Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Flateau C, Loup GL, Pialoux G, 2011. Consequences of HIV infection on malaria and therapeutic implications: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 541–556.
-
2.
Whitworth J, Morgan D, Quigley M, Smith A, Mayanja B, Eotu H, Omoding N, Okongo M, Malamba S, Ojwiya A, 2000. Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immune–suppression on malaria parasitaemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet 356: 1051–1056.
-
3.
Patnaik P, Jere CS, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Wiriman J, Pendame R, Meshnick SR, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Kublin JG, 2005. Effects of HIV-1 serostatus, HIV-1 RNA concentration, and CD4 cell count on the incidence of malaria infection in a cohort of adults in rural Malawi. J Infect Dis 192: 984–991.
-
4.
Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe N, Meludu SC, Ilika A, Aboh N, Ofiaeli N, Ezaeni M, Onochie A, 2007. Prevalence of malaria as co-infection in HIV-infected individuals in a malaria endemic area of southeastern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 44: 250–254.
-
5.
Uneke CJ, Ogbu O, Inyama PU, Anyanwu GI, 2005. Malaria infection in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative individuals in Jos, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 42: 151–154.
-
6.
Tatfeng YM, Ihongbe JC, Okodua M, Oviasogiec F, Isibor J, Tchougangc SE, Tambo E, Otegbeye T, 2007. CD4 count, viral load and parasite density of HIV positive individuals undergoing malaria treatment with dihydroartemisinin in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 44: 111–115.
-
7.
Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransome R, Kaharuza F, Culver D, Kizito F, Bunnell R, Kigozi A, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Quick R, 2004. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet 364: 1428–1434.
-
8.
Colebunders R, Bahwe Y, Nekwei W, Ryder R, Perriens J, Nsimba K, Turner A, Francis H, Lebughe I, Van der Stuyft P, 1990. Incidence of malaria and efficacy of oral quinine in patients recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect 21: 167–173.
-
9.
Francesconi P, Fabiani M, Dente MG, Lukwiya M, Okwey R, Ouma J, Ochakachon R, Cian F, Declich S, 2001. HIV, malaria parasites, and acute febrile episodes in Ugandan adults: a case–control study. AIDS 15: 2445–2450.
-
10.
Shah SN, Smith EE, Obonyo CO, Kain CK, Bloland PB, Slutsker L, Hamel MJ, 2006. HIV immunosuppression and antimalarial efficacy: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in HIV-infected adults in Siaya, Kenya. J Infect Dis 194: 1519–1528.
-
11.
Laufer MK, van Oosterhout JJ, Thesing PC, Thumba F, Zijlstra EE, Graham SM, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2006. Impact of HIV–associated immunosuppression on malaria infection and disease in Malawi. J Infect Dis 193: 872–878.
-
12.
French N, Nakiyingi J, Lugada E, Watera C, Whitworth JA, Gilks CF, 2001. Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1–infected Ugandan adults. AIDS 15: 899–906.
-
13.
Diallo AH, Ki-Zerbo G, Sawadogo AB, Guiguemde TR, 2004. Severe malaria and HIV in adult patients in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso [in French]. Med Trop (Mars) 64: 345–350.
-
14.
Quigley MA, Hewitt K, Mayanja B, Morgan D, Eotu H, Ojwiya A, Whitworth JA, 2005. The effect of malaria on mortality in a cohort of HIV-infected Ugandan adults. Trop Med Int Health 10: 894–900.
-
15.
Niyongabo T, Deloron P, Aubry P, Ndarugirire F, Manirakiza F, Muhirwa G, Ndayiragije A, Brelivet JC, 1994. Prognostic indicators in adult cerebral malaria: a study in Burundi, an area of high prevalence of HIV infection. Acta Trop 56: 299–305.
-
16.
Leaver RJ, Haile Z, Watters DA, 1990. HIV and cerebral malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 201.
-
17.
Soumare M, Seydi M, Diop SA, Ba TA, Ndour CT, Dieng Y, Diop BM, Snow PS, 2008. The place of malaria in an infectious disease department in Dakar, Senegal [in French]. Med Trop (Mars) 68: 485–490.
-
18.
Chalwe V, Van Geertruyden JP, Mukwamataba D, Menten J, Kamalamba J, Mulenga M, D'Alessandro U, 2009. Increased risk for severe malaria in HIV-1–infected adults, Zambia. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 749.
-
19.
Saleri N, Capone S, Pietra V, de Laco G, Del Punta V, Rizzi M, Levi M, Rouamba S, Some E, Simpore J, Patroni A, Carosi G, Castelli F, 2009. Outcome and predictive factors of mortality in hospitalized HIV-patients in Burkina Faso. Infection 37: 142–147.
-
20.
Birku Y, Mekonnen E, Bjorkman A, Wolday D, 2002. Delayed clearance of Plasmodium falciparum in patients with human immunodeficiency virus co-infection treated with artemisinin. Ethiop Med J 40 (Suppl 1): 17–26.
-
21.
Cohen C, Karstaedt A, Frean J, Thomas J, Govender N, Prentice E, Dini L, Galpin J, Crewe-Brown H, 2005. Increased prevalence of severe malaria in HIV-infected adults in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1631–1637.
-
22.
Grimwade K, French N, Mbatha DD, Zungu DD, Dedicoat M, Gilks CF, 2004. HIV infection as a cofactor for severe falciparum malaria in adults living in a region of unstable malaria transmission in South Africa. AIDS 18: 547–554.
-
23.
Chirenda J, Siziya S, Tshimanga M, 2000. Association of HIV infection with the development of severe and complicated malaria cases at a rural hospital in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 46: 5–9.
-
24.
Mouala C, Houzé S, Guiguet M, Abboud P, Pialoux G, Viget N, Costagliola D, Matheron S, 2008. Imported malaria in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the ANRS CO4 FHDH study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49: 55–60.
-
25.
Mouala C, Guiguet M, Houzé S, Damond F, Pialoux G, Viget N, Costagliola D, Le Bras J, Matheron S, 2009. Impact of HIV infection on severity of imported malaria is restricted to patients with CD4 cell counts < 350 cells/microl. AIDS 23: 1997–2004.
-
26.
United Nations Children's Education Fund, 2003. UNICEF Malaria Technical Notes, No. 6, February 2003. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/health/files/UNICEFTechnicalNotes6MalariaandHIV.doc. Accessed March 2, 2011.
-
27.
ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, Udhayakumar V, Newman RD, van Eijk AM, Rogerson SJ, Steketee RW, 2004. The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 41–54.
-
28.
Whitworth J, 2006. Malaria and HIV. HIV Insite Knowledge Base Chapter. San Francisco, University of California Center for HIV Information. Available at: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite.htm. Accessed September 8, 2006.
-
29.
World Health Organization, 2004. Malaria and HIV/AIDS Interactions and Implications: Conclusions of a Technical Consultation Convened by WHO; 2004, 23–25 June. Report no: WHO/HIV/2004.08. Geneva. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/who_hiv_2004_08/en/index.html. Accessed March 11, 2011.
-
30.
Skinner-Adams TS, McCarthy JS, Gardiner DL, Hilton PM, Andrews KT, 2004. Antiretrovirals as antimalarial agents. J Infect Dis 190: 1998–2000.
-
31.
Peters W, Portus JH, Robinson BL, 1975. The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. XXII. The value of drug-resistant strains of P. berghei in screening for blood schizonticidal activity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 69: 155–171.
-
32.
Shida KK, Lewchalermvongse B, Pang LW, 1989. Plasmodium berghei malaria infection causes increased cardiac output in rats, Rattus rattus. Exp Parasitol 68: 253–259.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2009. Malaria Microscopy Quality Assurance Manual Version 1. Malaria Light Microscopy: Creating a Culture of Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
34.
White NJ, 1997. Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41: 1413–1422.
-
35.
Adetifa MO, Akinsulie AO, Temiye EO, Iroha EO, Ezeaka VC, Mafe AG, Grange AO, 2008. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia in HIV-1 infected children. Niger Postgrad Med J 15: 120–125.
-
36.
Wiktor SZ, Ekpini E, Karon JM, 1999. Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother–child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomized trial. Lancet 353: 781–785.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 257 | 61 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 45 | 17 | 0 |
Antimalaria Action of Antiretroviral Drugs on Plasmodium berghei in Mice
Akinwumi Akinyede
Akinwumi Akinyede
Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Alade Akintonwa
Alade Akintonwa
Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Olufunsho Awodele
Olufunsho Awodele
Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Sunday Olayemi
Sunday Olayemi
Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Ibrahim Oreagba
Ibrahim Oreagba
Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Charles Okany
Charles Okany
Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Oluwagbemiga Aina
Oluwagbemiga Aina
Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Samuel Akindele
Samuel Akindele
Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Malaria parasitemia enhances replication of human immunodeficiency virus. Antiretroviral drugs that possess antiplasmodial activity may reverse such an effect. Activity of the antiretroviral drugs lamivudine (L), zidovudine (Z), nevirapine (N), and stavudine (S) against Plasmodium berghei inoculated into 70 adult albino mice was investigated. Eight groups of five animals each were treated with different drugs as either curative or prophylactic regimens. These regimens were also given to four groups as L/Z/N or L/S/N. Z therapy alone and L/Z/N eliminated malaria parasites as follows: curative and prophylactic Z groups, mean ± SEM = 62,132.87 ± 22,816.1 parasites/μL and 62,474.85 ± 14,639.1 parasites/μL, respectively on day 4 and 0 parasites/μL on day 26; curative L/Z/N group, 31,583.53 ± 6,361.67 parasites/μL, and 0 parasites/μL (days 4 and 18, respectively); prophylactic L/Z/N group, 41,138.1 ± 3,528.03 parasites/μL, and 0 parasites/μL (days 4, and 20 respectively). Peters four-day suppressive values were 67–82.2%. Zidovudine or L/Z/N therapy may modify the epidemiology of malaria and therefore the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Akinwumi Akinyede, Alade Akintonwa, Olufunsho Awodele, Sunday Olayemi, and Ibrahim Oreagba, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, E-mails: a_akinyede@yahoo.co.uk, toxicologyresearch@yahoo.com, awodeleo@yahoo.com, olayemiso@yahoo.com, and oreagbai@yahoo.com. Oluwagbemiga Aina and Samuel Akindele, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria, E-mails: gbengaaina2003@yahoo.com and samuelakindele@yahoo.com. Charles Okany, Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, E-mail: charlesokany@yahoo.com.
Reprint requests: Akinwumi Akinyede, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria, E-mail: a_akinyede@yahoo.co.uk.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Flateau C, Loup GL, Pialoux G, 2011. Consequences of HIV infection on malaria and therapeutic implications: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 541–556.
-
2.
Whitworth J, Morgan D, Quigley M, Smith A, Mayanja B, Eotu H, Omoding N, Okongo M, Malamba S, Ojwiya A, 2000. Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immune–suppression on malaria parasitaemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet 356: 1051–1056.
-
3.
Patnaik P, Jere CS, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Wiriman J, Pendame R, Meshnick SR, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Kublin JG, 2005. Effects of HIV-1 serostatus, HIV-1 RNA concentration, and CD4 cell count on the incidence of malaria infection in a cohort of adults in rural Malawi. J Infect Dis 192: 984–991.
-
4.
Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe N, Meludu SC, Ilika A, Aboh N, Ofiaeli N, Ezaeni M, Onochie A, 2007. Prevalence of malaria as co-infection in HIV-infected individuals in a malaria endemic area of southeastern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 44: 250–254.
-
5.
Uneke CJ, Ogbu O, Inyama PU, Anyanwu GI, 2005. Malaria infection in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative individuals in Jos, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 42: 151–154.
-
6.
Tatfeng YM, Ihongbe JC, Okodua M, Oviasogiec F, Isibor J, Tchougangc SE, Tambo E, Otegbeye T, 2007. CD4 count, viral load and parasite density of HIV positive individuals undergoing malaria treatment with dihydroartemisinin in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 44: 111–115.
-
7.
Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransome R, Kaharuza F, Culver D, Kizito F, Bunnell R, Kigozi A, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Quick R, 2004. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet 364: 1428–1434.
-
8.
Colebunders R, Bahwe Y, Nekwei W, Ryder R, Perriens J, Nsimba K, Turner A, Francis H, Lebughe I, Van der Stuyft P, 1990. Incidence of malaria and efficacy of oral quinine in patients recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect 21: 167–173.
-
9.
Francesconi P, Fabiani M, Dente MG, Lukwiya M, Okwey R, Ouma J, Ochakachon R, Cian F, Declich S, 2001. HIV, malaria parasites, and acute febrile episodes in Ugandan adults: a case–control study. AIDS 15: 2445–2450.
-
10.
Shah SN, Smith EE, Obonyo CO, Kain CK, Bloland PB, Slutsker L, Hamel MJ, 2006. HIV immunosuppression and antimalarial efficacy: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in HIV-infected adults in Siaya, Kenya. J Infect Dis 194: 1519–1528.
-
11.
Laufer MK, van Oosterhout JJ, Thesing PC, Thumba F, Zijlstra EE, Graham SM, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2006. Impact of HIV–associated immunosuppression on malaria infection and disease in Malawi. J Infect Dis 193: 872–878.
-
12.
French N, Nakiyingi J, Lugada E, Watera C, Whitworth JA, Gilks CF, 2001. Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1–infected Ugandan adults. AIDS 15: 899–906.
-
13.
Diallo AH, Ki-Zerbo G, Sawadogo AB, Guiguemde TR, 2004. Severe malaria and HIV in adult patients in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso [in French]. Med Trop (Mars) 64: 345–350.
-
14.
Quigley MA, Hewitt K, Mayanja B, Morgan D, Eotu H, Ojwiya A, Whitworth JA, 2005. The effect of malaria on mortality in a cohort of HIV-infected Ugandan adults. Trop Med Int Health 10: 894–900.
-
15.
Niyongabo T, Deloron P, Aubry P, Ndarugirire F, Manirakiza F, Muhirwa G, Ndayiragije A, Brelivet JC, 1994. Prognostic indicators in adult cerebral malaria: a study in Burundi, an area of high prevalence of HIV infection. Acta Trop 56: 299–305.
-
16.
Leaver RJ, Haile Z, Watters DA, 1990. HIV and cerebral malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 201.
-
17.
Soumare M, Seydi M, Diop SA, Ba TA, Ndour CT, Dieng Y, Diop BM, Snow PS, 2008. The place of malaria in an infectious disease department in Dakar, Senegal [in French]. Med Trop (Mars) 68: 485–490.
-
18.
Chalwe V, Van Geertruyden JP, Mukwamataba D, Menten J, Kamalamba J, Mulenga M, D'Alessandro U, 2009. Increased risk for severe malaria in HIV-1–infected adults, Zambia. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 749.
-
19.
Saleri N, Capone S, Pietra V, de Laco G, Del Punta V, Rizzi M, Levi M, Rouamba S, Some E, Simpore J, Patroni A, Carosi G, Castelli F, 2009. Outcome and predictive factors of mortality in hospitalized HIV-patients in Burkina Faso. Infection 37: 142–147.
-
20.
Birku Y, Mekonnen E, Bjorkman A, Wolday D, 2002. Delayed clearance of Plasmodium falciparum in patients with human immunodeficiency virus co-infection treated with artemisinin. Ethiop Med J 40 (Suppl 1): 17–26.
-
21.
Cohen C, Karstaedt A, Frean J, Thomas J, Govender N, Prentice E, Dini L, Galpin J, Crewe-Brown H, 2005. Increased prevalence of severe malaria in HIV-infected adults in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1631–1637.
-
22.
Grimwade K, French N, Mbatha DD, Zungu DD, Dedicoat M, Gilks CF, 2004. HIV infection as a cofactor for severe falciparum malaria in adults living in a region of unstable malaria transmission in South Africa. AIDS 18: 547–554.
-
23.
Chirenda J, Siziya S, Tshimanga M, 2000. Association of HIV infection with the development of severe and complicated malaria cases at a rural hospital in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 46: 5–9.
-
24.
Mouala C, Houzé S, Guiguet M, Abboud P, Pialoux G, Viget N, Costagliola D, Matheron S, 2008. Imported malaria in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the ANRS CO4 FHDH study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49: 55–60.
-
25.
Mouala C, Guiguet M, Houzé S, Damond F, Pialoux G, Viget N, Costagliola D, Le Bras J, Matheron S, 2009. Impact of HIV infection on severity of imported malaria is restricted to patients with CD4 cell counts < 350 cells/microl. AIDS 23: 1997–2004.
-
26.
United Nations Children's Education Fund, 2003. UNICEF Malaria Technical Notes, No. 6, February 2003. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/health/files/UNICEFTechnicalNotes6MalariaandHIV.doc. Accessed March 2, 2011.
-
27.
ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, Udhayakumar V, Newman RD, van Eijk AM, Rogerson SJ, Steketee RW, 2004. The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 41–54.
-
28.
Whitworth J, 2006. Malaria and HIV. HIV Insite Knowledge Base Chapter. San Francisco, University of California Center for HIV Information. Available at: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite.htm. Accessed September 8, 2006.
-
29.
World Health Organization, 2004. Malaria and HIV/AIDS Interactions and Implications: Conclusions of a Technical Consultation Convened by WHO; 2004, 23–25 June. Report no: WHO/HIV/2004.08. Geneva. Available at: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/who_hiv_2004_08/en/index.html. Accessed March 11, 2011.
-
30.
Skinner-Adams TS, McCarthy JS, Gardiner DL, Hilton PM, Andrews KT, 2004. Antiretrovirals as antimalarial agents. J Infect Dis 190: 1998–2000.
-
31.
Peters W, Portus JH, Robinson BL, 1975. The chemotherapy of rodent malaria. XXII. The value of drug-resistant strains of P. berghei in screening for blood schizonticidal activity. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 69: 155–171.
-
32.
Shida KK, Lewchalermvongse B, Pang LW, 1989. Plasmodium berghei malaria infection causes increased cardiac output in rats, Rattus rattus. Exp Parasitol 68: 253–259.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2009. Malaria Microscopy Quality Assurance Manual Version 1. Malaria Light Microscopy: Creating a Culture of Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
34.
White NJ, 1997. Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41: 1413–1422.
-
35.
Adetifa MO, Akinsulie AO, Temiye EO, Iroha EO, Ezeaka VC, Mafe AG, Grange AO, 2008. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia in HIV-1 infected children. Niger Postgrad Med J 15: 120–125.
-
36.
Wiktor SZ, Ekpini E, Karon JM, 1999. Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother–child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomized trial. Lancet 353: 781–785.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 21 | 21 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 257 | 61 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 45 | 17 | 0 |