ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Mathers C, Fat DM, Boerma J, 2008. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Dillingham R, Guerrant RL, 2004. Childhood stunting: measuring and stemming the staggering costs of inadequate water and sanitation. Lancet 363: 94.
-
3.
De La Sante OM, 2004. WHO/PAHO Informal Consultation on Intestinal Protozoal Infections. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Pierce KK, Kirkpatrick BD, 2009. Update on human infections caused by intestinal protozoa. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 25: 12.
-
5.
Meisel J, Perera D, Meligro C, Rubin C, 1976. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology 70: 1156.
-
6.
Chen XM, Keithly JS, Paya CV, LaRusso NF, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med 346: 1723–1731.
-
7.
WHO, 1997. Amoebiasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72: 97–100.
-
8.
Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, 1997. Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1526.
-
9.
Petri W Jr, Haque R, Lyerly D, Vines R, 2000. Estimating the impact of amebiasis on health. Parasitol Today 16: 320–321.
-
10.
Mank T, Zaat JO, Deelder A, van Eijk JT, Polderman A, 1997. Sensitivity of microscopy versus enzyme immunoassay in the laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16: 615–619.
-
11.
Morgan UM, Pallant L, Dwyer B, Forbes D, Rich G, Thompson R, 1998. Comparison of PCR and microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens: clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol 36: 995.
-
12.
Christy NCV, Hencke JD, Escueta-De Cadiz A, Nazib F, von Thien H, Yagita K, Ligaba S, Haque R, Nozaki T, Tannich E, 2012. Multi-site performance evaluation of an ELISA for the detection of Giardia, cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba histolytica antigens in human stool. J Clin Microbiol 50: 1762–1763.
-
13.
Cook DM, Swanson RC, Eggett DL, Booth GM, 2009. A retrospective analysis of prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among school children in the Palajunoj Valley of Guatemala. J Health Popul Nutr 27: 31.
-
14.
Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 1999. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 707.
-
15.
Moore S, Lima A, Conaway M, Schorling J, Soares A, Guerrant R, 2001. Early childhood diarrhoea and helminthiases associate with long-term linear growth faltering. Int J Epidemiol 30: 1457.
-
16.
Niehaus MD, Moore SR, Patrick PD, Derr LL, Lorntz B, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2002. Early childhood diarrhea is associated with diminished cognitive function 4 to 7 years later in children in a northeast Brazilian shantytown. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 590.
-
17.
Guerrant RL, Kosek M, Lima AAM, Lorntz B, Guyatt HL, 2002. Updating the DALYs for diarrhoeal disease. Trends Parasitol 18: 191–193.
-
18.
Melvin DM, Mata LJ, 1971. Intestinal parasites in a Mayan-Indian village of Guatemala. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 13: 15–19.
-
19.
Farthing M, Mata L, Urrutia JJ, Kronmal RA, 1986. Natural history of Giardia infection of infants and children in rural Guatemala and its impact on physical growth. Am J Clin Nutr 43: 395.
-
20.
Gupta MC, Urrutia JJ, 1982. Effect of periodic antiascaris and antigiardia treatment on nutritional status of preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 36: 79.
-
21.
Cruz JR, Cano F, Caceres P, Chew F, Pareja G, 1988. Infection and diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium sp. among Guatemalan infants. J Clin Microbiol 26: 88.
-
22.
Herwaldt BL, De Arroyave KR, Wahlquist SP, De Merida AM, Lopez AS, Juranek DD, 2001. Multiyear prospective study of intestinal parasitism in a cohort of peace corps volunteers in Guatemala. J Clin Microbiol 39: 34.
-
23.
Grazioso CF, Isalgue M, de Ramirez I, Ruz M, Solomons NW, 1993. The effect of zinc supplementation on parasitic reinfestation of Guatemalan schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 57: 673.
-
24.
Bern C, Hernandez B, Lopez MB, Arrowood MJ, De Merida AM, Klein RE, 2000. The contrasting epidemiology of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium among outpatients in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 231.
-
25.
Peng MM, Matos O, Gatei W, Das P, Stantic-Pavlinic M, Bern C, Sulaiman IM, Glaberman S, Lal AA, Xiao L, 2001. A comparison of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes from several geographic regions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 48: 28s–31s.
-
26.
Steinberg EB, Mendoza CE, Glass R, Arana B, Lopez MB, Mejia M, Gold BD, Priest JW, Bibb W, Monroe SS, 2004. Prevalence of infection with waterborne pathogens: A seroepidemiologic study in children 6–36 months old in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 83.
-
27.
Jensen L, Marlin J, Dyck D, Laubach H, 2009. Effect of tourism and trade on intestinal parasitic infections in Guatemala. J Community Health 34: 98–101.
-
28.
Crump JA, Mendoza CE, Priest JW, Glass RI, Monroe SS, Dauphin LA, Bibb WF, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Mintz ED, 2007. Comparing serologic response against enteric pathogens with reported diarrhea to assess the impact of improved household drinking water quality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 136.
-
29.
Laubach H, Bentley C, Ginter E, Spalter J, Jensen L, 2004. A study of risk factors associated with the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in villages around Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. Braz J Infect Dis 8: 319–323.
-
30.
Dowd SE, John D, Eliopolus J, Gerba CP, Naranjo J, Klein R, López B, De MejÃa M, Mendoza CE, Pepper IL, 2003. Confirmed detection of Cyclospora cayetanesis, encephalitozoon intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum in water used for drinking. J Water Health 1: 117–124.
-
31.
Jensen LA, Marlin JW, Dyck DD, Laubach HE, 2009. Prevalence of multi-gastrointestinal infections with helminth, protozoan and Campylobacter spp. in Guatemalan children. J Infect Developing Ctries 3: 229–234.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 371 | 305 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 309 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 5 | 0 |
Diagnosis of Multiple Enteric Protozoan Infections by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in the Guatemalan Highlands
Julia den Hartog
Julia den Hartog
Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Physician Assistant Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Laura Rosenbaum
Laura Rosenbaum
Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Physician Assistant Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Zachary Wood
Zachary Wood
Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Physician Assistant Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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David Burt
David Burt
Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Physician Assistant Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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William A. Petri Jr.
William A. Petri Jr.
Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Physician Assistant Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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We tested a prototype stool enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (TRI-COMBO) that is simultaneously diagnostic for Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica in a rural pediatric clinic in Guatemala. We compared its results to those of three individual ELISAs for these parasites, assessed the prevalence of these parasites, and compared our findings to those found by stool microscopy. We tested 620 non-diarrheal stools. The TRI-COMBO diagnosed 57 positive samples and 52 (91%) had a correlating positive result in an individual assay, giving a kappa coefficient of 0.90. Giardia spp., E. histolytica, and Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 52 (8.4%), 2 (0.3%), and 3 (0.5%) samples, respectively. Twenty-three (40%) samples positive by ELISA for Giardia spp. were identified by microscopy. This study is the first to test the TRI-COMBO in this setting and, to our knowledge, represents the first assessment of these parasites in Guatemala by stool ELISA.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by National Institute of Health AI-43596 to William A. Petri Jr. Support for travel was provided by The Hook Fund of the University of Virginia.
Disclosure: William A. Petri Jr. receives royalty income from TechLab for amebiasis diagnostics. These royalties are donated in their entirety to the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene without benefit to Dr. Petri. None of the other authors reports a conflict of interest.
Authors' addresses: Julia den Hartog, Division of General Medicine, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, E-mail: jrd2t@virginia.edu. Laura Rosenbaum, Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: laurarosenbaum@yahoo.com. Zachary Wood, Physician Assistant Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, E-mail: zacharytwood@gmail.com. David Burt, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, E-mail: drb5p@virginia.edu. William A. Petri Jr., Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville VA, E-mail: wap3g@virginia.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Mathers C, Fat DM, Boerma J, 2008. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2.
Dillingham R, Guerrant RL, 2004. Childhood stunting: measuring and stemming the staggering costs of inadequate water and sanitation. Lancet 363: 94.
-
3.
De La Sante OM, 2004. WHO/PAHO Informal Consultation on Intestinal Protozoal Infections. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Pierce KK, Kirkpatrick BD, 2009. Update on human infections caused by intestinal protozoa. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 25: 12.
-
5.
Meisel J, Perera D, Meligro C, Rubin C, 1976. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology 70: 1156.
-
6.
Chen XM, Keithly JS, Paya CV, LaRusso NF, 2002. Cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med 346: 1723–1731.
-
7.
WHO, 1997. Amoebiasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72: 97–100.
-
8.
Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, 1997. Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1526.
-
9.
Petri W Jr, Haque R, Lyerly D, Vines R, 2000. Estimating the impact of amebiasis on health. Parasitol Today 16: 320–321.
-
10.
Mank T, Zaat JO, Deelder A, van Eijk JT, Polderman A, 1997. Sensitivity of microscopy versus enzyme immunoassay in the laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16: 615–619.
-
11.
Morgan UM, Pallant L, Dwyer B, Forbes D, Rich G, Thompson R, 1998. Comparison of PCR and microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens: clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol 36: 995.
-
12.
Christy NCV, Hencke JD, Escueta-De Cadiz A, Nazib F, von Thien H, Yagita K, Ligaba S, Haque R, Nozaki T, Tannich E, 2012. Multi-site performance evaluation of an ELISA for the detection of Giardia, cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba histolytica antigens in human stool. J Clin Microbiol 50: 1762–1763.
-
13.
Cook DM, Swanson RC, Eggett DL, Booth GM, 2009. A retrospective analysis of prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among school children in the Palajunoj Valley of Guatemala. J Health Popul Nutr 27: 31.
-
14.
Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL, 1999. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 707.
-
15.
Moore S, Lima A, Conaway M, Schorling J, Soares A, Guerrant R, 2001. Early childhood diarrhoea and helminthiases associate with long-term linear growth faltering. Int J Epidemiol 30: 1457.
-
16.
Niehaus MD, Moore SR, Patrick PD, Derr LL, Lorntz B, Lima AA, Guerrant RL, 2002. Early childhood diarrhea is associated with diminished cognitive function 4 to 7 years later in children in a northeast Brazilian shantytown. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 590.
-
17.
Guerrant RL, Kosek M, Lima AAM, Lorntz B, Guyatt HL, 2002. Updating the DALYs for diarrhoeal disease. Trends Parasitol 18: 191–193.
-
18.
Melvin DM, Mata LJ, 1971. Intestinal parasites in a Mayan-Indian village of Guatemala. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 13: 15–19.
-
19.
Farthing M, Mata L, Urrutia JJ, Kronmal RA, 1986. Natural history of Giardia infection of infants and children in rural Guatemala and its impact on physical growth. Am J Clin Nutr 43: 395.
-
20.
Gupta MC, Urrutia JJ, 1982. Effect of periodic antiascaris and antigiardia treatment on nutritional status of preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 36: 79.
-
21.
Cruz JR, Cano F, Caceres P, Chew F, Pareja G, 1988. Infection and diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium sp. among Guatemalan infants. J Clin Microbiol 26: 88.
-
22.
Herwaldt BL, De Arroyave KR, Wahlquist SP, De Merida AM, Lopez AS, Juranek DD, 2001. Multiyear prospective study of intestinal parasitism in a cohort of peace corps volunteers in Guatemala. J Clin Microbiol 39: 34.
-
23.
Grazioso CF, Isalgue M, de Ramirez I, Ruz M, Solomons NW, 1993. The effect of zinc supplementation on parasitic reinfestation of Guatemalan schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 57: 673.
-
24.
Bern C, Hernandez B, Lopez MB, Arrowood MJ, De Merida AM, Klein RE, 2000. The contrasting epidemiology of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium among outpatients in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63: 231.
-
25.
Peng MM, Matos O, Gatei W, Das P, Stantic-Pavlinic M, Bern C, Sulaiman IM, Glaberman S, Lal AA, Xiao L, 2001. A comparison of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes from several geographic regions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 48: 28s–31s.
-
26.
Steinberg EB, Mendoza CE, Glass R, Arana B, Lopez MB, Mejia M, Gold BD, Priest JW, Bibb W, Monroe SS, 2004. Prevalence of infection with waterborne pathogens: A seroepidemiologic study in children 6–36 months old in San Juan Sacatepequez, Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 83.
-
27.
Jensen L, Marlin J, Dyck D, Laubach H, 2009. Effect of tourism and trade on intestinal parasitic infections in Guatemala. J Community Health 34: 98–101.
-
28.
Crump JA, Mendoza CE, Priest JW, Glass RI, Monroe SS, Dauphin LA, Bibb WF, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Mintz ED, 2007. Comparing serologic response against enteric pathogens with reported diarrhea to assess the impact of improved household drinking water quality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 136.
-
29.
Laubach H, Bentley C, Ginter E, Spalter J, Jensen L, 2004. A study of risk factors associated with the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in villages around Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. Braz J Infect Dis 8: 319–323.
-
30.
Dowd SE, John D, Eliopolus J, Gerba CP, Naranjo J, Klein R, López B, De MejÃa M, Mendoza CE, Pepper IL, 2003. Confirmed detection of Cyclospora cayetanesis, encephalitozoon intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum in water used for drinking. J Water Health 1: 117–124.
-
31.
Jensen LA, Marlin JW, Dyck DD, Laubach HE, 2009. Prevalence of multi-gastrointestinal infections with helminth, protozoan and Campylobacter spp. in Guatemalan children. J Infect Developing Ctries 3: 229–234.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 371 | 305 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 309 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 5 | 0 |