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West Nile Virus Ecology in a Tropical Ecosystem in Guatemala
Maria E. Morales-Betoulle
Maria E. Morales-Betoulle
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Nicholas Komar
Nicholas Komar
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Nicholas A. Panella
Nicholas A. Panella
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Danilo Alvarez
Danilo Alvarez
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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María R. López
María R. López
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Jean-Luc Betoulle
Jean-Luc Betoulle
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Silvia M. Sosa
Silvia M. Sosa
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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María L. Müller
María L. Müller
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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A. Marm Kilpatrick
A. Marm Kilpatrick
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Robert S. Lanciotti
Robert S. Lanciotti
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Barbara W. Johnson
Barbara W. Johnson
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Ann M. Powers
Ann M. Powers
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Celia Cordón-Rosales
Celia Cordón-Rosales
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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the Arbovirus Ecology Work Group
the Arbovirus Ecology Work Group
Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Disease Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of California, Santa Cruz, California; Fundación Mario Dary, Guatemala City, Guatemala; and Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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West Nile virus ecology has yet to be rigorously investigated in the Caribbean Basin. We identified a transmission focus in Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, and established systematic monitoring of avian abundance and infection, seroconversions in domestic poultry, and viral infections in mosquitoes. West Nile virus transmission was detected annually between May and October from 2005 to 2008. High temperature and low rainfall enhanced the probability of chicken seroconversions, which occurred in both urban and rural sites. West Nile virus was isolated from Culex quinquefasciatus and to a lesser extent, from Culex mollis/Culex inflictus, but not from the most abundant Culex mosquito, Culex nigripalpus. A calculation that combined avian abundance, seroprevalence, and vertebrate reservoir competence suggested that great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) is the major amplifying host in this ecosystem. West Nile virus transmission reached moderate levels in sentinel chickens during 2007, but less than that observed during outbreaks of human disease attributed to West Nile virus in the United States.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cooperative agreements #1U01/GH000028, #U50/CCU021236-01, and #3U51/GH000011-02, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONCYT) de Guatemala grant #FD19-03, and Fondo de Ciencia y Tecnología (FODECYT) de Guatemala grant #03-2007. Dr. Kilpatrick's salary was partly supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, EF-0914866, and the National Institutes of Health, 1R01AI090159-01.
Authors' addresses: Maria E. Morales-Betoulle, Danilo Alvarez, María R. López, Silvia M. Sosa, María L. Müller, and Celia Cordón-Rosales, Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, E-mails: me_morales@hotmail.com, dalvarez@ces.uvg.edu.gt, mlopez@ces.uvg.edu.gt, ssosa@ces.uvg.edu.gt, mmuller@ces.uvg.edu.gt, and ccordon@ces.uvg.edu.gt. Nicholas Komar, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, CDC-NCEZID-DVBD, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: nck6@cdc.gov. Nicholas A. Panella, Robert S. Lanciotti, Barbara W. Johnson, and Ann M. Powers, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO, E-mails: nap4@cdc.gov, rsl2@cdc.gov, bfj9@cdc.gov, and akp7@cdc.gov. Jean-Luc Betoulle, Fundación para el Ecodesarrollo, Office of the Director, Guatemala City, Guatemala, E-mail: betoullejeanluc@gmail.com. A. Marm Kilpatrick, University of California Santa Cruz, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA, E-mail: akilpatr@ucsc.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Komar N, Clark GG, 2006. West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rev Panam Salud Publica 19: 112–117.
-
2.
Hayes CG, 1989. West Nile fever. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Volume V. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 5–88.
-
3.
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1167–1173.
-
4.
Komar N, Bessoff K, Diaz A, Amador MA, Young G, Perez T, Seda R, Hunsperger E, 2012. Avian hosts of West Nile virus in Puerto Rico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 47–54.
-
5.
Barrera R, MacKay A, Amador M, Vasquez J, Smith J, Díaz A, Acevedo V, Cabán B, Hunsperger EA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, 2010. Mosquito vectors of West Nile virus during an epizootic outbreak in Puerto Rico. J Med Entomol 47: 1185–1195.
-
6.
Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DW, Coffey L, Carrara AS, Travassos da Rosa A, Clements T, Wang E, Ludwig GV, Cortes AC, Ramírez PP, Tesh RB, Barrett AD, Weaver SC, 2003. West Nile virus in Mexico: evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 1604–1607.
-
7.
Fernández-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Blitvich BJ, González-Rojas JI, Cavazos-Alvarez A, Marlenee NL, Elizondo-Quiroga A, Loroño-Pino MA, Gubler DJ, Cropp BC, Calisher CH, Beaty BJ, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile Virus infection in birds, Tamaulipas State, México. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 3: 209–213.
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8.
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9.
Morales-Betoulle ME, Morales H, Blitvich BJ, Powers AM, Davis EA, Klein R, Cordón-Rosales C, 2006. West Nile virus in horses, Guatemala. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 1038–1039.
-
10.
Morales-Betoulle ME, Komar N, Martinez LE, Betoulle J-L, Alvarez D, Panella N, Contreras CL, Cordon-Rosales C, 2008. The presence of migratory birds may reduce West Nile virus transmission in Guatemala [Spanish]. Boletín de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala 16: 99–110.
-
11.
Hobson-Peters J, Arévalo C, Cheah WY, Blitvich BJ, Tan CS, Sandis A, Araya LN, Hernández JL, Toye P, Hall RA, 2011. Detection of antibodies to West Nile virus in horses, Costa Rica, 2004. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 1081–1084.
-
12.
Mattar S, Komar N, Young G, Alvarez J, Gonzalez M, 2011. Seroconversion to West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses among sentinel horses, Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 106: 976–979.
-
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