveler: case report and review of literature. Clin Infect Dis 33: 12–15.
-
3.
Li H, Feng X, Jin-Bao G, Xiao-Guang C, 2008. Case report: a severe eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 568–570.
-
4.
Lindo JF, Waugh C, Hall J, Cunningham-Myrie C, 2002. Enzootic Angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and snails after an outbreak of human eosinophilic meningitis, Jamaica. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 324–326.
-
5.
Dorta-Contreras AJ, Padilla-Docal B, Moreira JM, 2011. Neuroimmunological findings of Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis in Ecuadorian patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 69: 466–499.
-
6.
Padilla-Docal B, Dorta-Contreras AJ, Moreira JM, 2011. Comparison of major immunoglobulins intrathecal synthesis patterns in Ecuadorian and Cuban patients with angiostrongyliasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 406–410.
-
7.
Rosen L, Laigret J, Boils PL, 1961. Observation on an outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis on Tahiti, French Polynesia. Am J Hyg 74: 26–42.
-
8.
Kliks MM, Kroenke K, Hardman JM, 1982. Eosinophilic radiculomyeloencephalitis: an angiostrongyliasis outbreak in American Samoa related to ingestion of Achatina fulica snails. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 1114–1122.
-
9.
Chen WL, Zhong JM, Chen H, Wu SY, Ding L, 2006. Eosinophilic meningitis: 31 cases report. Chin J Misdiagn 6: 4668–4669.
-
10.
Pascual Gispert JE, Aguilar Prieto PH, Galvez Oviedo MD, 1981. Finding of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the cerebrospinal fluid of a boy with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Rev Cubana Med Trop 33: 92–95.
-
11.
Slom TJ, Cortese MM, Gerber SI, 2002. An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. N Engl J Med 346: 668–675.
-
12.
Graeff Texeira C, 2007. Expansion of Achatina fulica in Brazil and potential increased risk for angiostrongyliasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 743–744.
-
13.
Leone S, De Marco M, Ghirga P, 2007. Eosinophilic meningitis in a returned traveler from Santo Domingo: case report and review. J Travel Med 14: 407–410.
-
14.
Pincay T, García L, Narváez E, 2009. Angiostrongyliasis due to Parastrongylus (Angiostrongylus) cantonensis in Ecuador. First report in South America. Trop Med Int Health 14: 37.
-
15.
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, 2011. Innate immunity. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, eds. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 56–88.
-
16.
Garred P, Honoré C, Ma Ying J, 2009. MBL2, FCN1, FCN2 and FCN3: the genes behind the initiation of the lectin pathway of complement. Mol Immunol 46: 2737–2744.
-
17.
Ramos TN, Darley MM, Weckbach S, Stahel PF, Tomlinson S, Barnum SR, 2012. The C5 convertase is not required for activation of the terminal complement pathway in murineexperimental malaria. J Biol Chem 287: 24734–24738.
-
18.
Dorta-Contreras AJ, 2001. Reibergrama como herramienta epidemiológica: nuevo enfoque. Rev Neurol 33: 36–40.
-
19.
Dorta-Contreras AJ, 2006. Pattern of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis in pediatric patients with infectious meningoencephalitis. Biotecnol Apl 4: 382–386.
-
20.
Dorta-Contreras AJ, Noris-García E, Padilla-Docal B, 2006. Reibergrama para la evaluación de la síntesis intratecal de C3c. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 64: 586–588.
-
21.
Padilla-Docal B, Dorta-Contreras AJ, Bu-Coifiu-Fanego R, Ray R, 2009. CSF/serum quotient graphs for the evaluation of intrathecal C4 synthesis. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 6: 8.
-
22.
Dorta Contreras AJ, Reiber H, 2004. Teoría de la difusión molecular/flujo del líquido cefalorraquídeo. Rev Neurol 39: 564–569.
-
23.
Reiber H, 1994. Flow rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): a concept common to normal blood–CSF barrier function and to dysfunction in neurological diseases. J Neurol Sci 122: 189–203.
-
24.
Dorta-Contreras AJ, Reiber H, 1998. Intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins in eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5: 452–455.
-
25.
Dorta-Contreras AJ, Noris-García E, Escobar-Perez X, Padilla-Docal B, 2005. IgG1, IgG2 and IgE intrathecal synthesis in Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningoencephalitis. J Neurol Sci 238: 65–70.
-
26.
Padilla-Docal B, Dorta-Contreras AJ, Bu-Coifiú Fanego R, Hernández HF, Barroso JC, Sanchez-Martinez RC, 2008. Intrathecal synthesis of IgE in children with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 5: 18.
-
27.
Huber-Lang M, Vidya Sarma J, Zetoune FS, Rittirsch D, Neff TA, McGuire SR, Lambris JD, Warner RL, Flieri MA, Hoesel LM, Gebhard F, Younger JD, Drouin SM, Wetsel RA, Ward PA, 2006. Generation of C5a in the absence of C3: a new complement activation pathway. Nat Med 12: 682–687.
-
28.
Giacomin PR, Wang H, Gordon DL, 2005. Loss of complement activation and leukocyte adherence as Nippostrongylus brasiliensis develops within the murine host. Infect Immun 73: 7442–7449.
-
29.
Dorta-Contreras AJ, 2000. Dinámica de la síntesis intratecal de inmunoglobulinas. Rev Neurol 31: 991–993.
-
30.
Reiber H, 2003. Quantitative Proteinanalytik, Quotientendiagramme und krankheitsbezogene Datenmuster. Zettl UK, Lehmitz R, Mix E, eds. Klinische Liquordiagnostik. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 177–200.
-
31.
Reiber H, 2004. Neuroimmunology: immunoglobulins and the intrathecal polyspecific immune response in acute, subacute and chronic neurological disease. J Int Fed Clin Chem LabMed 15. Available at: www.ifcc.org/ejifcc/vol15no3/150309200412.htm.
-
32.
Dorta-Contreras AJ, Núñez-Fernández FA, Pérez-Martín O, 2007. Peculiaridades de la meningoencefalitis por Angiostrongylus cantonensis en América. Rev Neurol 45: 755–763.
-
33.
Padilla-Docal B, Dorta-Contreras AJ, Bu-Coifiu-Fanego R, Rodríguez-Rey A, Gutiérrez-Hernández JC, de Paula-Almeida OS, 2010. Reibergram of intrathecal synthesis of C4 in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 1094–1098.
-
34.
Padilla-Docal B, Dorta-Contreras AJ, Bu-Coifiu-Fanego R, 2009. Activación y biosíntesis intratecal de C3c en niños con meningoencefalitis eosinofílica por Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Rev Neurol 48: 632–635.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 450 | 96 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 71 | 21 | 0 |
Intrathecal Activation as a Typical Immune Response within the Central Nervous System in Angiostrongyliasis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic pathogen that occasionally causes human angiostrongyliasis; its main clinical manifestation is eosinophilic meningitis. This report defines the concept of intrathecal activation of complement as evidence of intrathecal synthesis of major immunoglobulins during this disease. Details are presented of the activation of complement system components in cerebrospinal fluid, and their application to our understanding of this tropical disease, which is emerging in the Western hemisphere. Intrathecal synthesis of at least one of the major immunoglobulins and a wide spectrum of patterns may be observed. Although intrathecal synthesis of C3c is always present, C4 intrathecal synthesis does not occur in every patient. The diversity of intrathecal synthesis and activation of the different complement pathways enables their division into three variant groups (A, B, and C). Variant group A includes the classical and/or lectin pathway and involves two or more major immunoglobulins with C3 and C4 intrathecal synthesis. Variant group B involves C4 in cerebrospinal fluid that comes from blood in the intrathecal activation of the classical pathway. Variant group C includes the alternative pathway.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Barbara Padilla-Docal, Ivonne Iglesias-González, Raisa Bu-Coifiu-Fanego, Carmen Aleida Socarrás-Hernández, and Alberto Juan Dorta-Contreras, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Dr. Miguel Enríquez – Investigaciones, Ramón Pintó 202 Luyanó, Havana 10700, Cuba, E-mails: barbara.padilla@infomed.sld.cu, iiglesias@infomed.sld.cu, raisabu@infomed.sld.cu, carmen.hdez@infomed.sld.cu, and dorta@infomed.sld.cu.