Baird JK, 2005. Effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. N Engl J Med 352: 1565–1577.
Achan J, Tibenderana JK, Kyabayinze D, Wabwire Mangen F, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, D'Alessandro U, Rosenthal PJ, Talisuna AO, 2009. Effectiveness of quinine versus artemether-lumefantrine for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ugandan children: randomised trial. BMJ 339: b2763.
Adam I, Ali DM, Noureldien W, Elbashir MI, 2005. Quinine for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnant and non-pregnant Sudanese women. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99: 427–429.
Adegnika AA, Breitling LP, Agnandji ST, Chai SK, Schutte D, Oyakhirome S, Schwarz NG, Grobusch MP, Missinou MA, Ramharter M, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, 2005. Effectiveness of quinine monotherapy for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in Lambarene, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 263–266.
Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Sabchareon A, Attanath P, 1983. Treatment of quinine resistant falciparum malaria in Thai children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 14: 357–362.
de Vries PJ, Bich NN, Van Thien H, Hung LN, Anh TK, Kager PA, Heisterkamp SH, 2000. Combinations of artemisinin and quinine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: efficacy and pharmacodynamics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 1302–1308.
McGready R, Ashley EA, Moo E, Cho T, Barends M, Hutagalung R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2005. A randomized comparison of artesunate-atovaquone-proguanil versus quinine in treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria during pregnancy. J Infect Dis 192: 846–853.
McGready R, Brockman A, Cho T, Cho D, van Vugt M, Luxemburger C, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, Nosten F, 2000. Randomized comparison of mefloquine-artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 689–693.
Pukrittayakamee S, Chantra A, Vanijanonta S, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2000. Therapeutic responses to quinine and clindamycin in multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 2395–2398.
Pukrittayakamee S, Supanaranond W, Looareesuwan S, Vanijanonta S, White NJ, 1994. Quinine in severe falciparum malaria: evidence of declining efficacy in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 324–327.
Rahman MR, Paul DC, Rashid M, Ghosh A, Bangali AM, Jalil MA, Faiz MA, 2001. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of alternative treatment regimens for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in a multidrug-resistant falciparum area of Bangladesh–narrowing the options for the National Malaria Control Programme? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 661–667.
World Health Organization, 2010. Global Report on Antimalarial Efficacy and Drug Resistance: 2000–2010. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Deng B, Joy DA, Su XZ, Wellems TE, 2004. Dissecting the loci of low-level quinine resistance in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol 52: 985–997.
Andriantsoanirina V, Menard D, Rabearimanana S, Hubert V, Bouchier C, Tichit M, Bras JL, Durand R, 2010. Association of microsatellite variations of Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger (Pfnhe-1) gene with reduced in vitro susceptibility to quinine: lack of confirmation in clinical isolates from Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 782–787.
Baliraine FN, Nsobya SL, Achan J, Tibenderana JK, Talisuna AO, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ, 2010. Limited ability of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt, pfmdr1, and pfnhe1 polymorphisms to predict quinine in vitro sensitivity or clinical effectiveness in Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 615–622.
Briolant S, Henry M, Oeuvray C, Amalvict R, Baret E, Didillon E, Rogier C, Pradines B, 2010. Absence of association between piperaquine in vitro responses and polymorphisms in the pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfmrp, and pfnhe genes in Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 3537–3544.
Briolant S, Pelleau S, Bogreau H, Hovette P, Zettor A, Castello J, Baret E, Amalvict R, Rogier C, Pradines B, 2011. In vitro susceptibility to quinine and microsatellite variations of the Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger (Pfnhe-1) gene: the absence of association in clinical isolates from the Republic of Congo. Malar J 10: 37.
Henry M, Briolant S, Zettor A, Pelleau S, Baragatti M, Baret E, Mosnier J, Amalvict R, Fusai T, Rogier C, Pradines B, 2009. Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger 1 transporter is involved in reduced susceptibility to quinine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 1926–1930.
Meng H, Zhang R, Yang H, Fan Q, Su X, Miao J, Cui L, Yang Z, 2010. In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from the China-Myanmar border area to quinine and association with polymorphism in the Na+/H+ exchanger. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 4306–4313.
Okombo J, Kiara SM, Rono J, Mwai L, Pole L, Ohuma E, Borrmann S, Ochola LI, Nzila A, 2010. In vitro activities of quinine and other antimalarials and pfnhe polymorphisms in Plasmodium isolates from Kenya. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 3302–3307.
Pelleau S, Bertaux L, Briolant S, Ferdig MT, Sinou V, Pradines B, Parzy D, Jambou R, 2011. Differential association of Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger polymorphism and quinine responses in field- and culture-adapted isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 5834–5841.
Sinou V, Quang le H, Pelleau S, Huong VN, Huong NT, Tai le M, Bertaux L, Desbordes M, Latour C, Long LQ, Thanh NX, Parzy D, 2011. Polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum Na(+)/H(+) exchanger is indicative of a low in vitro quinine susceptibility in isolates from Viet Nam. Malar J 10: 164.
Vinayak S, Alam MT, Upadhyay M, Das MK, Dev V, Singh N, Dash AP, Sharma YD, 2007. Extensive genetic diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger 1 transporter protein implicated in quinine resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 4508–4511.
Poyomtip T, Suwandittakul N, Sitthichot N, Khositnithikul R, Tan-ariya P, Mungthin M, 2012. Polymorphisms of the pfmdr1 but not the pfnhe-1 gene is associated with in vitro quinine sensitivity in Thai isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 11: 7.
Okombo J, Ohuma E, Picot S, Nzila A, 2011. Update on genetic markers of quinine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 177: 77–82.
Rakotonirina H, Barnadas C, Raherijafy R, Andrianantenaina H, Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianasolo L, Jahevitra M, Andriantsoanirina V, Menard D, 2008. Accuracy and reliability of malaria diagnostic techniques for guiding febrile outpatient treatment in malaria-endemic countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 217–221.
Mangold KA, Manson RU, Koay ES, Stephens L, Regner M, Thomson RB Jr, Peterson LR, Kaul KL, 2005. Real-time PCR for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. J Clin Microbiol 43: 2435–2440.
Nei M, 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89: 583–590.
Wright S, 1965. The interpretation of population structure by F-statistics with special regard to systems of mating. Evolution 19: 395–420.
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To date, 11 studies conducted in different countries to test the association between Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger gene (pfnhe-1; PF13_0019) polymorphisms and in vitro susceptibility to quinine have generated conflicting data. In this context and to extend our knowledge of the genetic polymorphism of Pfnhe gene, we have sequenced the ms4760 locus from 595 isolates collected in the Comoros (N = 250; an area with a high prevalence of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance) and Madagascar (N = 345; a low drug-resistance area). Among them, 29 different alleles were observed, including 8 (27%) alleles not previously described. Isolates from the Comoros showed more repeats in block II (DNNND), which some studies have found to be positively associated with in vitro resistance to quinine, compared with isolates from Madagascar. Additional studies are required to better define the mechanisms underlying quinine resistance, which involve multiple gene interactions.
Authors' addresses: Valérie Andriantsoanirina and Rémy Durand, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Bobigny, France, E-mails: landyvalerie@gmail.com and remy.durand@avc.aphp.fr. Nimol Khim, Benoit Witkowski, Lydie Canier, Christophe Benedet, and Didier Ménard, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, E-mails: knimol@pasteur-kh.org, bwitkowski@pasteur-kh.org, lcanier@pasteur-kh.org, christophe.benedet@pasteur-kh.org, and dmenard@pasteur-kh.org. Arsene Ratsimbasoa, Ministère de la Santé, du Planning Familial et de la Protection Sociale—National Malaria Control Programme, Antananarivo, Madagascar, E-mail: arsene.ratsimbasoa@laposte.net. Christiane Bouchier and Magali Tichit, Institut Pasteur, Génopôle de l'Ile de France, Plate-Forme Génomique, Paris, France, E-mails: bouchier@pasteur.fr and mtichit@pasteur.fr.
Baird JK, 2005. Effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. N Engl J Med 352: 1565–1577.
Achan J, Tibenderana JK, Kyabayinze D, Wabwire Mangen F, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, D'Alessandro U, Rosenthal PJ, Talisuna AO, 2009. Effectiveness of quinine versus artemether-lumefantrine for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ugandan children: randomised trial. BMJ 339: b2763.
Adam I, Ali DM, Noureldien W, Elbashir MI, 2005. Quinine for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnant and non-pregnant Sudanese women. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99: 427–429.
Adegnika AA, Breitling LP, Agnandji ST, Chai SK, Schutte D, Oyakhirome S, Schwarz NG, Grobusch MP, Missinou MA, Ramharter M, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, 2005. Effectiveness of quinine monotherapy for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in Lambarene, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 263–266.
Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, Sabchareon A, Attanath P, 1983. Treatment of quinine resistant falciparum malaria in Thai children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 14: 357–362.
de Vries PJ, Bich NN, Van Thien H, Hung LN, Anh TK, Kager PA, Heisterkamp SH, 2000. Combinations of artemisinin and quinine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria: efficacy and pharmacodynamics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 1302–1308.
McGready R, Ashley EA, Moo E, Cho T, Barends M, Hutagalung R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2005. A randomized comparison of artesunate-atovaquone-proguanil versus quinine in treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria during pregnancy. J Infect Dis 192: 846–853.
McGready R, Brockman A, Cho T, Cho D, van Vugt M, Luxemburger C, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, Nosten F, 2000. Randomized comparison of mefloquine-artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in pregnancy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 689–693.
Pukrittayakamee S, Chantra A, Vanijanonta S, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2000. Therapeutic responses to quinine and clindamycin in multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 2395–2398.
Pukrittayakamee S, Supanaranond W, Looareesuwan S, Vanijanonta S, White NJ, 1994. Quinine in severe falciparum malaria: evidence of declining efficacy in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 324–327.
Rahman MR, Paul DC, Rashid M, Ghosh A, Bangali AM, Jalil MA, Faiz MA, 2001. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of alternative treatment regimens for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in a multidrug-resistant falciparum area of Bangladesh–narrowing the options for the National Malaria Control Programme? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 661–667.
World Health Organization, 2010. Global Report on Antimalarial Efficacy and Drug Resistance: 2000–2010. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Ferdig MT, Cooper RA, Mu J, Deng B, Joy DA, Su XZ, Wellems TE, 2004. Dissecting the loci of low-level quinine resistance in malaria parasites. Mol Microbiol 52: 985–997.
Andriantsoanirina V, Menard D, Rabearimanana S, Hubert V, Bouchier C, Tichit M, Bras JL, Durand R, 2010. Association of microsatellite variations of Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger (Pfnhe-1) gene with reduced in vitro susceptibility to quinine: lack of confirmation in clinical isolates from Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 782–787.
Baliraine FN, Nsobya SL, Achan J, Tibenderana JK, Talisuna AO, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ, 2010. Limited ability of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt, pfmdr1, and pfnhe1 polymorphisms to predict quinine in vitro sensitivity or clinical effectiveness in Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 615–622.
Briolant S, Henry M, Oeuvray C, Amalvict R, Baret E, Didillon E, Rogier C, Pradines B, 2010. Absence of association between piperaquine in vitro responses and polymorphisms in the pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfmrp, and pfnhe genes in Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 3537–3544.
Briolant S, Pelleau S, Bogreau H, Hovette P, Zettor A, Castello J, Baret E, Amalvict R, Rogier C, Pradines B, 2011. In vitro susceptibility to quinine and microsatellite variations of the Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger (Pfnhe-1) gene: the absence of association in clinical isolates from the Republic of Congo. Malar J 10: 37.
Henry M, Briolant S, Zettor A, Pelleau S, Baragatti M, Baret E, Mosnier J, Amalvict R, Fusai T, Rogier C, Pradines B, 2009. Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger 1 transporter is involved in reduced susceptibility to quinine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 1926–1930.
Meng H, Zhang R, Yang H, Fan Q, Su X, Miao J, Cui L, Yang Z, 2010. In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from the China-Myanmar border area to quinine and association with polymorphism in the Na+/H+ exchanger. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 4306–4313.
Okombo J, Kiara SM, Rono J, Mwai L, Pole L, Ohuma E, Borrmann S, Ochola LI, Nzila A, 2010. In vitro activities of quinine and other antimalarials and pfnhe polymorphisms in Plasmodium isolates from Kenya. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 3302–3307.
Pelleau S, Bertaux L, Briolant S, Ferdig MT, Sinou V, Pradines B, Parzy D, Jambou R, 2011. Differential association of Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger polymorphism and quinine responses in field- and culture-adapted isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 5834–5841.
Sinou V, Quang le H, Pelleau S, Huong VN, Huong NT, Tai le M, Bertaux L, Desbordes M, Latour C, Long LQ, Thanh NX, Parzy D, 2011. Polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum Na(+)/H(+) exchanger is indicative of a low in vitro quinine susceptibility in isolates from Viet Nam. Malar J 10: 164.
Vinayak S, Alam MT, Upadhyay M, Das MK, Dev V, Singh N, Dash AP, Sharma YD, 2007. Extensive genetic diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum Na+/H+ exchanger 1 transporter protein implicated in quinine resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 4508–4511.
Poyomtip T, Suwandittakul N, Sitthichot N, Khositnithikul R, Tan-ariya P, Mungthin M, 2012. Polymorphisms of the pfmdr1 but not the pfnhe-1 gene is associated with in vitro quinine sensitivity in Thai isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 11: 7.
Okombo J, Ohuma E, Picot S, Nzila A, 2011. Update on genetic markers of quinine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 177: 77–82.
Rakotonirina H, Barnadas C, Raherijafy R, Andrianantenaina H, Ratsimbasoa A, Randrianasolo L, Jahevitra M, Andriantsoanirina V, Menard D, 2008. Accuracy and reliability of malaria diagnostic techniques for guiding febrile outpatient treatment in malaria-endemic countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 217–221.
Mangold KA, Manson RU, Koay ES, Stephens L, Regner M, Thomson RB Jr, Peterson LR, Kaul KL, 2005. Real-time PCR for detection and identification of Plasmodium spp. J Clin Microbiol 43: 2435–2440.
Nei M, 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89: 583–590.
Wright S, 1965. The interpretation of population structure by F-statistics with special regard to systems of mating. Evolution 19: 395–420.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Abstract Views | 17 | 17 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 294 | 88 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 60 | 14 | 0 |