Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, Den Boer M, 2012. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE 7: e35671.
-
2.
Kar B, 2003. The Assam fever. Wellcome History 23: 2–4.
-
3.
Donovan C, 1903. The etiology of heterogeneous fevers in India. Lancet 2: 1401.
-
4.
Mahajan SK, Machhan P, Kanga A, Thakur S, Sharma A, Prasher BS, Pal LS, 2004. Kala-Azar at high altitude. J Commun Dis 36: 117–120.
-
5.
Mathur P, Samantaray JC, Mangraj S, 2004. Smouldering focus of kala-azar in Assam. Indian J Med Res 120: 56.
-
6.
Bhattacharya SK, Rinzin N, Chusak P, Dash AP, Chowdhury R, Tobgay T, Narain JP, 2010. Occurrence and significance of kala-azar in Bhutan. Indian J Med Res 132: 337–338.
-
7.
Sokal JE, 1975. Editorial: measurement of delayed skin-test responses. N Engl J Med 293: 501–502.
-
8.
Gramiccia M, Bettini S, Gradoni L, Ciarmoli P, Verrilli ML, Loddo S, Cicalo C, 1990. Leishmaniasis in Sardinia. IV. Leishmanin reaction in the human population of a focus of low endemicity of canine leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 371–374.
-
9.
Weigle KA, Valderrama L, Arias AL, Santrich C, Saravia NG, 1991. Leishmanin skin test standardization and evaluation of safety, dose, storage, longevity of reaction and sensitization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44: 260–271.
-
10.
Bray RS, 1985. Immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Chang KP, Bray RS, eds. Leishmaniasis. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 177–182.
-
11.
Lewis D, 1982. A taxonomic review of the genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bull Br Mus 45: 121–209.
-
12.
Lewis DJ, 1978. The phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the oriental region. Bull Br Mus 37: 217–343.
-
13.
Kuhls K, Mauricio IL, Pratlong F, Presber W, Schönian G, 2005. Analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences of the Leishmania donovani complex. Microbes Infect 7: 1224–1234.
-
14.
Fraga J, Montalvo AM, De Doncker S, Dujardin JC, Van der Auwera G, 2010. Phylogeny of Leishmania species based on the heat-shock protein 70 gene. Infect Genet Evol 10: 238–245.
-
15.
Barroso PA, Marco JD, Kato H, Tarama R, Rueda P, Cajal SP, Basombrio MA, Korenaga M, Taranto NJ, Hashiguchi Y, 2007. The identification of sandfly species, from an area of Argentina with endemic leishmaniasis, by the PCR-based analysis of the gene coding for 18S ribosomal RNA. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 247–253.
-
16.
Hall TA, 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41: 95–98.
-
17.
Felsenstein J, 1989. PHYLIP-Phylogeny Inference Package (version 3.2). Cladistics 5: 164–166.
-
18.
InBios International Inc., 2012. Kalazar Detect Product Insert. Seattle, WA: InBios International Inc.
-
19.
Pappas MG, Hajkowski R, Hockmeyer WT, 1983. Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA): a micro technique for the rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol Methods 64: 205–214.
-
20.
Kuhls K, Keilonat L, Ochsenreither S, Schaar M, Schweynoch C, Presber W, Schonian G, 2007. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect 9: 334–343.
-
21.
Alam MZ, Kuhls K, Schweynoch C, Sundar S, Rijal S, Shamsuzzaman AK, Raju BV, Salotra P, Dujardin JC, Schonian G, 2009. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetic homogeneity of Leishmania donovani strains in the Indian subcontinent. Infect Genet Evol 9: 24–31.
-
22.
Bhattarai NR, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, De Doncker S, Boelaert M, Van der Auwera G, 2010. Development and evaluation of different PCR-based typing methods for discrimination of Leishmania donovani isolates from Nepal. Parasitology 137: 947–957.
-
23.
Srivastava P, Singh T, Sundar S, 2011. Genetic heterogeneity in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from India. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3687–3690.
-
24.
Al-Jawabreh A, Schoenian G, Hamarsheh O, Presber W, 2006. Clinical diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparison study between standardized graded direct microscopy and ITS1-PCR of Giemsa-stained smears. Acta Trop 99: 55–61.
-
25.
Volpini AC, Marques MJ, Lopes dos Santos S, Machado-Coelho GL, Mayrink W, Romanha AJ, 2006. Leishmania identification by PCR of Giemsa-stained lesion imprint slides stored for up to 36 years. Clin Microbiol Infect 12: 815–818.
-
26.
Ali A, Ashford RW, 1993. Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. Cross-sectional leishmanin skin test in an endemic locality. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 87: 157–161.
-
27.
Bern C, Amann J, Haque R, Chowdhury R, Ali M, Kurkjian KM, Vaz L, Wagatsuma Y, Breiman RF, Secor WE, Maguire JH, 2006. Loss of leishmanin skin test antigen sensitivity and potency in a longitudinal study of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 744–748.
-
28.
Bettini S, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Pozio E, Mugnai S, Maroli M, 1983. Leishmaniasis in Tuscany (Italy): VIII. Human population response to leishmanin in the focus of Monte Argentario (Grosseto) and epidemiological evaluation. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 58: 539–547.
-
29.
Davies CR, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Pyke SD, Dye C, 1995. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity. Epidemiol Infect 114: 297–318.
-
30.
Bern C, Chowdhury R, 2006. The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control. Indian J Med Res 123: 275–288.
-
31.
Das P, Samuels S, Desjeux P, Mittal A, Topno R, Siddiqui NA, Sur D, Pandey A, Sarnoff R, 2010. Annual incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Health 15 (Suppl 2): 4–11.
-
32.
Topno RK, Das VN, Ranjan A, Pandey K, Singh D, Kumar N, Siddiqui NA, Singh VP, Kesari S, Bimal S, Kumar AJ, Meena C, Kumar R, Das P, 2010. Asymptomatic infection with visceral leishmaniasis in a disease-endemic area in Bihar, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 502–506.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2010. Control of the leishmaniases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser xii–xiii: 1–186 back cover.
-
34.
Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Ranjan N, Verma GK, Negi AK, Mehta KI, 2009. The sandflies of the Satluj river valley, Himachal Pradesh (India): some possible vectors of the parasite causing human cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases in this endemic focus. J Vector Borne Dis 46: 136–140.
-
35.
Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Negi AK, 2005. Epidemiology of a new focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh. J Commun Dis 37: 275–279.
-
36.
Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Kanga A, Sood A, Katoch VM, Mauricio I, Singh CD, Parwan UC, Sharma VK, Sharma RC, 2005. Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica: preliminary findings of the study of 161 new cases from a new endemic focus in Himachal Pradesh, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 819–824.
-
37.
Guan L, Yang Y, Xu Y, Qu J, Zho X, Wang G, Lu H, Zhong L, Chang KP, 1994. Leishmaniasis in Karamay. XIV. Identification of promastigote isolates from naturally infected Phlebotomus major wui. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 12: 257–261.
-
38.
Leng YJ, Wang HB, Ge NL, 1991. A survey of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Hubei Province, China. Parassitologia 33 (Suppl): 377–379.
-
39.
Wei F, Shang L, Jin H, Lian H, Liu W, Li Z, Gao H, Liu Q, 2011. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Leishmania donovani in naturally infected Phlebotomus chinensis from southwestern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 849–852.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3148 | 2845 | 611 |
| Full Text Views | 552 | 19 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 133 | 8 | 3 |
Endemic Transmission of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bhutan
Thinley Yangzom
Thinley Yangzom
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Israel Cruz
Israel Cruz
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Caryn Bern
Caryn Bern
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Daniel Argaw
Daniel Argaw
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Margriet den Boer
Margriet den Boer
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Iván Dario Vélez
Iván Dario Vélez
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Sujit K. Bhattacharya
Sujit K. Bhattacharya
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Ricardo Molina
Ricardo Molina
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Jorge Alvar
Jorge Alvar
JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan; WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Visceral leishmaniasis was first reported in Bhutan in 2006. We conducted studies of the parasite, possible vectors and reservoirs, and leishmanin skin test and risk factor surveys in three villages. Nineteen cases were reported from seven districts. Parasite typing yielded two novel microsatellite sequences, both related to Indian L. donovani. In one case village, 40 (18.5%) of 216 participants had positive leishmanin skin test results, compared with 3 (4.2%) of 72 in the other case village and 0 of 108 in the control village. Positive results were strongly associated with the village and increasing age. None of the tested dogs were infected. Eighteen sand flies were collected, 13 Phlebotomus species and 5 Sergentomyia species; polymerase chain reaction for leishmanial DNA was negative. This assessment suggests that endemic visceral leishmaniasis transmission has occurred in diverse locations in Bhutan. Surveillance, case investigations, and further parasite, vector, and reservoir studies are needed. The potential protective impact of bed nets should be evaluated.
Author Notes
Authors' addresses: Thinley Yangzom, JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu Ministry of Health, Timphu, Bhutan, E-mail: thinleyangzom@gmail.com. Israel Cruz and Ricardo Molina, WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, E-mails: cruzi@isciii.es and rmolina@isciii.es. Caryn Bern, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, E-mail: Caryn.Bern2@ucsf.edu. Daniel Argaw, Margriet den Boer, and Jorge Alvar, Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (CDS/NTD/IDM), Leishmaniasis Control Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, E-mails: daniel@who.int, margrietdenboer@gmail.com, and alvarj@who.int. Iván Dario Vélez, Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, E-mail: id_velez@yahoo.com. Sujit K. Bhattacharya, WHO/South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India, E-mail: bhattacharyas@searo.who.int.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, Den Boer M, 2012. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE 7: e35671.
-
2.
Kar B, 2003. The Assam fever. Wellcome History 23: 2–4.
-
3.
Donovan C, 1903. The etiology of heterogeneous fevers in India. Lancet 2: 1401.
-
4.
Mahajan SK, Machhan P, Kanga A, Thakur S, Sharma A, Prasher BS, Pal LS, 2004. Kala-Azar at high altitude. J Commun Dis 36: 117–120.
-
5.
Mathur P, Samantaray JC, Mangraj S, 2004. Smouldering focus of kala-azar in Assam. Indian J Med Res 120: 56.
-
6.
Bhattacharya SK, Rinzin N, Chusak P, Dash AP, Chowdhury R, Tobgay T, Narain JP, 2010. Occurrence and significance of kala-azar in Bhutan. Indian J Med Res 132: 337–338.
-
7.
Sokal JE, 1975. Editorial: measurement of delayed skin-test responses. N Engl J Med 293: 501–502.
-
8.
Gramiccia M, Bettini S, Gradoni L, Ciarmoli P, Verrilli ML, Loddo S, Cicalo C, 1990. Leishmaniasis in Sardinia. IV. Leishmanin reaction in the human population of a focus of low endemicity of canine leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 371–374.
-
9.
Weigle KA, Valderrama L, Arias AL, Santrich C, Saravia NG, 1991. Leishmanin skin test standardization and evaluation of safety, dose, storage, longevity of reaction and sensitization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44: 260–271.
-
10.
Bray RS, 1985. Immunodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Chang KP, Bray RS, eds. Leishmaniasis. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 177–182.
-
11.
Lewis D, 1982. A taxonomic review of the genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bull Br Mus 45: 121–209.
-
12.
Lewis DJ, 1978. The phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the oriental region. Bull Br Mus 37: 217–343.
-
13.
Kuhls K, Mauricio IL, Pratlong F, Presber W, Schönian G, 2005. Analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences of the Leishmania donovani complex. Microbes Infect 7: 1224–1234.
-
14.
Fraga J, Montalvo AM, De Doncker S, Dujardin JC, Van der Auwera G, 2010. Phylogeny of Leishmania species based on the heat-shock protein 70 gene. Infect Genet Evol 10: 238–245.
-
15.
Barroso PA, Marco JD, Kato H, Tarama R, Rueda P, Cajal SP, Basombrio MA, Korenaga M, Taranto NJ, Hashiguchi Y, 2007. The identification of sandfly species, from an area of Argentina with endemic leishmaniasis, by the PCR-based analysis of the gene coding for 18S ribosomal RNA. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101: 247–253.
-
16.
Hall TA, 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41: 95–98.
-
17.
Felsenstein J, 1989. PHYLIP-Phylogeny Inference Package (version 3.2). Cladistics 5: 164–166.
-
18.
InBios International Inc., 2012. Kalazar Detect Product Insert. Seattle, WA: InBios International Inc.
-
19.
Pappas MG, Hajkowski R, Hockmeyer WT, 1983. Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA): a micro technique for the rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. J Immunol Methods 64: 205–214.
-
20.
Kuhls K, Keilonat L, Ochsenreither S, Schaar M, Schweynoch C, Presber W, Schonian G, 2007. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect 9: 334–343.
-
21.
Alam MZ, Kuhls K, Schweynoch C, Sundar S, Rijal S, Shamsuzzaman AK, Raju BV, Salotra P, Dujardin JC, Schonian G, 2009. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetic homogeneity of Leishmania donovani strains in the Indian subcontinent. Infect Genet Evol 9: 24–31.
-
22.
Bhattarai NR, Dujardin JC, Rijal S, De Doncker S, Boelaert M, Van der Auwera G, 2010. Development and evaluation of different PCR-based typing methods for discrimination of Leishmania donovani isolates from Nepal. Parasitology 137: 947–957.
-
23.
Srivastava P, Singh T, Sundar S, 2011. Genetic heterogeneity in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani from India. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3687–3690.
-
24.
Al-Jawabreh A, Schoenian G, Hamarsheh O, Presber W, 2006. Clinical diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparison study between standardized graded direct microscopy and ITS1-PCR of Giemsa-stained smears. Acta Trop 99: 55–61.
-
25.
Volpini AC, Marques MJ, Lopes dos Santos S, Machado-Coelho GL, Mayrink W, Romanha AJ, 2006. Leishmania identification by PCR of Giemsa-stained lesion imprint slides stored for up to 36 years. Clin Microbiol Infect 12: 815–818.
-
26.
Ali A, Ashford RW, 1993. Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. Cross-sectional leishmanin skin test in an endemic locality. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 87: 157–161.
-
27.
Bern C, Amann J, Haque R, Chowdhury R, Ali M, Kurkjian KM, Vaz L, Wagatsuma Y, Breiman RF, Secor WE, Maguire JH, 2006. Loss of leishmanin skin test antigen sensitivity and potency in a longitudinal study of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 744–748.
-
28.
Bettini S, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Pozio E, Mugnai S, Maroli M, 1983. Leishmaniasis in Tuscany (Italy): VIII. Human population response to leishmanin in the focus of Monte Argentario (Grosseto) and epidemiological evaluation. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 58: 539–547.
-
29.
Davies CR, Llanos-Cuentas EA, Pyke SD, Dye C, 1995. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: an epidemiological study of infection and immunity. Epidemiol Infect 114: 297–318.
-
30.
Bern C, Chowdhury R, 2006. The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control. Indian J Med Res 123: 275–288.
-
31.
Das P, Samuels S, Desjeux P, Mittal A, Topno R, Siddiqui NA, Sur D, Pandey A, Sarnoff R, 2010. Annual incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Bihar, India. Trop Med Int Health 15 (Suppl 2): 4–11.
-
32.
Topno RK, Das VN, Ranjan A, Pandey K, Singh D, Kumar N, Siddiqui NA, Singh VP, Kesari S, Bimal S, Kumar AJ, Meena C, Kumar R, Das P, 2010. Asymptomatic infection with visceral leishmaniasis in a disease-endemic area in Bihar, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 502–506.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2010. Control of the leishmaniases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser xii–xiii: 1–186 back cover.
-
34.
Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Ranjan N, Verma GK, Negi AK, Mehta KI, 2009. The sandflies of the Satluj river valley, Himachal Pradesh (India): some possible vectors of the parasite causing human cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases in this endemic focus. J Vector Borne Dis 46: 136–140.
-
35.
Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Negi AK, 2005. Epidemiology of a new focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh. J Commun Dis 37: 275–279.
-
36.
Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Kanga A, Sood A, Katoch VM, Mauricio I, Singh CD, Parwan UC, Sharma VK, Sharma RC, 2005. Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica: preliminary findings of the study of 161 new cases from a new endemic focus in Himachal Pradesh, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 819–824.
-
37.
Guan L, Yang Y, Xu Y, Qu J, Zho X, Wang G, Lu H, Zhong L, Chang KP, 1994. Leishmaniasis in Karamay. XIV. Identification of promastigote isolates from naturally infected Phlebotomus major wui. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 12: 257–261.
-
38.
Leng YJ, Wang HB, Ge NL, 1991. A survey of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Hubei Province, China. Parassitologia 33 (Suppl): 377–379.
-
39.
Wei F, Shang L, Jin H, Lian H, Liu W, Li Z, Gao H, Liu Q, 2011. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Leishmania donovani in naturally infected Phlebotomus chinensis from southwestern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 849–852.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3148 | 2845 | 611 |
| Full Text Views | 552 | 19 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 133 | 8 | 3 |