Author:
ProCite
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Reference Manager
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EndNote
-
1.
Homeland Security, 2011. Refugees and Asylees: 2010. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/gc_1304623329455.shtm. Accessed May 8, 2012.
-
2.
CDPH, 2011. California Arrival Report. Available at: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/Pages/RHP-ArrivalDemographics.aspx. Accessed May 8, 2012.
-
3.
Lurio J, Verson H, Karp S, 1991. Intestinal parasites in Cambodians: comparison of diagnostic methods used in screening refugees with implications for treatment of populations with high rates of infestation. J Am Board Fam Pract 4: 71–78.
-
4.
Varkey P, Jerath AU, Bagniewski S, Lesnick T, 2007. Intestinal parasitic infection among new refugees to Minnesota, 1996–2001. Travel Med Infect Dis 5: 223–229.
-
5.
Shah JJ, Maloney SA, Liu Y, Flagg EW, Johnston SP, Young SA, Weston R, Merritt S, Wilkins PP, Keane V, Calderon J, Sharp DJ, Causer L, Maguire JH, Cetron MS, 2008. Evaluation of the impact of overseas pre-departure treatment for infection with intestinal parasites among Montagnard refugees migrating from Cambodia to North Carolina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 754–759.
-
6.
CDC, 2012. Guidelines for the U.S. Domestic Medical Examination for Newly Arriving Refugees. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic/domestic-guidelines.html. Accessed May 9, 2012.
-
7.
Sakti H, Nokes C, Hertanto WS, Hendratno S, Hall A, Bundy DA, Satoto, 1999. Evidence for an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesian school children. Trop Med Int Health 4: 322–334.
-
8.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121 (Suppl): S23–S38.
-
9.
Marcos LA, Terashima A, Dupont HL, Gotuzzo E, 2008. Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome: an emerging global infectious disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 314–318.
-
10.
Roxby AC, Gottlieb GS, Limaye AP, 2009. Strongyloidiasis in transplant patients. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1411–1423.
-
11.
CDC, 2010. Overseas Refugee Health Guidelines: Intestinal Parasites. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/overseas/intestinal-parasites-overseas.html. Accessed May 8, 2012.
-
12.
Muennig P, Pallin D, Sell RL, Chan MS, 1999. The cost effectiveness of strategies for the treatment of intestinal parasites in immigrants. N Engl J Med 340: 773–779.
-
13.
CDPH, 2011. Refugee Health Program. Available at: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/Pages/RefugeeHealthProgram.aspx. Accessed May 9, 2012.
-
14.
Garg PK, Perry S, Dorn M, Hardcastle L, Parsonnet J, 2005. Risk of intestinal helminth and protozoan infection in a refugee population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 386–391.
-
15.
Swanson S, Phares C, Mamo B, Smith K, Cetron M, Stauffer W, 2012. Albendazole therapy and enteric parasites in United States-bound refugees. N Engl J Med 366: 1498–1507.
-
16.
Boulware DR, Stauffer WM, Hendel-Paterson BR, Rocha JL, Seet RC, Summer AP, Nield LS, Supparatpinyo K, Chaiwarith R, Walker PF, 2007. Maltreatment of Strongyloides infection: case series and worldwide physicians-in-training survey. Am J Med 120: 545 e1–8.
-
17.
Page WA, Dempsey K, McCarthy JS, 2006. Utility of serological follow-up of chronic strongyloidiasis after anthelminthic chemotherapy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 1056–1062.
-
18.
Biggs BA, Caruana S, Mihrshahi S, Jolley D, Leydon J, Chea L, Nuon S, 2009. Management of chronic strongyloidiasis in immigrants and refugees: is serologic testing useful? Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 788–791.
-
19.
Hamadto HH, Rashed SM, el Said A, Elhayawan IA, 1990. Humoral and cellular immune response in schistosomiasis pre and post praziquantel therapy. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 20: 667–672.
-
20.
Kanamura HY, Hoshino-Shimizu S, Kimura RT, Matsumoto TK, da Silva LC, Lima DM, Abrantes-Lemos CP, 1997. Decay of antibody isotypes against early developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni after treatment of schistosomiasis patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 39: 271–277.
-
21.
Duus LM, Christensen AV, Navntoft D, Tarp B, Nielsen HV, Petersen E, 2009. The Schistosoma-specific antibody response after treatment in non-immune travellers. Scand J Infect Dis 41: 285–290.
-
22.
Bligh J, Schramm G, Chiodini PL, Doenhoff MJ, 2010. Serological analysis of the outcome of treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infections with praziquantel. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 104: 511–520.
-
23.
Lopez CE, Dykes AC, Juranek DD, Sinclair SP, Conn JM, Christie RW, Lippy EC, Schultz MG, Mires MH, 1980. Waterborne giardiasis: a communitywide outbreak of disease and a high rate of asymptomatic infection. Am J Epidemiol 112: 495–507.
-
24.
Addiss DG, Juranek DD, Spencer HC, 1991. Treatment of children with asymptomatic and nondiarrheal Giardia infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10: 843–846; discussion 846–848.
-
25.
Hollm-Delgado MG, Gilman RH, Bern C, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Black RE, Checkley W, 2008. Lack of an adverse effect of Giardia intestinalis infection on the health of Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 168: 647–655.
-
26.
De Morais MB, Suzuki HU, 1997. Weight gain in children with asymptomatic giardiasis and iron-deficiency anaemia during oral iron therapy. J Trop Pediatr 43: 121–122.
-
27.
Prado MS, Cairncross S, Strina A, Barreto ML, Oliveira-Assis AM, Rego S, 2005. Asymptomatic giardiasis and growth in young children; a longitudinal study in Salvador, Brazil. Parasitology 131: 51–56.
-
28.
Ish-Horowicz M, Korman SH, Shapiro M, Har-Even U, Tamir I, Strauss N, Deckelbaum RJ, 1989. Asymptomatic giardiasis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 8: 773–779.
-
29.
Bilenko N, Levy A, Dagan R, Deckelbaum RJ, El-On Y, Fraser D, 2004. Does co-infection with Giardia lamblia modulate the clinical characteristics of enteric infections in young children? Eur J Epidemiol 19: 877–883.
-
30.
Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Singer SM, 2010. Giardia duodenalis: the double-edged sword of immune responses in giardiasis. Exp Parasitol 126: 292–297.
-
31.
Haque R, Faruque AS, Hahn P, Lyerly DM, Petri WA Jr, 1997. Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in children in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 175: 734–736.
-
32.
Leo M, Haque R, Kabir M, Roy S, Lahlou RM, Mondal D, Tannich E, Petri WA Jr, 2006. Evaluation of Entamoeba histolytica antigen and antibody point-of-care tests for the rapid diagnosis of amebiasis. J Clin Microbiol 44: 4569–4571.
-
33.
Boia MN, Carvalho-Costa FA, Sodre FC, Eyer-Silva WA, Lamas CC, Lyra MR, Pinto VL Jr, Cantalice Filho JP, Oliveira AL, Carvalho LM, Gross JB, Sousa AL, Moraes TI, Bermudez-Aza EH, Martins EB, Coura JR, 2006. Mass treatment for intestinal helminthiasis control in an Amazonian endemic area in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 48: 189–195.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 26 | 26 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 394 | 178 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 76 | 26 | 0 |
Decreasing Intestinal Parasites in Recent Northern California Refugees
Alicia H. Chang
Alicia H. Chang
Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Mycobacterial Diseases and International Health, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
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Sharon Perry
Sharon Perry
Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Mycobacterial Diseases and International Health, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
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Jenny N. T. Du
Jenny N. T. Du
Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Mycobacterial Diseases and International Health, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
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Abdulkareem Agunbiade
Abdulkareem Agunbiade
Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Mycobacterial Diseases and International Health, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
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Andrea Polesky
Andrea Polesky
Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Mycobacterial Diseases and International Health, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
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Julie Parsonnet
Julie Parsonnet
Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Mycobacterial Diseases and International Health, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
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Beginning in 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) expanded the overseas presumptive treatment of intestinal parasites with albendazole to include refugees from the Middle East. We surveyed the prevalence of helminths and protozoa in recent Middle Eastern refugees (2008–2010) in comparison with refugees from other geographical regions and from a previous survey (2001–2004) in Santa Clara County, California. Based on stool microscopy, helminth infections decreased, particularly in Middle Eastern refugees (0.1% versus 2.3% 2001–2004, P = 0.01). Among all refugees, Giardia intestinalis was the most common protozoan found. Protozoa infections also decreased somewhat in Middle Eastern refugees (7.2%, 2008–2010 versus 12.9%, 2001–2004, P = 0.08). Serology for Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma spp. identified more infected individuals than stool exams. Helminth infections are increasingly rare in refugees to Northern California. Routine screening stool microscopy may be unnecessary in all refugees.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, grants R01AI042801 and R01AI042801-10SI (J.P.), K23AI091688 (A.H.C.), and K23AI054443 (S.P.).
Authors' addresses: Alicia H. Chang, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, E-mail: achang2@stanford.edu. Sharon Perry, Medecins sans Frontieres, France Malawi/Chiradzulu, E-mail: shnperry@stanford.edu. Jenny N. T. Du, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV, E-mail: jenntdu@gmail.com. Abdulkareem Agunbiade, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Learning Center, Chicago, IL, E-mail: kareema@uchicago.edu. Andrea Polesky, Tuberculosis Clinic and Refugee Health Assessment Program, San Jose, CA, E-mail: andrea.polesky@hhs.sccgov.org. Julie Parsonnet, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, E-mail: parsonnt@stanford.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Homeland Security, 2011. Refugees and Asylees: 2010. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/gc_1304623329455.shtm. Accessed May 8, 2012.
-
2.
CDPH, 2011. California Arrival Report. Available at: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/Pages/RHP-ArrivalDemographics.aspx. Accessed May 8, 2012.
-
3.
Lurio J, Verson H, Karp S, 1991. Intestinal parasites in Cambodians: comparison of diagnostic methods used in screening refugees with implications for treatment of populations with high rates of infestation. J Am Board Fam Pract 4: 71–78.
-
4.
Varkey P, Jerath AU, Bagniewski S, Lesnick T, 2007. Intestinal parasitic infection among new refugees to Minnesota, 1996–2001. Travel Med Infect Dis 5: 223–229.
-
5.
Shah JJ, Maloney SA, Liu Y, Flagg EW, Johnston SP, Young SA, Weston R, Merritt S, Wilkins PP, Keane V, Calderon J, Sharp DJ, Causer L, Maguire JH, Cetron MS, 2008. Evaluation of the impact of overseas pre-departure treatment for infection with intestinal parasites among Montagnard refugees migrating from Cambodia to North Carolina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 754–759.
-
6.
CDC, 2012. Guidelines for the U.S. Domestic Medical Examination for Newly Arriving Refugees. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/domestic/domestic-guidelines.html. Accessed May 9, 2012.
-
7.
Sakti H, Nokes C, Hertanto WS, Hendratno S, Hall A, Bundy DA, Satoto, 1999. Evidence for an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesian school children. Trop Med Int Health 4: 322–334.
-
8.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen EA, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121 (Suppl): S23–S38.
-
9.
Marcos LA, Terashima A, Dupont HL, Gotuzzo E, 2008. Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome: an emerging global infectious disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 314–318.
-
10.
Roxby AC, Gottlieb GS, Limaye AP, 2009. Strongyloidiasis in transplant patients. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1411–1423.
-
11.
CDC, 2010. Overseas Refugee Health Guidelines: Intestinal Parasites. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/overseas/intestinal-parasites-overseas.html. Accessed May 8, 2012.
-
12.
Muennig P, Pallin D, Sell RL, Chan MS, 1999. The cost effectiveness of strategies for the treatment of intestinal parasites in immigrants. N Engl J Med 340: 773–779.
-
13.
CDPH, 2011. Refugee Health Program. Available at: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/Pages/RefugeeHealthProgram.aspx. Accessed May 9, 2012.
-
14.
Garg PK, Perry S, Dorn M, Hardcastle L, Parsonnet J, 2005. Risk of intestinal helminth and protozoan infection in a refugee population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 386–391.
-
15.
Swanson S, Phares C, Mamo B, Smith K, Cetron M, Stauffer W, 2012. Albendazole therapy and enteric parasites in United States-bound refugees. N Engl J Med 366: 1498–1507.
-
16.
Boulware DR, Stauffer WM, Hendel-Paterson BR, Rocha JL, Seet RC, Summer AP, Nield LS, Supparatpinyo K, Chaiwarith R, Walker PF, 2007. Maltreatment of Strongyloides infection: case series and worldwide physicians-in-training survey. Am J Med 120: 545 e1–8.
-
17.
Page WA, Dempsey K, McCarthy JS, 2006. Utility of serological follow-up of chronic strongyloidiasis after anthelminthic chemotherapy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 1056–1062.
-
18.
Biggs BA, Caruana S, Mihrshahi S, Jolley D, Leydon J, Chea L, Nuon S, 2009. Management of chronic strongyloidiasis in immigrants and refugees: is serologic testing useful? Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 788–791.
-
19.
Hamadto HH, Rashed SM, el Said A, Elhayawan IA, 1990. Humoral and cellular immune response in schistosomiasis pre and post praziquantel therapy. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 20: 667–672.
-
20.
Kanamura HY, Hoshino-Shimizu S, Kimura RT, Matsumoto TK, da Silva LC, Lima DM, Abrantes-Lemos CP, 1997. Decay of antibody isotypes against early developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni after treatment of schistosomiasis patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 39: 271–277.
-
21.
Duus LM, Christensen AV, Navntoft D, Tarp B, Nielsen HV, Petersen E, 2009. The Schistosoma-specific antibody response after treatment in non-immune travellers. Scand J Infect Dis 41: 285–290.
-
22.
Bligh J, Schramm G, Chiodini PL, Doenhoff MJ, 2010. Serological analysis of the outcome of treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infections with praziquantel. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 104: 511–520.
-
23.
Lopez CE, Dykes AC, Juranek DD, Sinclair SP, Conn JM, Christie RW, Lippy EC, Schultz MG, Mires MH, 1980. Waterborne giardiasis: a communitywide outbreak of disease and a high rate of asymptomatic infection. Am J Epidemiol 112: 495–507.
-
24.
Addiss DG, Juranek DD, Spencer HC, 1991. Treatment of children with asymptomatic and nondiarrheal Giardia infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10: 843–846; discussion 846–848.
-
25.
Hollm-Delgado MG, Gilman RH, Bern C, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Black RE, Checkley W, 2008. Lack of an adverse effect of Giardia intestinalis infection on the health of Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 168: 647–655.
-
26.
De Morais MB, Suzuki HU, 1997. Weight gain in children with asymptomatic giardiasis and iron-deficiency anaemia during oral iron therapy. J Trop Pediatr 43: 121–122.
-
27.
Prado MS, Cairncross S, Strina A, Barreto ML, Oliveira-Assis AM, Rego S, 2005. Asymptomatic giardiasis and growth in young children; a longitudinal study in Salvador, Brazil. Parasitology 131: 51–56.
-
28.
Ish-Horowicz M, Korman SH, Shapiro M, Har-Even U, Tamir I, Strauss N, Deckelbaum RJ, 1989. Asymptomatic giardiasis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 8: 773–779.
-
29.
Bilenko N, Levy A, Dagan R, Deckelbaum RJ, El-On Y, Fraser D, 2004. Does co-infection with Giardia lamblia modulate the clinical characteristics of enteric infections in young children? Eur J Epidemiol 19: 877–883.
-
30.
Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Singer SM, 2010. Giardia duodenalis: the double-edged sword of immune responses in giardiasis. Exp Parasitol 126: 292–297.
-
31.
Haque R, Faruque AS, Hahn P, Lyerly DM, Petri WA Jr, 1997. Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in children in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 175: 734–736.
-
32.
Leo M, Haque R, Kabir M, Roy S, Lahlou RM, Mondal D, Tannich E, Petri WA Jr, 2006. Evaluation of Entamoeba histolytica antigen and antibody point-of-care tests for the rapid diagnosis of amebiasis. J Clin Microbiol 44: 4569–4571.
-
33.
Boia MN, Carvalho-Costa FA, Sodre FC, Eyer-Silva WA, Lamas CC, Lyra MR, Pinto VL Jr, Cantalice Filho JP, Oliveira AL, Carvalho LM, Gross JB, Sousa AL, Moraes TI, Bermudez-Aza EH, Martins EB, Coura JR, 2006. Mass treatment for intestinal helminthiasis control in an Amazonian endemic area in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 48: 189–195.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 26 | 26 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 394 | 178 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 76 | 26 | 0 |